RF REMOTE CONTROL

CHAPTAR 1 RF REMOTE CONTROL

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
In RF remotes radio frequency signals are used as an interface between transmitter and receiver. As we know radio frequency ranges from 10 KHz (VLF) to 10GHz (SHF) so it acquires very wide band. Radio frequency (RF) is a term that refers to alternating current (AC) having characteristics such that, if the current is input to an antenna, an electromagnetic (EM) field is generated suitable for wireless broadcasting and/or communications. These frequencies cover a significant portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum, extending from nine kilohertz (9 kHz),the lowest allocated wireless communications frequency (it's within the range of human hearing), to thousands of Gigahertz(GHz). When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, it gives rise to an electromagnetic field that propagates through space. This field is sometimes called an RF field; in less technical jargon it is a "radio wave." Any RF field has a wavelength that is inversely proportional to the frequency. The frequency of an RF signal is inversely proportional to the wave length of the EM field to which it corresponds. At 9 kHz, the free-space wavelength is approximately 33kilometers (km). At the highest radio frequencies, the EM wavelengths measure approximately one millimeter (1mm). As the frequency is increased beyond that of the RF spectrum, EM energy takes the form of infrared (IR), visible, ultraviolet (UV), X rays, and gamma rays. Many types of wireless devices make use of RF fields. Cordless and cellular telephone, radio and television broadcast stations, satellite communications systems, and two-way radio services all operate in the RF spectrum. Some wireless devices operate at IR or visible-light frequencies, whose electromagnetic wavelengths are shorter than those of ECE Dept. 1 SCCE

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RF fields. Examples include most television-set remote-control Boxes, some cordless computer keyboards and mice, and a few wireless hi-fi stereo headsets. The RF spectrum is divided into several ranges or bands. With the exception of The lowest-frequency segment, each band represents an increase of frequency corresponding to an order of magnitude (power of 10). The table depicts the eight bands in the RF spectrum, showing frequency and bandwidth ranges. The SHF and EHF bands are often referred to as the microwave spectrum. FREQUENCIES:

Name

Symbol Frequency
330 Hz

Wavelength
10,000 100,000 km

Applications
Directly audible when converted to sound, communication with submarines

Extremely low ELF frequency

Super low frequency

SLF

30300 Hz

Directly audible when converted 1,00010,000 k to sound, AC power grids (50 m 60 Hz) Directly audible when converted to sound, communication with mines Directly audible when converted to sound (below ca. 20 kHz; or ultrasound otherwise) AM broadcasting, navigational beacons, low FER Navigational beacons, AM broadcasting, maritime and aviation communication Shortwave, amateur radio, citizens' band radio FM broadcasting, amateur radio, 2 SCCE

Ultra low frequency Very low frequency

ULF

3003000 Hz 1001,000 km

VLF

330 kHz

10100 km

Low frequency LF

30300 kHz

110 km

Medium frequency High frequency Very high frequency

MF

300 3000 kHz 330 MHz

1001000 m

HF VHF

10100 m

30300 MHz 110 m

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broadcast television, aviation, GPR Broadcast television, amateur radio, mobile telephones, cordless telephones, wireless networking, remote keyless entry for automobiles, microwave ovens, GPR Wireless networking, satellite links, microwave links, satellite television, door openers Microwave data links, radio astronomy, remote sensing, advanced weapons systems, advanced security scanning

Ultra high frequency

UHF

300 3000 MHz

10100 cm

Super high frequency

SHF

330 GHz

110 cm

Extremely high EHF frequency

30300 GHz 110 mm

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RF REMOTE CONTROL 1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 1.2.1 Transmitter Section:

Figure 1.1: Transmitter section

1.2.2Receiver Section:

Figure 1.2: Receiver Section

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RF REMOTE CONTROL 1.3 Block Diagram Description:

This Project consists of power supply section, Encoder section, Decoder section, RF Transmitter section, RF Receiver section, Keypad section and output section. Power supply Section: This section is meant for supplying power to all the sections mentioned above. It basically consists of a transformer to step down the 230V ac to 9Vac Followed by diodes Here diodes are used to rectify the ac to dc. After rectification the obtained rippled dc is filtered using a capacitor Filter. A positive voltage regulator is used to regulate the obtained dc voltage. RF Transmitter and Receiver Section: In this project using RF module to transfer the data from one place to another place. The data pins of RF encoder are connected to the TLP TX. The data pins of RF decoder are connected to the RLP RX.The transmitter section contains the keypad, the receiver sections commented to the Electrical appliances. Antenna Section: It will support most antenna types, including printed antennas integrated directly onto the PCB and simple single core wire of about 17cm. The performance of the different antennas varies. Any time a trace is longer than 1/8th the wavelength of the frequency it is carrying, it should be a 50 ohm micro strip. Keypad Section: This section consists of a linear Keypad it consists of switches. The Keypad interfaced to encoder Which Continuously Scans the Keypad. Encoder and Decoder Section: This section includes Encoder and Decoder Sections the data is sent From Keypad to RF TX/ RX through the Encoder and Decoder. These convert Parallel data to serial data which is required by the RF TX /RX. Output Section: This section consists of RF Receiver, Decoder and Electrical Appliances.

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RF REMOTE CONTROL

CHAPTER 2 SCHEMATIC DESCRIPTION

2.1 General description:
This is a simple type remote control by using RF communication without microcontroller. In this project a remote has been designed for various home appliances like television, fan, lights, etc. It gives lot of comfort to the user since we can operate it by staying at one place. We can control any of the appliances by using this remote within the range of 400 foots. In this project consist of two sections, transmitter (remote) and receiver section. Whenever we are pressing any key in the remote it generates the corresponding RF signals, and these signals are received by the receiver unit. ASK transmitter and receiver is used as transmitter and receiver. HT12E, HT12D encoders and decoders are used in this electronic circuit.

2.2 Remote or Transmitter Section:

In remote section consist of an encoder (HT 12E) and a transmitter. The encoder generates 8 bit address and 4bit data. We can set the address by using the DIP switch connected in A0 to A7 (pin 1 to 8) encoder. If we set an address in the remote section, the same address will be required in the receiver section. So always set same address in transmitter and receiver. Whenever we press any key in the remote the encoders generates corresponding 4bit data and send this data with 8bit address by using transmitter. The transmitting frequency is 433MHz. The transmitter output is up to 8mW at 433.92MHz with a range of approximately 400 foot (open area) outdoors. Indoors, the range is approximately 200 foot.

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RF REMOTE CONTROL

Figure 2.1: Remote or Transmitter Circuit

2.3 Receiver Section:

At the receiver section receiver is present. The receiver also operates at 433.92MHz, and has a sensitivity of 3uV. The receiver operates from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC, and has both linear and digital outputs. It receives the datas from the transmitter. Then the decoder (HT 12D) decodes the date and it will enable the corresponding output pin (pin 10, 11, 12, 13). Each output pins are connected to separate flip flops.

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RF REMOTE CONTROL

Figure 2.2: Remote Control Receiver Circuit

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RF REMOTE CONTROL
The output of encoder will change the state of the flip flop. So its output goes to set (high) from reset (low) state. This change makes a high signal in the output of the flip flop. This output signal is not capable to drive a relay directly. So we are using current driver, SL100 transistor act as the current driver. The appliance is connected to 230V AC through the relay and the appliance will start. The relay will be re-energized when the same switch is pressed in the remote. This is because we are pressing the same switch in the remote control. The output of the decoder again goes to high so this signal will again change the state of the flip flop. So, the relay gets re-energized and the appliance goes to OFF state.

2.4 RF Module TX/RX with HT12E & HT12D:

Figure 2.3: Sample Transmitter Application Circuit The example above shows the transmitter section using the HT-12E decoder IC for a 4-bit RF remote control system.

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RF REMOTE CONTROL

Figure 2.4: Sample Receiver Application Circuit The example above shows the receiver section using the HT-12D decoder IC for a 4-bit RF remote control system. The transmitter and receiver can also use the Holtek 8-bit HT640/HT-648L remote control encoder/decoder combination for an 8-bit RF remote control system. Here are the schematics for an 8-bit RF remote control system.

