04 Basicgeohistory

4.
Introduction to Geohistory
Basin Modelling Expectations

GL-5001 Pemodelan Geologi
Do Expect to:
Examine scenarios -- what if? Use as a ranking tool Continually upgrade input data Recognize problems with data and assumptions Examine drilling failures as well as successes Use the most reliable available data Use model results integrated with other information Calibrate input against well documented situations Simplify incredibly complex scenarios Recognize important gaps in data and in knowledge Use as a predictive tool in new basins with little data Re-evaluate appropriateness of study detail Learn about basin processes Develop preferred models
Introduction to Geohistory
Asep HP Kesumajana
Do expect to construct and run a variety of models.

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi 2
4. Introduction to Geohistory
Basin Modelling Expectations

Dont Expect to/that:
Derive unique solutions End up with less questions Use default values uncritically Use the same approach for basins, plays, or prospects Predicted=observed=unique solution Modelled volumes = discovered volumes Use basin modelling in isolation Assumptions are correct Perform predictions without calibration Post mortems are important The more sophisticated models are the most accurate Understand all the complexities Develop the definitive model
MODELLING CONCEPTS
PETROLEUM GENERATION IS DEPENDENT ON TIME AND TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE IS A FUNCTION OF HEAT FLOW AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY VARIES WITH ROCK PROPERTIES, WHICH VARY WITH TIME SEDIMENTARY BASINS DEVELOP AS A RESULT OF CRUSTAL STRETCHING HEAT FLOW INCREASES AS A RESULT OF CRUSTAL STRETCHING/THINNING HEAT FLOW IS RELATED TO TECTONIC SETTING AND VARIES WITH TIME
Dont expect one model to work for all scenarios. Consider BasinMod as a tool, to be used with other tools, such as seismic and geochemistry.
GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi
Based on Williamson, M.A., et al., Two Dimensional Models of HC Migration in the Jeanne DArc Basin, Offshore Newfoundland
MODELLING CONCEPTS
PETROLEUM SYSTEM ANALYSIS
MODELS THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHARGE SEAL RESERVOIR STRUCTURE TROUGH TIME
MODELLING CONCEPTS
BASIN EVOLUTION
PETROLEUM GENERATION IS DEPENDENT ON TIME, STRUCTURAL HISTORY AND ROCK PROPERTIES ROCK PROPERTIES ARE CONTROLLED BY FACIES AND
BURIAL HISTORY
MODELLING CONCEPTS
PETROLEUM SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
BASED ON BASIN EVOLUTION THROUGH TIME INVOLVE STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT FACIES DISTRIBUTION
MODELLING CONCEPTS
STRUCTURAL TIMING : SUBSIDENCE FAULTING EROSION SEDIMENTATION
MODELLING CONCEPTS
FACIES: DISTRIBUTION SEDIMENTATION RATE EROSION HIATUSES PROPERTIES
Basin Modeling Basin Modeling

Integrates
Structural History
Subsidence, Fault Movement, Erosion
Thermal History Sequence Stratigraphy

Facies Variations,Water Depth and Accommodation Space Development of Reservoirs,Seals and Source Rocks
An Overview of the Input and the Processes Involved in BasinMod
Data
All models need these data: Stratigraphy and Ages Lithology Temperature Erosion And, for prediction of hydrocarbon generation: TOC Kerogen Type REAL WORLD MODEL (what we know) Depths, thicknesses, lithologies CONCEPTUAL MODEL ages, temperatures MATHEMATICAL MODEL what the program calculates
EROSION
KEROGEN TYPE
11
12
Data Collection
SOURCES FOR INPUT TO MODELLING PROJECT WELL DATA BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC DATA GEOCHEMICAL REPORTS SEISMIC INTERPRETATION ANALOGUES PUBLISHED DATA OTHER STUDIES
Geohistory Analysis (Burial Geohistory)
GEOHISTORY ANALYSIS (van Hinte, 1978). Hinte,

The Use of quantitative stratigraphic techniques to unravel and portray geologic history
Backstripping Method
THE BACKSTRIPPING METHOD DATA RESULTS
THICKNESSES RECONSTRUCTION
STRATIGRAPHY - Depths, Ages - Erosion hypothesis LITHOLOGI
KEY IN GEOHISTORY Basin Evolution Tectonic
ABSOLUTE DEPTH RECONSTRUCTION 0
PALEOGEOGRAPHY - Sea Level Changes - Water paleothicknesses
van Hinte, 1978
15
16
Burial Geohistory Diagram
Using Modern Sediment Thickness Alone in Geohistory Analysis