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RF REMOTE CONTROL 2.4.1 DRIVING RELAYS:

Using the outputs of the HT-12D or HT-648L decoder ICs to drive relays is quite simple. Here are schematics showing how to drive relays directly from the data-output pins of the decoder.

Figure 2.5: NPN Relay Driver Circuit

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Figure 2.6: PNP Relay Driver Circuit Another option for driving relays would be to use a high-voltage, high-current, Darlington array driver IC such as the ULN2803. The ULN2803 can directly interface to the data outputs of the decoder IC, and provides much higher drive-current. The ULN2803 also has internal diode protection that eliminates the need for the fly-back diode as shown in the above relay driver schematics. SELECTION OF RF: RF Communication is a wireless technology developed as an open global standard to address the needs of low-cost, low-power. RF enables the broad-based deployment of wireless networks that can run for years on inexpensive batteries for monitoring applications such as lighting controls, AMR (automatic meter reading), smoke and CO detectors, wireless telemetry, HVAC control, heating control and environmental control.

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CONNECTION OF RF: In this project we are using RF module to transfer the data from one place to another place. The data pins of RF encoder are connected to the TLP TX.The data pins of RF decoder are connected to the RLP RX. CIRCUIT OPERATION: The transmitter section contains the keypad, the receiver sections commented to the Electrical appliances.

2.4.2 POWER SUPPLY:

The STR-433 is designed to operate from a 5V power supply. It is crucial that this power supply be very quiet. The power supply should be bypassed using a 0.1uF low-ESR ceramic capacitor and a 4.7uF tantalum capacitor. These capacitors should be placed as close to the power pins as possible. The STR-433 is designed for continuous duty operation. From the time power is applied, it can take up to 750mSec for the data output to become valid.

2.4.3 ANTENNA INPUT:

It will support most antenna types, including printed antennas integrated directly onto the PCB and simple single core wire of about 17cm. The performance of the different antennas varies. Any time a trace is longer than 1/8th the wavelength of the frequency it is carrying, it should be a 50 ohm micro strip.

2.4.4 IMPROVED MODULATION:

A striking weakness of our RF transmission system is that we do not transmit data zeros. We transmit only data ones. A data zero is supposed to be the absence of a data zero. Because we have a limiting amplifier with a gain of 2000, the moment a powerful data one disappears. We begin to amplify whatever interference or noise our antenna might be Receiving, and so we can get false zeros. At close ranges, 433 MHz lingering from a previous data one can induce a false zero.

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RF REMOTE CONTROL

CHAPTER 3 HARDWARE DESRIPTION

3.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS:
Encoder HT12E Decoder HT12D RF Transmitter Module RF Receiver Module Transistors(BC547) Light Emitting Diodes(LED) Voltage Regulator(LM7805) Relays Switches Power Supply

3.1.1 ENCODER (HT12E):

3.1.1.1 General Description: The 212 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications.

They are capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and 12_N data bits. Each address/data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The programmed addresses/ data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE trigger on the HT12E or a DATA trigger on the HT12A further enhances the application flexibility of the 212 series of encoders. The HT12A additionally provides a 38kHz carrier for infrared systems.

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Figure 3.1: Pin Diagram of HT12E 3.1.1.2 Features: _ Operating voltage _ 2.4V~5V for the HT12A _ 2.4V~12V for the HT12E _ Low power and high noise immunity CMOS

Figure 3.2:HT12E IC

Technology

_ Low standby current: 0.1A (typ.) at VDD=5V HT12A with a 38 kHz carrier for infrared transmission medium Minimum transmission word _ four words for the HT12E _ One word for the HT12A _ Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor_ Minimal external components _ 18-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP package

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Table 3.1: Pin Description of HT12E

3.1.1.3 Applications: _ Burglar alarm system _ Smoke and fire alarm system _ Garage door controllers _ Car door controllers Car alarm system _ Security system _ Cordless telephones ECE Dept. 16 SCCE

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_ Other remote control systems 3.1.1.4 Functional Description: Operation: The 2 to the power of 12 series of encoders begin a 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt of a transmission enable (TE for the HT12E or D8~D11 for the HT12A, active low). This cycle will repeat itself as long as the transmission enable (TE or D8~D11) is held low. Once the transmissions enable returns high the encoder output completes its final cycle and then stops as shown below.

Figure 3.3: Transmission timing for the HT12E Information Word: If L/M=1 the device is in the latch mode (for use with the latch type of data decoders). When the transmission enable is removed during a transmission, the DOUT pin outputs a complete word and then stops. On the other hand, if L/M=0 the device is in the momentary mode (for use with the momentary type of data decoders). When the transmission enable is removed during a transmission, the DOUT outputs a complete word and then adds 7 words all with the 1 data code. An information word consists of 4 periods as illustrated below.

Figure 3.4: Composition of information

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3.1.2 DECODER (HT-12D):

Figure 3.5:HT12D IC

3.1.2.1 General Description: HT12D is a decoder integrated circuit that belongs to 212 series of decoders. This series of decoders are mainly used for remote control system applications, like burglar alarm, car door controller, security system etc. It is mainly provided to interface RF and infrared circuits. They are paired with 212 series of encoders. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data format. In simple terms, HT12D converts the serial input into parallel outputs. It decodes the serial addresses and data received by, say, an RF receiver, into parallel data and sends them to output data pins. The serial input data is compared with the local addresses three times continuously. The input data code is decoded when no error or unmatched codes are found. A valid transmission in indicated by a high signal at VT pin. HT12D is capable of decoding 12 bits, of which 8 are address bits and 4 are data bits. The data on 4 bit latch type output pins remain unchanged until new is received.

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Figure 3.6: Pin Diagram of HT12D

Table 3.2: Pin Description of HT12D

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3.1.2.2 Features: _ Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V _ Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology _ Low standby current _ Capable of decoding 12 bits of information _ Pair with Holteks 2 to the power of 12 series of encoders _ Binary address setting _ Received codes are checked 3 times _ Address/Data number combination _ HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits _ HT12F: 12 address bits only _ Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor _ valid transmission indicator _ Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium _ Minimal external components 3.1.2.3 Applications: _ Burglar alarm system _ Smoke and fire alarm system _ Garage door controllers _ Car door controllers _ Car alarm system _ Security system _ Cordless telephones _ Other remote control systems

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3.1.2.4 Functional Description: Operation: The 2 to the power of 12 series of decoders provides various combinations of addresses and data pins in different packages so as to pair with the 2 to the power of 12 series of encoders. The decoders receive data that are transmitted by an encoder and interpret the first N bits of code period as addresses and the last 12_N bits as data, where N is the address code number. A signal on the DIN pin activates the oscillator which in turn decodes the incoming address and data. The decoders will then check the received address three times continuously. If the received address codes all match the contents of the decoders local address, the 12_N bits of data are decoded to activate the output pins and the VT pin is set high to indicate a valid transmission. This will last unless the address code is incorrect or no signal is received. The output of the VT pin is high only when the transmission is valid. Otherwise it is always low. Decoder Timing:

Figure 3.7: Decoder timing

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RF REMOTE CONTROL 3.1.3 RF Transmitter Module:

Figure 3.8: Transmitter- Pin Diagram

3.1.3.1 Circuit Description:

RF Transmitter (TLP434A):
T L P 4 3 4 AV
1 2 3 4 C C

1 0 U

Figure 3.9: Circuit Diagram of RF transmitter The RF transmitter module for this project is TLP434A (433.92MHz) which is an Ultra Small Wireless module. This Transmitter is ideal for remote control projects or data transfer to a remote object. This compact unit operates from only 2V up to 12V and we are using 5v as the circuit operates in the same range. This has a range of up to 200m, which is possible with an antenna fitted and when 12V battery is used. This module can work directly with HT12D or similar decoder. ECE Dept. 22 SCCE

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Table 3.3: Pin Description of transmitter

3.1.4 RF Receiver Module:

R L P
J

4 3 4 A
2 1 2 3 4

C 5 6 7 A 8

E A N

1 T E N N

Figure 3.10: circuit Diagram of RF Receiver 3.1.4.1 Circuit Description: ECE Dept. 23 SCCE

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The RLP434A is a Compact Radio Receiver (RF) which works directly with the TLP434A transmitter on an operating frequency of 433.92MHz. This is an ideal device for many applications, including robots, where commands can be sent directly to the robot, without the need for a hard-wired connection. This is suitable for data rates of up to 4.8 KHz, and the typical operating current is only 4.5mA.