Time
T
0
T 1 1
T 2 2 1
T 3 3 2 1
T 4 4 3 2 1 T 3
Z1=S1 Z2=S2 Z3=S3 Z4=S4
Depth
Z=Depth to Basement at T
T 0
1S 1 2S 1 3S 1 4S 1
T 1
Time
T 2
T 4
SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION
Thickness
If we were to deposit sediments and not compact them, we would stack them up like bricks. The Thickness versus Time graph would be a straight line.
Modified after Angevine, C.L., Heller, P.L. and Paola, C., 1990, Quantitative sedimentary basin modelling, AAPG Short Course. GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi 17 GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi 18
Decompaction
Konsep Suksesif Dekompaksi
Pengurangan (2) & (3) Dekompaksi (1) Penambahan (2) Kompaksi Sebagian (1) Penambahan (3) Kompaksi Sebagian (2) Kompaksi Total (1)
Proses Dekompaksi
Kompaksi Dekompaksi
(n)Tn Tn
(o)To = (1-o)To To
= (1-n)Tn
Compaction Effect
Y1' 2
Dn + Tn
(1
do
)dZ =
Do + To
(1
To
)dZ
Dn
Do
POROSITY
Y1 2 Y2 1 Y2' 1
2
DEPTH
do+To
dn dn+Tn
Allen & Allen, 1990.
Tn
Charlie Wu, 1994.
0406.cdr
Gambar 2.4. Konsep suksesif dekompaksi Allen & Allen, 1990.
Gambar 2.5. Proses dekompaksi (van Hinte, 1978)
20
Using Modern Sediment Thickness Alone in Geohistory Analysis

Time
T 0 T 1
1
Removing the Effects of Compaction in Geohistory Analysis

Time
T 0 T 1
1
T 2
2 1
T 3
3 2 1
4 3 2 1
T 4
Z1=S 1 Z2=S2 Z3=S 3 Z4=S 4
Depth
T 2
2 1
T 3
3 2 1
4 3 2 1
T 4
Z1=S 1 Z2=S2 Z3=S 3 Z4=S 4
Depth
T 0
1S1 2S1 3S1 4S1
T 1
Time
T 2
T 3
T 4
1S1 2S1 3S1 4S1
T 0
T 1
Time
T 2
T 3
T 4
Note that whether or not compaction is considered, endpoints of both curves are the same. In other words, you begin with a thickness of zero and end with the present-day thickness in both scenarios. The effects of compaction produce a curved burial history curve whereas no compaction gives a straight burial history curve.
Thickness
If we were to deposit sediments and not compact them, we would stack them up like bricks. The Thickness versus Time graph would be a straight line.
Thickness
SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION
NO COMPACTION CORRECTION
WITH COMPACTION CORRECTION
Modified after Angevine, C.L., Heller, P.L. and Paola, C., 1990, Quantitative sedimentary basin modelling, AAPG Short Course. GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi 21
Modified after Angevine, C.L., Heller, P.L. and Paola, C., 1990, Quantitative sedimentary basin modelling, AAPG Short Course. GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi 22
Compaction Effects
Compaction - Decompaction Solution

Van Hinte (1978)
Z n +Tn
Proses Dekompaksi (van Hinte, 1978)
Kompaksi Dekompaksi
Zn
No compaction
(1 )dZ = (1 )dZ
n 0 Zo
Z o +To
(n)Tn Tn
( o)To = (1-o)To
= (1-n)Tn
To
POROSITY
DEPTH
With compaction
Where n, o are porosity at depth Zn and Z0, Tn thickness at present day, and T0 are thickness at time of beginning deposition.
23 GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi
do
To
do+To
dn dn+Tn
Tn
24
Dynamic Structure of Water

SURFACE FORCES DIMINISH RAPIDLY
Compaction Curve Model

Shale Compaction Modelling (porosity trend Sclater & Christie)
0 -1000
Shale Compaction Modelling (porosity trend Falvey & Middleton's)

0 -1000 -2000 -3000 -4000
Depth (metres)
RELATIVELY UNSTRUCTURED WATER THERMAL MOTION OF MOLECULES
-2000 -3000 -4000

Depth (metres)
10 LAYERS
-5000 -6000 -7000
MODERATELY STRUCTURED WATER
Exponential Equation : P=P0 exp (-kz)
-5000
Reciprocal Equation :
-6000
4 LAYERS
1/P=(1/P0)+kz
-7000 -8000
HIGHLY STRUCTURED WATER ADSORBED WATER SMECTITE SHEET SURFACE
-8000
1-2 LAYERS
-9000 -10000
S &C K-factor 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
-9000 -10000 0 0.1
F&M K-factor 2.4 4.0 8.0 12
Plate River Ass. Inc., 1994 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 porosity (volum fraction) 0.5 0.6
Plate River Ass. Inc., 1994 0.2 0.3 0.4 porosity (volum fraction) 0.5 0.6
DYNAMIC STRUCTURING OF WATER

Gambar 2.6. Kelakuan partikel-partikel sedimen terhadap penekanan
Ex-Loc, 1980.
0406.cdr
25
26

Shale Compaction Modeling (porosity trend Issler's, 1992)
40 60

Corrected Depth vs Porosity
Solidity (%)
80 100 0
POROSITY (%)
0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0 10 20 30
0
0
20
Porosity (%) 40
Porosity (%) 40 50 60 70
80
90
100
60
80
A
500
H 2
-1000
Du H D
1.0
Dc(corrected Depth) in feet
Depth (in meters)
-2000
DEPTH (KM)
z = 0 cZ
A Athy, 1930 Baldwin, 1971 Dickinson, 1953 Hunt, 1979 Baldwin-Butler envelope
Burial Depth (km)
Z = aS b
1000
Du
2.0
1500
DIT
-3000
B D H
Du Durmish'yan, 1974
3.0
SCL-CHR RAL-BUT PARABOLIC
2000 Linier Porosity Power Law's Porosity Hiperbolic Porosity Exponential Porosity 2500
-4000
M Magara, 1976
-5000
Normal Shale Compaction Area 3
Baldwin & Butler (1985).
Issler (1992)
4.0 3000
Liu and Roaldset, 1994
0912 d
Koesoemadinata, 1997
27
28
Mathematical Models
Decompaction Equation: Compaction equation:
Exponential (sclatter and Christie,1980) Exponential (Falvey and Middleton, 1981) Linear (Isller, 1992) Power law (modified Solidity function Baldwin and Butler, 1985, op. cit Kesumajana, 2005) Parabolic (Liu and Roaldset, 1994) Hyperbolic (personal comm. Koesoemadinata, 1997)
Dn +Tn Dn
Back-stripping Solution (Exponential)
(1 )dZ = (1 )dZ
n 0 Do
Do +To
The solution for back-stripping equation using Exponential equation for compaction processed is become:
z = 0e cZ
1 / z = 1 / 0 cZ
z = 0 CZ
T0 = Tn + 0 c
(e cD e cT e cD ) + c e cD
n n n 0 0 0 0
z = 0 + b1Z b
z = 0 + c1Z + c2 Z 2 + c3 Z 0.5
(e cD e cT ) c
30
z = (0 + g1Z ) /(1 + g 2 Z )
Back-stripping Solution (Exponential)

For simplified can be solve by:
Back-stripping Solution (power law)

The solution for back-stripping equation using power law equation for compaction processed is become:
(1 n )Tn = (1 0 )T0
Solution for Power law Compaction Curve equation :
(1 0e
or
cZ n
)Tn = (1 0e
cZ 0
)T0
TO = TN POTN b2b1+1 ( Z N + TN ) b2 +1 Z N + POTO + b2b1+1 ( Z O + TO ) b2 +1 Z O
b2 +1
b2 +1
(1 0 e cZ n ) T0 = Tn (1 0 e cZ 0 )
31
32
Back-stripping Solution (power law)

For simplified can be solve by:
Paleobathymetric and Sea level Change effect
D0C= D0+Pb-SLC
Koreksi Paleobatimetri
TIME
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
(1 n )Tn = (1 0 )T0
Solution for Power law Compaction Curve equation :
b b (1 0 + b1Z n 2 )Tn = (1 0 + b1Z 0 2 )T0
Koreksi Muka Laut Purba

TIME
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
MSL
DEPTH
2 1
3 2 1
T2 T3
4 3 2 1
T0 T1 T4
2 1
3 2 1
T2 T3
4 3 2 1
T4
DEPTH
Paleo Sea Level
T0
T1
MSL
or
Paleo Sea Level
METERS
DEPTH
(1 0 + b1Z ) T0 = Tn (1 0 + b1Z )
b2 n b2 0
33
MSL
DEPTH
WITHOUT WATER DEPTH 1000
WITHOUT WATER DEPTH
2S1 3S1 4S1

WITH MAXIMUM WATER DEPTH
2S1 3S1 4S1
1000
WITH MAXIMUM WATER DEPTH and SEA LEVEL CORRECTED RELATIVE TO MODERN SEA LEVEL
2000
Charlie Wu, 1994
2000
modifikasi dari Charlie Wu, 1994
METERS
1S1
1S1
34
Burial History
Burial History
35
36
Tectonic Subsicence
TECTONIC SUBSIDENCE HISTORY
Tectonic Subsidence
MODEL OF RESPONSE TO SEDIMENT LOADING - Local Isostasy (AIRY) - Regional Isostasy (FLEXURE)
AGE (MY)
DEPTH
(KM)
van Hinte, 1978
38
Tectonic Subsicence Solution

Perhitungan Total Subsidence dan Tectonic Subsidence
Z
Mathematical Solution
Tectonic Subsidence
w L a
Z 1 Wd + S + 1 - X +Z - 1
w L a
Z 1 X
s L a
S 1 Z+1+X-S-1 =Z+X-S
w s L a
Wd S 1 X
With and
wZ + (1)L + aX = sS + (1)L + a(Z+X-S) = sS + (1)L + aZ + aX - aS