Figure 3.11: Receiver Pin Diagram

Table 3.4: pin Description of RF Receiver

For maximum range, the recommended antenna should be approximately 35cm long. To convert from centimeters to inches multiply by 0.3937. For 35cm, the length in inches will be approximately 35cm x 0.3937 = 13.7795 inches long. We tested these modules using a 14, solid, 24 gauge hobby type wire, and reached a range of over 400foot.Your results may vary depending on your surroundings.

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RF REMOTE CONTROL 3.1.5 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSISTOR (BC 547):

BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current at collector & emitter terminals. BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549. The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.

. Figure 3.12: Transistor

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RF REMOTE CONTROL 3.1.6 INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED):

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits incoherent narrow spectrum light when electrically biased in the forward direction of the pn-junction, as in the common LED circuit. This effect is a form of electroluminescence. While sending a message in the form of bits such as 1,the data is sent to the receiver side correspondingly the LED glows representing the data is being received simultaneously when we send 8 as a data the LED gets off .

Figure 3.13: Leds and connectors As in the simple LED circuit, The effect is a form of electroluminescence where incoherent and narrow-spectrum light is emitted from the p-n junction. LEDs are widely used as indicator lights on electronic devices and increasingly in higher power applications such as flashlights and area lighting. An LED is usually a small area (less than 1 mm2) light source, often with optics added to the chip to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection. The color of the emitted light depends on the composition and condition of the semi conducting material used, and can be infrared, visible, or ultraviolet. Besides lighting, interesting applications include using UV-LEDs for sterilization of water and disinfection of devices, and as a grow light to enhance photosynthesis in plants.

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3.1.6.1 COLOR CODING: Color Infrared Red Orange Yellow Green Blue White Ultraviolet 3.5V 2.2 V 2.4 V 2.6 V 3.0 V to 3.5 V 3.0 V to 3.5 V Potential Difference 1.6 V 1.8 V to 2.1 V

Figure 3.14: (Close-up of a typical LED in its case showing the internal structure) 3.1.6.2 ADVANTAGES: LEDs have many advantages over other technologies like lasers. As compared to laser diodes or IR sources LEDs are conventional incandescent lamps. For one thing, they don't have a filament that will burn out, so they last much longer. Additionally, their small plastic bulb makes them a lot more durable. They also fit more easily into modern electronic circuits.

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The main advantage is efficiency. In conventional incandescent bulbs, the lightproduction process involves generating a lot of heat (the filament must be warmed). Unless you're using the lamp as a heater, because a huge portion of the available electricity isn't going toward producing visible light. LEDs generate very little heat. A much higher percentage of the electrical power is going directly for generating light, which cuts down the electricity demands considerably. LEDs offer advantages such as low cost and long service life. Moreover LEDs have very low power consumption and are easy to maintain. 3.1.6.3 DISADVANTAGES OF LEDS: LEDs performance largely depends on the ambient temperature of the operating environment. LEDs must be supplied with the correct current. LEDs do not approximate a "point source" of light, so cannot be used in applications needing a highly collimated beam. But the disadvantages are quite negligible as the negative properties of LEDs do not apply and the advantages far exceed the limitations.