Penyelesaian untuk S : aS - sS =(1)L - (1)L + aZ - w Z + aX - aX Simplifikasi :
1. Persamaan kiri dan kanan : wWd + sS +L 1 + a X = wZ + L1 + a(Wd+S+1+X-Z-1) = wZ+L1+aW d+aS+a1+aX-aZ-a1 = wZ+L1+aW d+aS+aX-aZ 2. Penyelesaian untuk Z : aZ - wZ = + aWd - wWd + aS - sS 3. Penggabungan faktor : (a - w )Z =(a- w )Wd + (a - s )S
s a Z= a S + Wd SL a w a w
S = Ti
i =0 i =n
(a - s)S = (a - w)Z
3
S= - Z a w
3 3
a - s
bila a = 3.3 g/cm ; s = 2.3 g/cm dan w = 1.0 g/cm maka : S = 2.3 Z
4. Dibagi dengan a- w : a - s
Z=
a - w S + Wd a s w S + Wd - SL a - w
Charlie Wu, 1994
2.3 Z
5. Bila Sealevel (SL) diketahui : a - s
Z=
s =
39
(
i i =0
i =n
+ (1 i ) s ) Ti S
40
Assumption:
Only loading effect will change porosity Porosity trend will follow single equations No elastic rebound The caused of subsidence only by tectonic activity and sediment load
a si a Ti + Wd SL Z = i =0 w w a a
i =n
With:
si = (i w + (1i )i )Ti
GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi 41 GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi 42
Tectonic Subsidence History
Thermal Modeling
Heat flow & Thermal Conductivity
43
Heat Source
Residual from the process of planetary accretion Radioactive decay (pottasium, uranium, thorium)
Heat Transfer
Temperature profile: temperature gradient dT/dz heat transfer by conduction (Fourier Law): Q=-K.dT/dz where
Q: heat flow in z direction T: temperature K: Thermal Conductivity
Heat Transfer
Conduction (mainly heat transfer on crust) Convection (on mantle processes, less important in crust except in recharge area) Radiation (not important for the earth system)
45
46
Heatflow constant with depth:

(T T ) Q = K 2 1 ( D2 D1 )
T1: temp. on D1 (T2-T1)/(D2-D1): temp increase with depth (geothermal gradient)
Heat flow= Thermal Conductivity X Geothermal Gradient mW/m2 or cal/cm2.sec 41.84 mW/m2 = 1x10-6 cal/cm2.sec = 1 HFU
Persamaan Dasar Perhitungan Geohistory Thermal
MENGHITUNG KONDUKTIFITAS TERMAL (Allen dan Allen, 1990) Persamaan yang digunakan : - (1- ) K = Kw s * Ks s Konduktifitas yang dihasilkan dikalibrasi dengan hasil pengukuran LEMIGAS (Thamrin) MENGHITUNG HEATFLOW (Hk. Fourier, Turcotte & Schubert,1982.) * Presentday Heatflow dikalibrasi dengan BHT, DST * PaleoHeatflow dikalibrasi data pengukuran Vitrinite reflectance (%RO) Persamaan yang digunakan :
Tanpa Dekompaksi
Ts Y1 Y2 Y3 Yn T2 T3 Tn = Ts+{-qs( Tn T1 T1 = Ts+{-qs Y1} K1 Y Y T2 = Ts+{-qs( 1 + 2 )} K1 K2 T3 = Ts+{-qs( Y 1 Y2 Y3 + + )} K1 K2 K3 Y1 Y +.....+ n )} K1 Kn
q Y HY q = -K dT atau T= T + s - s dY K 2K
asumsi : Paleo heatflow konstan terhadap kedalaman Tanpa interval heat generation (steady state heat flow) 2 - HY = 0 = internal heat generation 2K
dengan Dekompaksi
Ts Y1 ' Y2 ' Y3 ' Yn Tn
Turcotte & Schubert,1982.
q Y T= T + s atau s K Y Y Y T= T + q s 1 + 2 + ... + n y s K1 K2 Kn
Y1 .. Yn = Ketebalan lapisan 1 s/d n (m) K1 .. Kn = Konduktifitas lapisan 1 s/d n tergantung -1 -1 dari litologi dan porositas (Wm K ) Ts = Temperatur permukaan (C) Ty = Temperatur tiap botom lapisan (C) 2 qs = Heat Flux (mWm ) -1 -1 Kw = Konduktifitas air (0.607 Wm K ) -1 -1 Ks = Konduktifitas batuan sedimen (Wm K ) s = porositas batuan sedimen
T1 T2 T3
T1 = Ts+{-qs Y1'} K1 Y ' Y ' T2 = Ts+{-qs( 1 + 2 )} K 1 K2 T3 = Ts+{-qs( Tn = Ts+{-qs( Y 1' Y 2 ' Y 3 ' + + )} K 1 K2 K3 Y 1' Y ' +.....+ n )} K1 Kn
47
48
Thermal Conductivity
controled geothermal gradient controled temperature in every depth depth - dependent depent on porosity, mineralogy, temperature and preasure size, shape and sorting of grain
Steel
Kr =
(Kw/Km)
* Km = Kw * Km
Asbestos
(1- )
49
50
Asbestos
20C 760C
Matrix Thermal Conductivity

Steel
200C D 400C
770C
780C
600C
790C
T 800
51
52
Thermal Conductivity of Quartz and Sandstone, Illustrating Matrix, Compaction and Temperature Effect
Thermal Conductivity of Lithology Mixes as a Function of the Lithology Lithology Mixing Method
Thermal conductivity differs depending upon the mixing method used for mixing the lithologies. Set this under Data/Lithologies/Lithology Mixing Methods.
Steady State Heat Flow Equation

T = T0 + HFS 0
z
Transient Heat Flow Equation

T (x, t ) T = (x) Q x x t
dz k (z ) z i z i 1 ki
= T0 + HFS
i =1
(x)= k Thermal diffusivity c

i
Where:
T 0 = Surface Temperature HF S = Surface Heat Flow k i = Thermal Conductivity for bed
Heat In = Heat Out

The heat in at the bottom of the sediment column equals the heat out from the top of the column. Each time interval calculated independently of the prior time interval. Used in areas of thermal equilibrium with continuous burial low to moderate sedimentation rates.
Where: k = conductivity = density c = heat capacity Q = heat generation
t = time T = temperature
Heat In = Heat Absorbed by Lithologies + Heat Out

55 GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi 56
Thermal Conductivity effect
57
58
Present day Temperature
59
Present day Temperature

Commonly recorded by max temp attached to electronic sonde. BHT (bottom Hole Temp.) always low by 10C DST (drill steam test) or RFT (Repeat Formation Tester) generaly low, but more reliable if there is enough fluid flow
Correcting BHT data
61
62
Correcting BHT data

STOP DRILLING STOP MUD CIRC LOG1 LOG2
0 circulation data
T 1.5
T+dT
Horner Plot 130
T+dT
Te m pe ratur e (C)
dT 6.08 9.35 12.42
(T+dT)/dT 1.25 1.16 1.12
log(T+dT)/dT 0.0958 0.0646 0.0495
tm(C) 111 116 119.5
Thermal History Reconstruction
125
120
y=a+cX linear regresi x y xy x*x 1.25 111 138.38 1.554287 1.16 116 134.61 1.346593 1.12 119.5 133.93 1.256132 sum= 3.53 346.50 406.93 4.16 average= 1.18 115.50 sum*sum= 12.44616 c= -65.9502 a= 193.0555
X 1.25 1.16 1.12 1.00
Yhit 110.83 116.53 119.14 127.11
115
110 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 x=(T+dT)dT 1.20 1.25 1.30
63
Thermal History
Rifting Heat Flow
Instantaneous rifting results in a sharper, larger heat spike. With Continuous Rifting, the system remains closer to equilibrium. The heat spike is gradual and not as large in magnitude.
Heat Distribution
Heat Distribution
67
68
Comparison of Temperatures Calculated Using Geothermal Gradient and Heat Flow
Thermal Model using TTI
Difference between geothermal gradient and heat flow.

Paleo Temperature
Temperature Indicators
AFTA
(Apatite Fission Tract Analysis)
http://www.geotrack.com.au/index.htm http://www.geotrack.com.au/index.htm
71
WHY AFTA ?
AFTA thermal history reconstructions provide direct determination of the timing (as well as the magnitude) of maximum paleotemperatures. Combined with vitrinite reflectance (VR), allows identification and characterisation of the major episodes of heating and cooling
AFTA (Apatite Fission Tract Analysis)

Tract in Apatitie will be removed 1 hour at T = 370 C (in nature over the range 20-150 C for age 1-100 my). Apatite sample exposed at 110 C for 10 my will lose all tract by annealing OSullivan et al (1993) & Sweeney and Burnham (1989)
73
74
AFTA (Apatite Fission Track Analysis)

rely on analysis of radiation damage features ("fission tracks") Fission tracks are produced continuously through geological time, as a result of the spontaneous fission of 238U atoms. Once formed, tracks are shortened (annealed) at a rate which depends on temperature, the final length of each individual track is determined by the maximum temperature The temperature increases, all existing tracks shorten to a length determined by the prevailing temperature, If the temperature decreased, all tracks are "frozen" at the degree of length reduction they attained at that time.
The amount of chlorine: compositional control on the degree of annealing

Natural apatites composition: Ca5(PO4)3(F,OH,Cl). richer in fluorine being more easily annealed than those richer in chlorine The result of this effect is that in a single sediment sample, individual apatite grains may show a spread in the degree of annealing, manifested by a range of fission track ages and lengths between apatite grains.
76
The influence of chlorine content on fission track annealing kinetics in apatite
AFTA is based on three types of measurement

fission track age confined track lengths chlorine content By modelling AFTA parameters through likely thermal history scenarios, we can define the range of temperature-time conditions giving predictions which are consistent with the observed data
77
78
Methodology
This process requires a detailed knowledge of the kinetics of the annealing process, and the way this depends on apatite composition. The following example, based on a simple monocompositional example, illustrates the basic principles involved.
Triassic sandstone: Depositional age = 240 Ma Fission track age = 183 12 Ma Mean track length = 11.7 0.2 Ma
Methodology
A maximum paleotemperature around 90C is appropriate for this sample, but the timing is still uncertain.
cooling from a maximum paleotemperature of 90C beginning at 50 Ma gives the best match between measured and predicted data.
HOW WRONG CAN YOU BE in interpreting AFTA data?