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RF REMOTE CONTROL 3.1.7 INTRODUCTION TO VOLTAGE REGULATOR (7805):

Figure 3.15: pin outs of voltage regulator

3.1.7.1 Description:
The 7805 is a voltage regulator it looks like a transistor but it is actually an integrated circuit with 3 legs. It can take a higher, crappy DC voltage and turn it into a nice, smooths 5Volts DC. You need to feed it at least 8 volts and no more than 30 Volts to do this it can handle Around 0.5 to 0.75 Amps, but it gets hot. Uses a heat sink use it to power circuits than need to use or run off of 5 Volts. Voltage regulator limits the voltage that passes through it. Each regulator has a voltage rating; For example, the 7805 IC (these regulators are often considered to be ICs) is a 5-volt voltage regulator. What that means is that no matter how many volts you put into it, it will output only 5 volts. ECE Dept. 29 SCCE

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This means that you can connect a 9-volt battery, a 12-volt power supply, or virtually anything else that's over 5 volts, and have the 7805 give you a nice supply of 5 volts out. There are also 7812 (12-volt) and 7815 (15-volt) three-pin regulators in common use.

Figure 3.16: schematic Diagram of voltage regulator

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RF REMOTE CONTROL 3.1.8I NTRODUCTION TO RELAY:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and most have double throw (changeover) switch contacts as shown in the diagram.

Figure 3.17: circuit symbol of relay Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is magnetic and mechanical.

Figure 3.18: Relays

The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO: COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the moving part of the switch. NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off. NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.

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Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is on. Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is off. Switch contact arrangement (SPDT, DPDT etc) most relays are SPDT or DPDT which are often described as "single pole changeover" (SPCO) or "double pole changeover" (DPCO). For further information please see the page on switches.

3.1.8.1 Protection diodes for relays:

Transistors and ICs must be protected from the brief high voltage produced when a relay coil is switched off. The diagram shows how a signal diode (e.g. 1N4148) is connected 'backwards' across the relay coil to provide this protection.

Figure 3.19: Relay circuit Current flowing through a relay coil creates a magnetic field which collapses suddenly when the current is switched off. The sudden collapse of the magnetic field induces a brief high voltage across the relay coil which is very likely to damage transistors and ICs. The protection diode allows the induced voltage to drive a brief current through the coil (and diode) so the magnetic field dies away quickly rather than instantly. This prevents the induced voltage becoming high enough to cause damage to transistors and ICs. ECE Dept. 32 SCCE

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3.1.8.2 Relays and transistors compared:
Like relays, transistors can be used as an electrically operated switch. For switching small DC currents (< 1A) at low voltage they are usually a better choice than a relay. However, transistors cannot switch AC (such as mains electricity) and in simple circuits they are not usually a good choice for switching large currents (> 5A). In these cases a relay will be needed, but note that a low power transistor may still be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil! The main advantages and disadvantages of relays are listed below: Advantages of relays:

Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC. Relays can switch higher voltages than standard transistors. Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A). Relays can switch many contacts at once.

Disadvantages of relays:

Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents. Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times per second. Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil. Relays require more current than many ICs can provide, so a low power transistor may be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil.

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RF REMOTE CONTROL 3.1.9 Introduction to Double Pole Single Throw Switch:

Switches are used throughout homes and businesses, and perhaps most people never give it a single thought as to how they operate. That is, of course, until they fail to function. It is that sinking feeling when you flip the light switch on or running the garbage disposal in the kitchen sink and nothing happens. That is when it is handy to know that a typical light switch is a single pole single throw switch and, chances are, the operation of a garbage disposal relies on a double pole single throw switch. Significance:
o

The classification of a pole when used for a switch, accounts for the number of separate power conductors that can be connected to the switch. A single pole switch has only one set of contacts within the plastic insulated enclosure. A double pole switch has two sets of separate contacts for controlling the electrical power. By flipping the lever, these two contacts are simultaneously moved to the open or closed position.

Function:
o

All switches, regardless of the type, can only perform two functions. They can either turn electrical power on or off or divert the flow. Single throw type switches, designate an on or off type operation. Double throw switches, can divert the flow of electricity from one set of screw terminals to another. These screw terminals are mounted on the side of the switch. A double pole single throw switch is used for turning electricity either on or off.

Types:
o

Switches are also rated by voltage and amperage. The common rating for most switches will be 120 volts alternating current (VAC) and 15 amperes of current. Special ratings for higher powered switches, depending on voltage, may be as high as 600 VAC and 30 amperes of current. These types of switches in general, will be the double pole single throw switch. A typical application for this switch could include the power controls for garbage disposals, water pumps and home furnaces.

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Features:
o

Double pole single throw switches are generally constructed from a heavy duty insulated plastic. The metal frame that holds the switch body to the wall mounting box, runs the full length of the switch. Attached to the metal frame is a green grounding screw that attaches the electrical systems safety ground wire. This ground wire protects the occupants and equipment from any hazardous voltage that may go astray.

Identification:
o

All double pole single throw switches can be identified by a stamping on the switch body. The letters, DBST, will be engraved somewhere on the switch. Colorcoding of the screw terminals themselves cannot be accurate, as a double pole double throw switch will have the same color coded screws. Generally this color is a dark metallic or copper color.

3.1.10 POWER SUPPLY SECTION:

In-order to work with any components basic requirement is power supply. In this section there is a requirement of two different voltage levels. Those are 1) 5V DC power supply. Now the aim is to design the power supply section which converts 230V AC in to 5V DC. Since 230V AC is too high to reduce it to directly 5V DC, therefore we need a step-down transformer that reduces the line voltage to certain voltage that will help us to convert it in to a 5V DC. Considering the efficiency factor of the bridge rectifier, we came to a conclusion to choose a transformer, whose secondary voltage is 3 to 4 V higher than the required voltage i.e. 5V. For this application 0-9V transformers is used, since it is easily available in the market. The output of the transformer is 9V AC; it feed to rectifier that converts AC to pulsating DC. As we all know that there are 3 kind of rectifiers that is 1) half wave 2) Full wave and 3) Bridge rectifier ECE Dept. 35 SCCE

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Here we short listed to use Bridge rectifier, because half wave rectifier has we less in efficiency. Even though the efficiency of full wave and bridge rectifier are the same, since there is no requirement for any negative voltage for our application, we gone with bridge rectifier. Since the output voltage of the rectifier is pulsating DC, in order to convert it into pure DC we use a high value (1000UF/1500UF) of capacitor in parallel that acts as a filter. The most easy way to regulate this voltage is by using a 7805 voltage regulator, whose output voltage is constant 5V DC irrespective of any fluctuation in line voltage.

Figure 3.20: Functional Block Diagram of Power supply

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CHAPTER 4 FINAL DESCRIPTION

4.1 PREVIOUS TECHNOLOGY:
Using IR Technology the operated range is less it operated only in one direction if any obstacle is present the signal is not passed.

4.2 ADVANTAGES: Simple to design Small in size More efficiency Power consumption less Flexible Reducing man power

Work in all directions Incredible high operating range in terms of hundreds of meters RF signals can penetrate through obstacles like wall, partition etc. No need of line of sight between transmitter and receiver
No

problem with directivity also means no need to point transmitter toward

receiver

4.3 DISADVANTAGES: They are bit more costlier Not so easy

because cost of components is increased

to implement as you have to take great care of noise

Because of antennas it is bulkier

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Although they are drawbacks but because of its higher operating range and other advantages they are widely used in industries for wireless applications.

4.5 FUTURE ASPECTS:

This remote is works for up to 400 foots, i.e, 122 meters to increase

the distance to operate remote we can buy the bandwidth .so we can operate remote from one country to other country. In this project we use 4-channels to control the four devices in

extinction to this by using microcontroller can operate more number of devices.

4.6 APPLICATIONS:
System

Burglar Alarm, Smoke Alarm, Fire Alarm, Car Alarm, Security

Garage Door and Car Door Controllers Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) Remote Lighting Controls On-Site Paging Asset Tracking Wireless Alarm and Security Systems Long Range RFID Automated Resource Management Cordless telephone Other Remote Control System

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CONCLUSION
The RF module per form a satisfy range as a wireless remote controller and able to transfer signal through obstacles interfacing the RF module with encoder and decoder shows a stable performance from both the transmitter and receiver. This project gives the best solution for electrical and power wastage also the manual operation of the lighting system is completely eliminated.

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REFERENCES ON THE WEB

www.electronics in meccano .com www.siliconship.com www.scribd.com www.serasidis.gr/ www.tippietips.com www.atmel.com

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