With considering the Clorine Content
Vitrinite Reflectance
Without considering the Clorine Content
81
Must be vitrinite in samples Good Quality data (in preparation samples) Poor measured of thermal maturity below 0.4% Suppression of Ro in high organic content and HI rich organic matters %Ro not smooth to depth even in normal condition
Unrecognized Pluton, local thermal anomalies: intrusion Unrecognized uplift and unconformity rotated rock unit (such as by structure) subsurface oxidation
84
Suppression of Vitrinite Reflectance
Suppression of Vitrinite Reflectance
HI
HI<150 HI 150-300 HI 300-500 HI>500
a
2.0857 1.7140 2.2771 1.7762
b
-0.5502 -0.2324 -0.2308 0.1527
Valid for %Ro

from 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 To 0.75 0.75 0.65 0.65
86
(Lo, H.B.,1993, Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 20, No.6, p. 653-657)

Kinetic Models
Thermal breakdown of large complex kerogen molecule Bound break in order their own energy with the weaker bound C-C, aromatic C=C, CN, C-S, C-0, C=O 2 step Petroleum Generation : KEROGEN => OIL => GAS
Kinetic Models
88
The Thermal Breakdown of Kerogen:

IFP (French petroleum Institute) Tissot et. All, 1987:
6 independent fist order reaction 1 independent reaction for OIL to GAS
The Thermal Breakdown of Kerogen:
by algoritm become 21 parameters

each kerogen component has different potential to generate oil oil can convert to gas
89
90
Kinetic Models Depend on Kerogen Type

When HI and OI are plotted on a van Krevelen diagram, or when S2/S3 is plotted on an atomic H/C vs. O/C diagram, the values show kerogen elemental composition indicating kerogen type (Type I, II, III, and IV). The van Krevelen diagram is a significant indicator of the type of hydrocarbon that will be generated
Van Krevelen Diagram
Van Krevelen diagram showing kerogen classification by elemental analysis, calibrated to vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) maturity
GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi 91 GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi
Classification of kerogen types by Rock-Eval pyrolysis
92
Kerogen Type
Kerogen Type
OrganoPrincipal Description facies Biomass Name Marine aquatic, marine, marine algae, carbonate siliceous, or bacteria carbonate/evaporite Marine clastic Nonmarine lacustrine Nonmarine waxy Nonmarine wax-poor
93
Environment/ Age
Type I Type II Type III Type IV
hydrogen richvery medium hydrogen and oxygen oxygen rich oxidized
oil prone oil and some gas gas prone residue no significant potential
marine, upwelling zones, clasticstarved basins (any age) aquatic, marine, marine algae, marine, clastic siliciclastic bacteria basins (any age) aquatic, non-marine, freshwater tectonic nonlacustrine algae, bacteria marine basins, Phanerozoic terrigenous, nonhigher plant ever-wet coastal marine, waxy cuticle, lignin, plains, Mesozoic bacteria and younger terrigenous, nonlignin coastal plains, Late marine, wax-poor Paleozoic and younger
Comparable IFP Classification Type IIS
Type II Type I
Type IIIH
Type III/IV
94
Kinetic Parameters of Each Kerogen Type
LLNL (Lawrence Livermore Lab.)

Sweeney & Burnham (1990) Multiple Parallel Reaction possibility generate gas direct from Kerogen
95
96
LLNL Kinetic Model (Sweeney et al, 1987)
LLNL Kerogen Type
97
98
Several Activation Energy for the La Luna Source Rock
Source data A & E

Derived from pyrolysis The shape and position of the peak 2 (S2) reflect A (pre exponential factor) and E (Activation Energy)
99
100
Metoda Konversi Temperatur ke %RO Easy%Ro (Sweeney & Burnham, 1990)
Penyederhanaan model vitrinit VITRIMAT (Burnham & Sweeney, 1989). Harga %RO simulasi 0.3%Ro - 4.5%Ro. Penyederhanaan reaksi orde I pers. Arrhenius dgn distribusi energi pengaktifan. Diterapkan pada kondisi stratigrafi tertentu jika temperatur setiap waktu pengendapan diketahui. Perpanjangan reaksi linier terhadap fungsi temperatur setiap laju pertambahan panas (heating rate) Akibatnya harga %Ro berhubungan eksponensial terhadap seluruh perpajangan reaksi yang terjadi. Faktor frekuensi dan faktor stoikiometri yang digunakan dalam perhitungan EASY%Ro berikut :
w k A E R T
Activation Energy Distribution in Easy%Ro

Activation Energy Distributions and Frequency Factors for Vitrimat and Easy%Ro (Sweeney dan Burnham,1990)
20 VITRIMAT H2O 13 A=1 x 10 /sec 10 0
Amount of reaction (%)
Jumlah material organik sisa (tidak ikut berubah) pada distribusi reaksi ke i adalah : t dw i wi = woi dt 0 dt
Faktor Stoikiometri
EASY % RO 9
Activation Energy (kcal/mole) 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72

13
10
Fraksi komponen yang bereaksi adalah:
F=1-
-E dw , dimana k=Aexp( ) RT dt =-kw

= jumlah komponen yang tidak bereaksi = laju pertambahan reaksi (reaction rate) = faktor frekuensi atau pre-eksponensial faktor = activation energy = konstanta gas universal o = temperatur sebagai fungsi dari waktu ( K)
wo = konsentrasi awal dari seluruh komponen yang bereaksi woi = konsentrasi awal komponen pada reaksi ke i fi = faktor stoikiometri/berat sebagai koefisien reaksi pararel F = fraksi komponen yang ikut bereaksi
Amount of reaction (%)
w w =1-i fi i w0 woi
20 A=1 x 10 10 0 20
CO2 13 /sec
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
A=1 x 10
13
/sec
Nilai F dihitung dengan membagi sejarah waktu-suhu menjadi seri isothermal. atau bagian-bagian dengan laju pemanasan (heating rate) konstan. Heating rate pada selang antara waktu ke j dan j-1 adalah :
CHn 13 A=2 x 10 /sec
(Tj-Tj-1) Hj= (Tj-Tj-1)

dimana perpanjangan reaksi dari sejumlah i komponen pada waktu j adalah
10 0 10 A=1 x 10 0 13 /sec CH4
34 38 42 46 50 54 58 62 66 70
Asumsi : Kondisi material heterogen adalah suatu reaksi yang kompeks, berupa satu seri reaksi pararel dengan harga frekuensi faktor yang sama,dengan activation energy berbeda.
wi woi = 1-exp(- Iij) dan Iij=Tj A exp(Ei /RTj ) 1-
Iij=
(Iij-Iij-1) dan Hij
(b)
Activation energy (kcal/mol)
Untuk reaksi i komponen dengan temperatur pada waktu tertentu Tt
dwi -E dw dwi dt =-wiA exp RT(t) maka dt =i dt
(Ei /RTj )2+a1 (Ei /RTj )+a2 (Ei /RTj )2+b1(Ei /RTj )+b2
(a)
38
44 50 56 62 68 Activation energy (kcal/mol)
74
Untuk suatu waktu n Vitrinite reflectance :
0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01
%RO=exp(-1.6+3.7*Iij-in)
Sweeney dan Burnham (1990)
Pre eksponensial faktor = A = 1.0 x 10 /sec
101
102
Thermal History
Thermal History
103
104
The Petroleum System Chart
Petroleum System Chart
105
106
Porosity Depth
S1.0
Case Study
S2.0 S3.0
S1.0 Top Telisa S2.0 Top Upper Red Bed S3.0 Top Brown Shale S4.2 Top Lower Red Bed
NO SEGMENT
FORMATION
TOP SEQUENCE BOUNDARY 0 15.5 25.5 30
BASE SEQUENCE BOUNDARY 15.5 25.5 30 40
1 2 3 4
PETANI TELISA + SIHAPAS UPPER RED BED BROWN SHALE + LOWER RED BED
LINEAR POWERLAW c = a + bZ POROSITY = m - cZ c m a b c 0.003042 42.9334 74.78615 -4.3763 0.2810 0.006489 48.4384 77.2738 0.003346 43.4000 75.000 -3.047 -3.085 0.349 0.336
0.006199 47.9684 75.24773 -3.1485 0.335
108
Age-Depth Curve
2600
Stratigraphic, Age and Erosion

Missing Section Thickness Top depth Top. Age Sequence sequence Segment (m.y) boundary boundary Boundary 1.65 0 13 2.40 1.6 100 3.8 1100 4.00 5.5 1760 S1.13 4.00 6.00 8.2 2675 S1.4 10.00 13.10 15.5 3874 S1.0 16.20 x 16.5 4042 x 17.5 4260 19.40 21 4927 20.00 22 5478 20.40 21.00 25.5 5942 S2.0 27.00 29.00 S3.0 31.00 x 37.00 Age Original Formation Duration Top Depth Thickness (m.y) (ft) (ft) 0.75 -1900 1900 1.60 0 1550 Missing From From Final section Agedepth Compaction Evaluation (ft) Seismic ft Curve (ft) Curve (ft) 677 1900 1900
On well : JRNG01F.FAS On well : JRNG01N.FAS

1900
TD = 6984'
2925
Petani
= Top Formation = Age Interpolation
3800
Telisa
= Foraminifera = Nannoplankton
4648 4925 5137 5675 6002
Bekasap Bangko Mengg ala Upper Red Bed
x x
400
= Age interval changes in depth 500 because discoaster aulacos
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Formation Strat. Gap Petani
REMARKS No biostrat data available
Strat. Gap Petani Strat. Gap Petani Strat. Gap Telisa Strat. Gap Duri Formation Bekasap Fm Bangko Fm Menggala Fm Strat. Gap Upper Red Beds Strat. Gap Brown Shale Fm Strat. Gap Lower Red Beds Basement: TD:
0.00 2.00 4.00 3.10 3.10 3.20 x x 0.60 0.40 0.60 6.00 4.00 0.00 6.00 x
1550 1550 2925 2925 3800 3800 x x 4648 4925 5137 5675 5675 6002 6002 x 6849 6984
-630 2250 1300 875 175 848 (3215) 175 1300 1300
No erosion Biostrat data not reliable Erosion possibly masked by noncompaction F,N Formation not developed F,N F,N Int Biostrat data not reliable Int No erosion took place Partially penetrated Formation not developed Partially penetrated
2600
277 212 538 200 327 76 847 -2655 76 2600 2600
50
6840
S4.0
135
Bro wn Shale
6849
TD 6984 Basement
109
110
Constant Heatflow
Transient Heatflow
111
112
Maturation
Calibration with %Ro
113
114
Paleo Heatflow
240 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 200 150 130 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 50 220 200 180 Heatflow (m Wm -1K-1) 160 111.2 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2.4 0 4 6 8 9 15.5 16.2 19.4 20.4 25.5 1.65 11 13 14 18 22 24 27 29 31 33 35 37
Daftar Pustaka
Barker, Colin., 1995, Kursus singkat Thermal Modeling of petroleum Generation, 7-12 Agustus 1995, Lab. GeokomputasiDept. Teknik Geologi - ITB. Magoon, Leslie B., and Wallace G. Dow, 1994, The petroleum System From Source to Trap, AAPG Memoir 60 Kesumajana, Asep HP, 1997, Pengembangan Perangkat Lunak Untuk Pemodelan Komputer Geohistori Cekungan Di Indonesia , Tesis Magister, Fakultas Pascasarjana, ITB, tidak diterbitkan. Allen, A.P., dan Allen S.R., 1990. Basin analysis, principles and application, Black Well Scientific Publications,
Oxford London, 451 p. Baldwin, Brewster., dan Crispin O. Butler, 1985, Compaction Curves. : Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., vol 69, no
4, p. 622-626. Issler, D.R., 1992. A new approach to shale compaction and stratigraphic restoration, Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin and Mackenzie corridor, Northern Canada. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., v. 76, n. 8, p. 1170-1189. Koesoemadinata, R.P., Taib, M.I.T., dan Samuel, L., 1994. Subsidence curves and modeling of some Indonesia Tertiary Basins: 1994 AAPG International Conference and Exhibition Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, p. 1-42. Liu, Guojiang., dan Roaldset, Elen., 1985, A new Decompaction Model and its Application to the Northern North Sea, Bull. First Break, vol 12, no 2, p. 81 - 89. Platte River Associates, Inc, 1994, Training Manual BasinMod 1D for Windows and Unix, Plate River Associates Inc., 115 p. Qivayanti, Srikanti. I., 1996, Model Kurva Kompaksi Serpih dari Beberapa Cekungan Sedimenter Tersier di Indonesia Barat, Tesis Magister, Fakultas Pascasarjana, ITB, tidak diterbitkan. Sclater, J.G., dan Christie, P.A.E., 1980, Continental stretching: An explanation of the Post-Mid-Cretaceous subsidence of the Central North Sea Basin, Journal of Geophysical Research, v 85, p. 3711-3739. Sweeney, J.J. dan Burnham, A.K., 1990, Evaluation Of A Simple Model Of Vitrinite Reflectance Based On Chemical Kinetics, Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., v.74, p. 1559-1570. Taib, M.I.T., 1993, Aplikasi Geodynamics pada Studi Cekungan. Makalah pada seminar Backstripping Method for Burial History, 18-23 Januari 1993, Jurusan Teknik Geologi - FTM - ITB.
90 90 80 70 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 70 80 90 Age (m .y)
115
116

04 Basicgeohistory

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

04 Basicgeohistory

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

4.

Basin Modelling Expectations

Do expect to construct and run a variety of models.

Basin Modelling Expectations

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

Basin Modeling Basin Modeling

Thermal History Sequence Stratigraphy

An Overview of the Input and the Processes Involved in BasinMod

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

Geohistory Analysis (Burial Geohistory)

GEOHISTORY ANALYSIS (van Hinte, 1978). Hinte,

STRATIGRAPHY - Depths, Ages - Erosion hypothesis LITHOLOGI

KEY IN GEOHISTORY Basin Evolution Tectonic

ABSOLUTE DEPTH RECONSTRUCTION 0

PALEOGEOGRAPHY - Sea Level Changes - Water paleothicknesses

van Hinte, 1978

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

Burial Geohistory Diagram

Using Modern Sediment Thickness Alone in Geohistory Analysis

Gambar 2.4. Konsep suksesif dekompaksi Allen & Allen, 1990.

Gambar 2.5. Proses dekompaksi (van Hinte, 1978)

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

Using Modern Sediment Thickness Alone in Geohistory Analysis

Removing the Effects of Compaction in Geohistory Analysis

WITH COMPACTION CORRECTION

Compaction - Decompaction Solution

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

Dynamic Structure of Water

Compaction Curve Model

Shale Compaction Modelling (porosity trend Falvey & Middleton's)

RELATIVELY UNSTRUCTURED WATER THERMAL MOTION OF MOLECULES

-2000 -3000 -4000

-5000 -6000 -7000

MODERATELY STRUCTURED WATER

Exponential Equation : P=P0 exp (-kz)

HIGHLY STRUCTURED WATER ADSORBED WATER SMECTITE SHEET SURFACE

S &C K-factor 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

-9000 -10000 0 0.1

F&M K-factor 2.4 4.0 8.0 12

DYNAMIC STRUCTURING OF WATER

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

Compaction Curve Model

Compaction Curve Model

Depth (in meters)

Burial Depth (km)

SCL-CHR RAL-BUT PARABOLIC

Normal Shale Compaction Area 3

Baldwin & Butler (1985).

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

Back-stripping Solution (Exponential)

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

Back-stripping Solution (Exponential)

Back-stripping Solution (power law)

TO = TN POTN b2b1+1 ( Z N + TN ) b2 +1 Z N + POTO + b2b1+1 ( Z O + TO ) b2 +1 Z O

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi