DRUG STUDY ON EMERGENCY DRUGS 1) AMINOPHYLLINE Brand Names: Phil Pharmawealth/Atlantic Aminophylline ampTheofil amp Classification: Antiasthmatic &

COPD Preparations Dosage: Initial: 225-450 mg twice daily, increased if needed. IV Acute severe bronchospasm. Loading dose: 5 mg/kg (ideal body wt). Maintenance: 0.5 mg/kg/hr. Rate should not exceed 25 mg/min. Indication: PO Chronic bronchospasm as hydrate Action: Increases the level of cAMP resulting in bronchodilation Adverse Reactions: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, insomnia, dizziness, anxiety, restlessness; tremor, palpitations. Potentially Fatal: Convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension and sudden death after too rapid IV injection. Nursing Measures: Administer to pregnant patients only when clearly neededneonatal tachycardia, jitteriness, and withdrawal apnea observed when mothers received xanthines up until delivery. Caution patient not to chew or crush enteric-coated timed-release forms. Give immediate-release, liquid dosage forms with food if GI effects occur. Do not give timed-release forms with food; these should be given on an empty stomach 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals. Maintain adequate hydration. Monitor results of serum theophylline levels carefully, and arrange for reduced dosage if serum levels exceed therapeutic range of 1020 mcg/mL. Take serum samples to determine peak theophylline concentration drawn 1530 min after an IV loading dose.

Monitor for clinical signs of adverse effects, particularly if serum theophylline levels are not available. Ensure that diazepam is readily available to treat seizures. Take this drug exactly as prescribed; if a timed-release product is prescribed, take this drug on an empty stomach, 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals. Do not to chew or crush timed-release preparations. Administer rectal solution or suppositories after emptying the rectum. It may be necessary to take this drug around the clock for adequate control of asthma attacks. Avoid excessive intake of coffee, tea, cocoa, cola beverages, chocolate. Smoking cigarettes or other tobacco products impacts the drug's effectiveness. Try not to smoke. Notify the care provider if smoking habits change while taking this drug. Frequent blood tests may be necessary to monitor the effect of this drug and to ensure safe and effective dosage; keep all appointments for blood tests and other monitoring. These side effects may occur: Nausea, loss of appetite (taking this drug with food may help if taking the immediate-release or liquid dosage forms); difficulty sleeping, depression, emotional lability (reversible). Report nausea, vomiting, severe GI pain, restlessness, seizures, irregular heartbea 2) AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Brand Names: Anoion tabCordaroneCordarone injSandoz Amiodarone HCl tab Classification: Cardiac Drugs Dosage: PO Initial: 200 mg 3 times/day for 1 wk, reduce to 200 mg twice daily for a further wk. Maintenance: 200 mg/day or lowest effective dose. IV Initial: 5 mg/kg infusion via central venous catheter. Max: 1.2 g/24 hr. Indication: Ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. Action: Blocks potassium chloride leading to prolongation of action potential duration.

Adverse Reactions: Blue-grey discoloration of skin, photosensitivity, peripheral neuropathy, paraesthesia, myopathy, ataxia, tremor, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, alopecia, sleepdisturbances, corneal microdeposits, hot flushes, sweating. Heart block, bradycardia, sinus arrest, hepatotoxicity,heart failure. Potentially Fatal: Pulmonary toxicity including pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial pneumonitis,hepatotoxicity, thyrotoxicity. Ventricular arrhythmias, pulmonary alveolitis, exacerbation of arrhythmias and rareserious liver injury. Generally in patients with high doses and having preexisting abnormalities of diffusion capacity. Nursing Measures: Monitor cardiac rhythm continuously. Monitor for an extended period when dosage adjustments are made. Monitor for safe and effective serum levels (0.52.5 mcg/mL). Doses of digoxin, quinidine, procainamide, phenytoin, and warfarin may need to be reduced one-third to one-half when amiodarone is started. Give drug with meals to decrease GI problems. Arrange for ophthalmologic exams; reevaluate at any sign of optic neuropathy. Arrange for periodic chest x-ray to evaluate pulmonary status (every 36 mo). Arrange for regular periodic blood tests for liver enzymes, thyroid hormone levels. Drug dosage will be changed in relation to response of arrhythmias; you will need to be hospitalized during initiation of drug therapy; you will be closely monitored when dosage is changed. Have regular medical follow-up, monitoring of cardiac rhythm, chest x-ray, eye exam, blood tests. These side effects may occur: Changes in vision (halos, dry eyes, sensitivity to light; wear sunglasses, monitorlight exposure); nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite (take with meals; eat small, frequent meals); sensitivity to thesun (use a sunscreen or protective clothing when outdoors); constipation (a laxative may be ordered); tremors,twitching, dizziness, loss of coordination (do not drive, operate dangerous machinery, or undertake tasks thatrequire coordination until drug effects stabilize and your body adjusts to it). Report unusual bleeding or bruising; fever, chills; intolerance to heat or cold; shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, cough; swelling of ankles or fingers; palpitations; difficulty with vision

3) ATROPINE SULFATE Brand Names: Anespin ampAtropol ampEuro-Med Atropine Sulfate ampIsopto Atropine eye dropsPhil Pharmawealth/Atlantic Atropine amp Classification: Other Cardiovascular Drugs, Muscle Relaxants, Mydriatic Drugs, Antidotes, Detoxifying Agents & Drugs Used in Substance Dependence Indication/Dosage: IV Bradycardia 500 mcg every 3-5 mins. Total: 3 mg. IV/IM Organophosphorus poisoning 2 mg every 10-30 mins until muscarinic effects disappear or atropine toxicity appears. IM/SC Premed in anesth 300-600 mcg 30-60 mins before anesth. IV/IM/SC Overdosage w/ other compd having muscarinic actions 0.6-1 mg,repeat 2 hrly. Ophth Inflammatory eye disorders As 0.5-1% soln: 1-2 drops 4 times/day. Eye refraction As 1% soln:1 drop twice daily for 1-2 days before procedure. Action: An anti-cholinergic that inhibits acetylcholine at the parasympathetic neuroeffector junction, enhances the conduction of AV node and increases heart rate Adverse Reactions: Dry mouth, dysphagia, constipation, flushing and dryness of skin, tachycardia, palpitations, arrhythmias, mydriasis, photophobia, cycloplegia, raised intraocular pressure. Toxic doses cause tachycardia, hyperpyrexia, restlessness, confusion, excitement, hallucinations, delirium and may progress to circulatory failureand respiratory depression. Eye drops: Systemic toxicity especially in children, on prolonged use may lead toirritation, hyperemia, edema and conjunctivitis. Increased intraocular pressure. Inhalation: Dryness of mouth,throat. Potentially Fatal: Atrial arrhythmias, AV dissociation, multiple ventricular ectopics. Nursing Measures: Ensure adequate hydration; provide environmental control (temperature) to prevent hyperpyrexia. Have patient void before taking medication if urinary retention is a problem. When used preoperatively or in other acute situations, incorporate teaching about the drug with teaching about theprocedure; the ophthalmic solution is used mainly acutely and will not be selfadministered by the patient; thefollowing apply to oral medication for outpatients: Take as prescribed, 30 min before meals; avoid excessive dosage.

Avoid hot environments; you will be heat intolerant, and dangerous reactions may occur. These side effects may occur: Dizziness, confusion (use caution driving or performing hazardous tasks);constipation (ensure adequate fluid intake, proper diet); dry mouth (suck sugarless lozenges; perform frequentmouth care; may be transient); blurred vision, sensitivity to light (reversible; avoid tasks that require acute vision;wear sunglasses in bright light); impotence (reversible); difficulty in urination (empty the bladder prior to taking drug). Report rash; flushing; eye pain; difficulty breathing; tremors, loss of coordination; irregular heartbeat, palpitations;headache; abdominal distention; hallucinations; severe or persistent dry mouth; difficulty swallowing; difficulty inurination; constipation; sensitivity to light.

3) BUMETANIDE Brand Names: Burinex ampBurinex tab Classification: Sulfonamide Diuretics Indication/Dosage: PO edema 1 mg once daily, 2nd dose 6-8 hr later if needed. Refractory edema Initial: 5 mg/day, may increase dose depending on response. Max: 10 mg/day. HTN 0.5-1 mg/day. Max: 5 mg/day. IVPulmonary edema 1-2 mg, repeat 20 mins. later if needed. IV/IM Emergency edema 0.5-1 mg, then adjustaccording to response. Action: inhibits Sodium and Chloride reabsorption at the ascending loop of Henle Adverse Reactions: Muscle cramps, dizziness, hypotension, headache, nausea, impaired hearing, pruritus, ECG changes, musculoskeletal pain, rash, chest discomfort, renal failure, premature ejaculation, thrombocytopenia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesaemia, hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, hypocalcaemia. Nursing Measures: Give with food or milk to prevent GI upset. Mark calendars or use reminders if intermittent therapy is best for treating edema. Give single dose early in day so increased urination will not disturb sleep. Avoid IV use if oral use is possible.

Arrange to monitor serum electrolytes, hydration, liver function during long-term therapy. Provide diet rich in potassium or supplemental potassium. Record alternate day or intermittent therapy on a calendar or dated envelopes. Take the drug early in day so increased urination will not disturb sleep; take with food or meals to prevent GI upset. Weigh yourself on a regular basis, at the same time, and in the same clothing; record the weight on your calendar. These side effects may occur: Increased volume and frequency of urination; dizziness, feeling faint on arising,drowsiness (avoid rapid position changes; hazardous activities, such as driving; and alcohol consumption);sensitivity to sunlight (use sunglasses, sunscreen, wear protective clothing); increased thirst (suck sugarlesslozenges; use frequent mouth care); loss of body potassium (a potassium-rich diet, or supplement will be needed). Report weight change of more than 3 lb in 1 day; swelling in ankles or fingers; unusual bleeding or bruising; nausea, dizziness, trembling, numbness, fatigue; muscle weakness or cramps. 4) CALCIUM GLUCONATE Brand Names: Phil Pharmawealth/Harson Calcium Gluconate amp Classification: Electrolytes Indication/Dosage: PO Hypocalcaemia 10-50 mmol/day. IV Hypocalcaemic tetany 2.25 mmol via slow inj , then 58-77 mL of 10% soln diluted and administered as a continuous IV infusion. Antidote in severe hypermagnesaemia; Severe hyperkalaemia 10 mL of 10% soln, repeat every 10 mins if needed. Action: replaces Calcium and maintains Calcium level Adverse Reactions: GI irritation; soft-tissue calcification, skin sloughing or necrosis after IM/SC inj. Hypercalcaemia characterised by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, muscle weakness,mental disturbances, polydipsia, polyuria, nephrocalcinosis, renal calculi; chalky taste, hot flushes and peripheralvasodilation. Potentially Fatal: Cardiac arrhythmias and coma.

Nursing Measures: Make sure prescriber specifies form of calcium to be given; crash carts may contain both calcium gluconate and calcium chloride. Tell patient to take oral calcium 1 to 11/2 hours after meals if GI upset occurs. Give I.M. injection in gluteal region in adults and in lateral thigh in infants. Use I.M. route only in emergencies when no I.V. route is available bec. of irritation of tissue by calcium salts. Tell patient to take oral calcium with a full glass of water. Monitor calcium levels frequently. Hypercalcemia may result after large doses in chronic renal failure. Report abnormalities. 5) CAPTOPRIL Brand Names: Ace-Bloc tabCapomed tabCapotec tabCapoten tabCaptor tabCaptril tabCardiovaz tab Conamid tabHartylox tabNormil tabPhil Pharmawealth/Panion & BF Captopril tabPrelat tabPrimace tab Retensin tabSpec-Ace tabTensoril tabUnihype tabVasostad tab Classification: ACE Inhibitors Indication/Dosage: PO HTN Initial: 12.5 mg twice daily. Maintenance: 25-50 mg twice daily. Max: 50 mg 3 times/day. Heart failure Initial: 6.25-12.5 mg 2-3 times/day. Max: 50 mg 3 times/day. Post MI Start 3 days after MI.Initial: 6.25 mg/day, may increase after several wk to 150 mg/day in divided doses if needed and tolerated. HTN indiabetic nephropathy 75-100 mg/day in divided doses. Action: inhibits ACE, reduces Sodium and water retention, lowers blood pressure Adverse Reactions: Hypotension, tachycardia, chest pain, palpitations, pruritus, hyperkalaemia. Proteinuria; angioedema, skin rashes; taste disturbance, nonproductive cough, headache. Potentially Fatal: Neutropenia,usually occurs within 3 mth of starting therapy especially in patients with renal dysfunction or collagen diseases.Hyperkalaemia. Anaphylactic reactions.

Nursing Measures: Administer 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals. Alert surgeon and mark patient's chart with notice that captopril is being taken; the angiotensin II formationsubsequent to compensatory renin release during surgery will be blocked; hypotension may be reversed withvolume expansion. Monitor patient closely for fall in BP secondary to reduction in fluid volume (excessive perspiration and dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea); excessive hypotension may occur. Reduce dosage in patients with impaired renal function. Take drug 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals; do not take with food. Do not stop without consulting your health care provider. Be careful of drop in blood pressure (occurs most often with diarrhea, sweating, vomiting, dehydration); if lightheadedness or dizziness occurs, consult your health care provider. Avoid over-the-counter medications, especially cough, cold, allergy medications that may contain ingredients that will interact with ACE inhibitors. Consult your health care provider. These side effects may occur: GI upset, loss of appetite, change in taste perception (limited effects, will pass);mouth sores (perform frequent mouth care); rash; fast heart rate; dizziness, light-headedness (usually passesafter the first few days; change position slowly, and limit your activities to those that do not require alertness andprecision). Report mouth sores; sore throat, fever, chills; swelling of the hands, feet; irregular heartbeat, chest pains; swelling of the face, eyes, lips, tongue, difficulty breathing. 6) CLONIDINE Brand Names: Catapin ampCatapres ampCatapres tab Classification: Other Antihypertensives Indication/Dosage: PO HTN Initial: 50-100 mcg 3 times/day. Max: 2,400 mcg/day. Menopausal flushing; Migraine prophylaxis 50 mcg twice daily, up to 75 mg twice daily. IV Hypertensive crisis 150-300 mcg via slow inj. Max: 750mcg over 24 hr. Epidural Severe cancer pain Initial: 30 mcg/hr as continuous infusion in combination w/ an opioid.Transdermal HTN As patch releasing 100-300 mcg clonidine base/day at constant rate: Apply once wkly.

Action: stimulates alpha 2 receptors and inhibits central vasomotor centers, lowers peripheral vascular resistance, blood pressure, and heart rate Adverse Reactions: Dry mouth, drowsiness, dizziness, headache, constipation, impotence, vivid dreams, urinary retention; dry, itching, burning sensation in the eye; fluid or electrolyte imbalance, GI upset, paralytic ileus,orthostatic hypotension, weakness, sedation, pruritus, myalgia, urticaria, nausea, insomnia, arrhythmias, agitation.Reduced GI motility at times may cause paralytic ileus. Potentially Fatal: Transient hypertension or profoundhypotension, respiratory depression, convulsion. Clonidine withdrawal syndrome could be life threatening.Bradycardia, coma and disturbances in conduction (in individuals with preexisting diseases of SA/AV nodes,overdose or on digitalis). Nursing Measures: Take drug 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals; do not take with food. Do not stop without consulting your health care provider. Be careful of drop in blood pressure (occurs most often with diarrhea, sweating, vomiting, dehydration); if lightheadedness or dizziness occurs, consult your health care provider. Avoid over-the-counter medications, especially cough, cold, allergy medications that may contain ingredients that will interact with ACE inhibitors. Consult your health care provider. These side effects may occur: GI upset, loss of appetite, change in taste perception (limited effects, will pass);mouth sores (perform frequent mouth care); rash; fast heart rate; dizziness, light-headedness (usually passes after the first few days; change position slowly, and limit your activities to those that do not require alertness and precision). Report mouth sores; sore throat, fever, chills; swelling of the hands, feet; irregular heartbeat, chest pains; swellingof the face, eyes, lips, tongue, difficulty breathing. Take this drug exactly as prescribed. Do not miss doses. Do not discontinue the drug unless so instructed. Do not discontinue abruptly; life-threatening adverse effects may occur. If you travel, take an adequate supply of drug. Use the transdermal system as prescribed; refer to directions in package insert, or contact your health care provider with questions. Be sure to remove old systems before applying new ones. Attempt lifestyle changes that will reduce your BP: stop smoking and using alcohol; lose weight; restrict intake of sodium (salt); exercise regularly.

Use caution with alcohol. Your sensitivity may increase while using this drug. These side effects may occur: Drowsiness, dizziness, light-headedness, headache, weakness (often transient;observe caution driving or performing other tasks that require alertness or physical dexterity); dry mouth (suck onsugarless lozenges or ice chips); GI upset (eat small, frequent meals); dreams, nightmares (reversible); dizziness,light-headedness when you change position (get up slowly; use caution climbing stairs); impotence, other sexualdysfunction, decreased libido (discuss with care providers); breast enlargement, sore breasts; palpitations. Report urinary retention, changes in vision, blanching of fingers, rash. 7.) DIAZEPAM Brand name: Valium Classification: Anxiolytics Dosage: 10mg/2ml Indication: relief of anxiety, agitation & tension due to psychoneurotic states & transient situational disturbances Action: a benzodiazepine that probably potentiates the effects of GABA, depresses the CNS & suppresses the spread of seizure activity Adverse Reaction: drowsiness,dysarthria, slurred speech, tremor, transient amnesia, fatigue, ataxia, headache, insomnia, paradoxical anxiety, hallucination Nursing Measures: Do not administer intra-arterially; may produce arteriospasm, gangrene. Change from IV therapy to oral therapy as soon as possible. Do not use small veins (dorsum of hand or wrist) for IV injection. Reduce dose of narcotic analgesics with IV diazepam; dose should be reduced by at least onethird or eliminated. Carefully monitor P, BP, respiration during IV administration. Maintain patients receiving parenteral benzodiazepines in bed for 3 hr; do not permit ambulatory patients to operate a vehicle following an injection.

Monitor EEG in patients treated for status epilepticus; seizures may recur after initial control, presumably because of short duration of drug effect. Monitor liver and kidney function, CBC during long-term therapy. Taper dosage gradually after long-term therapy, especially in epileptic patients. Arrange for epileptic patients to wear medical alert ID indicating that they are epileptics taking this medication. Discuss risk of fetal abnormalities with patients desiring to become pregnant. DIGOXIN Brand name: Digitek, Lanoxicaps, Lanoxin, Novo-Digoxin (CAN) Classification: Inotropics Dosage: 5mg/2ml Indication: Cardiac failure accompanied by atrial fibrillation; management of chronic cardiac failure where systolic dysfunction or ventricular dilatation is dominant; management of certain supraventricular arrhythmias, particularly chronic atrial flutter & fibrillation. Action: inhibits sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphate, promoting movement of calcium from extracellular to intra-cytoplasm and strengthening myocardial contraction, also acts on CNS to enhance vagal tone Adverse Reaction: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, headache, facial pain, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, drowsiness, disorientation, mental confusion, bad dreams, convulsions Nursing Measures: Monitor apical pulse for 1 min before administering; hold dose if pulse < 60 in adult or < 90 in infant; retake pulsein 1 hr. If adult pulse remains < 60 or infant < 90, hold drug and notify prescriber. Note any change from baselinerhythm or rate. Check dosage and preparation carefully Avoid IM injections, which may be very painful.

Follow diluting instructions carefully, and use diluted solution promptly. Avoid giving with meals; this will delay absorption. Have emergency equipment ready; have K+ salts, lidocaine, phenytoin, atropine, cardiac monitor on standby in case toxicity develops. Monitor for therapeutic drug levels: 0.52 ng/mL. DIPENHYDRAMINE Brand name: Benadryl Classification: antihistamine Dosage: 50mg/ml Indication: Hay fever, urticaria, vasomotor rhinitis, angioneurotic edema, drug sensitization, serum & penicillin reaction, contact dermatitis, atopic eczema, other allergic dermatoses, pruritus, food sensitivity, parkinsonism, motion sickness. Action: prevents histamine mediated responses, drug provides local anesthesia and suppresses cough reflex Adverse Reaction: CV and CNS effects, blood disorders, GI disturbances, anti-muscarinic effects and allergic reactions. Nursing Measures: Monitor carefully, assess for confusion, delirium, other anticholinergic side effects and fall risk. Institute measures to prevent falls. Assess movement disorder before and after administration. Caution patient not to use oral OTC diphenhydramine products with any other product containing diphenhydramine, including products used topically. It can cause excitation in children. Caution parents or caregivers about proper dose calculation; overdosage,especially in infants and children, can cause hallucinations, seizures or death Inform patient that this drug maycause dry mouth. Frequent oral rinses, good oral hygiene, and sugarless gum or candy may minimize this effect.Notify dentist if dry mouth persists for more than 2 weeks.

7) EPINEPHRINE Brand name: Epinephrine Bitartrate Aerosols: Primatene Mist Epinephrine Borate Ophthalmic solution: Epinal Epinephrine Hydrochloride Injection, OTC nasal solution: Adrenalin Chloride Ophthalmic solution: Epifrin, Glaucon Insect sting emergencies: EpiPen Auto-Injector (delivers 0.3 mg IM adult dose), EpiPen Jr. Auto-Injector (delivers 0.15 mg IM for children) OTC solutions for nebulization: AsthmaNefrin, microNefrin, Nephron, S2 Classification: Sympathomimetic, Alpha-adrenergic agonist, Beta1and beta2-adrenergic agonist, Cardiac stimulant, Vasopressor, Bronchodilator, Antasthmatic drug, Nasal decongestant, Mydriatic, Antiglaucoma drug Dosage: 1mg/ml Indication: Acute asthmatic attacks, Advanced cardiac life support Action: Naturally occurring neurotransmitter, the effects of which are mediated by alpha or beta receptors in target organs. Effects on alpha receptors include vasoconstriction, contraction of dilator muscles of iris. Effects on beta receptors include positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the heart (beta1 receptors); bronchodilation, vasodilation, and uterine relaxation (beta2 receptors); decreased production of aqueous humor. Adverse Reaction: drowsiness, headache, nervousness, tremors, cerebral hemorrhage, dizziness, weakness, vertigo, pain

Nursing Measures: Monitor heart rate. Use extreme caution when calculating and preparing doses; epinephrine is a very potent drug; small errors in dosage can cause serious adverse effects. Double-check pediatric dosage. Use minimal doses for minimal periods of time; "epinephrine-fastness" (a form of drug tolerance) can occur with prolonged use. Protect drug solutions from light, extreme heat, and freezing; do not use pink or brown solutions. Drug solutions should be clear and colorless (does not apply to suspension for injection). Shake the suspension for injection well before withdrawing the dose. Rotate SC injection sites to prevent necrosis; monitor injection sites frequently. Keep a rapidly acting alpha-adrenergic blocker (phentolamine) or a vasodilator (a nitrate) readily available in case of excessive hypertensive reaction. Have an alpha-adrenergic blocker or facilities for intermittent positive pressure breathing readily available in case pulmonary edema occurs. Keep a beta-adrenergic blocker (propranolol; a cardioselective beta-blocker, such as atenolol, should be used in patients with respiratory distress) readily available in case cardiac arrhythmias occur. Do not exceed recommended dosage of inhalation products; administer pressurized inhalation drug forms duringsecond half of inspiration, because the airways are open wider and the aerosol distribution is more extensive. If asecond inhalation is needed, administer at peak effect of previous dose, 35 min. Use topical nasal solutions only for acute states; do not use for longer than 35 days, and do not exceed recommended dosage. Rebound nasal congestion can occur after vasoconstriction subsides. Do not exceed recommended dosage; adverse effects or loss of effectiveness may result. Read the instructionsthat come with respiratory inhalant products, and consult your health care provider or pharmacist if you have anyquestions.

To give eye drops: Lie down or tilt head backward, and look up. Hold dropper above eye; drop medicine insidelower lid while looking up. Do not touch dropper to eye, fingers, or any surface. Release lower lid; keep eye open,and do not blink for at least 30 sec. Apply gentle pressure with fingers to inside corner of the eye for about 1 min;wait at least 5 min before using other eye drops. These side effects may occur: Dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, apprehension (use caution if driving or performingtasks that require alertness); anxiety, emotional changes; nausea, vomiting, change in taste (eat frequent smallmeals); fast heart rate. Nasal solution may cause burning or stinging when first used (transient). Ophthalmicsolution may cause slight stinging when first used (transient); headache or brow ache (only during the first few days). Report chest pain, dizziness, insomnia, weakness, tremor or irregular heart beat (respiratory inhalant, nasalsolution), difficulty breathing, productive cough, failure to respond to usual dosage (respiratory inhalant), decreasein visual acuity (ophthalmic). FUROSEMIDE Brand name: Apo-Furosemide (CAN), Furoside (CAN), Lasix, Myrosemide (CAN) Classification: loop diuretics Dosage: 20mg/2ml Indication: edema, hypertension Action: inhibits Sodium and Chloride reabsorption at the proximal and distal tubules and the ascending loop of Henle Adverse Reaction: vertigo, headache, dizziness, paresthesia, weakness, restlessness, fever, nocturia, oliguria, polyguria Nursing Measures: Monitor BP after administration Administer with food or milk to prevent GI upset.

Reduce dosage if given with other antihypertensives; readjust dosage gradually as BP responds. Give early in the day so that increased urination will not disturb sleep. Avoid IV use if oral use is at all possible. Do not mix parenteral solution with highly acidic solutions with pH below 3.5. Do not expose to light, may discolor tablets or solution; do not use discolored drug or solutions. Discard diluted solution after 24 hr. Refrigerate oral solution. Measure and record weight to monitor fluid changes. Arrange to monitor serum electrolytes, hydration, liver function. Arrange for potassium-rich diet or supplemental potassium as needed. HYDRALAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE Brand name: Supres Classification: antihypertension Dosage: 20mg/ml Indication: For hypertensive patient Action: a direct acting peripheral vasodilator that relaxes arteriolar smooth muscles Adverse Reaction: tachycardia, palpitation, angina pectoris, severe headache, dizziness, weight gain, GI disturbances, pruritus, rashes, nausea and vomiting Nursing Measures: Give oral drug with food to increase bioavailability(drug should be given in a consistent relationship ti ingestion of food for consistent response to therapy). Drug may cause a syndrome resembling systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Arrange for CBC, LE cellpreparations, and ANA titers before and periodically during prolonged therapy, even in the asymptomatic patient.Discontinue if blood dyscrasias occur. Reevaluate therapy if ANA or LE tests are positive.

Arrange for pyridoxine if patient develops symptoms of peripheral neuritis. Monitor patient for orthostatic hypotension which is most marked in the morning and in hot weather, and with alcohol or exercise. HYDROCORTISONE SODIUM SUCCINATE Brand name: A-hydroCort, Solu-Cortef Classification: corticosteroid hormones Stock Dose:100 mg/ 2 mL, 250 mg/ 2 mL Indication: endocrine, hematologic, rheumatic & collagen disorders, dermatologic, ophth, GI, resp & neoplastic diseases, edematous states, control of severe incapacitating allergic conditions, TB meningitis w/ subarachnoidblock or impending block when used concurrently with appropriate anti-TB chemotherapy, shock secondary toadrenocortical insufficiency or shock unresponsive to conventional therapy when adrenocortical insufficiency maybe present Action: Decreases inflammation, mainly by stabilizing leukocyte lysosomal membranes, suppresses immune response, stimulates bone marrow and influences protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism Adverse Reactions: fluid and electrolyte disturbances, decreased carbohydrate tolerance, impaired wound healing, thin fragile skin, muscle weakness, steroid myopathy, osteoporosis, aseptic necrosis, peptic ulceration w/possible perforation, cataracts, increased intraocular and intracranial pressure, growth retardation, Cushingoidstate, protein catabolism, psychic derangements, exophthalmos, masking of infections, gasping syndrome,seizures, menstrual irregularities. Nursing Measures: Give daily before 9 AM to mimic normal peak diurnal corticosteroid levels and minimize HPA suppression. Space multiple doses evenly throughout the day. Do not give IM injections if patient has thrombocytopenic purpura. Rotate sites of IM repository injections to avoid local atrophy.

Use minimal doses for minimal duration to minimize adverse effects. Taper doses when discontinuing high-dose or long-term therapy. Arrange for increased dosage when patient is subject to unusual stress. Use alternate-day maintenance therapy with short-acting corticosteroids whenever possible. Do not give live virus vaccines with immunosuppressive doses of hydrocortisone. Provide antacids between meals to help avoid peptic ulcer. ISOSORBIDE-5- MONONITRATE Brand name: Imdur Classification: anti- anginal drug Stock Dose: SL: 5 mg/mL ; Oral: 30 mg, 60 mg Indication: prophylactic treatment of angina pectoris Action: Thought to reduce cardiac oxygen demand by decreasing preload and afterload. Drug also may increase blood flow through the collateral coronary vessels Adverse Reactions: headache, hypotension w/ dizziness and nausea, tachycardia Nursing Measures: Monitor BP and heart rate. Assess location, duration, intensity, and precipitating factors of anginal pain. ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Brand name: Isoket IV Classification: anti anginal drug Stock: IV amp 10 mg/ 10 mL Dose: 10 mg/10mL

Indication: unresponsive left ventricular failure secondary to acute MI, severe or unstable angina pectoris Action: Isosorbide dinitrate is a smooth muscle relaxant. It is particularly effective on vascular and bronchial smooth muscle. Its systemic cardiovascular effects are mainly due to a decrease in venous return (pooling ofblood in the peripheral venous system). Consequently, ventricular end-diastolic pressure and volume arediminished, thus reducing cardiac work and implicitly myocardial oxygen requirements. The arterial vessels aredilated as well, though to a lesser degree. This results in a slight drop in aortic and systemic blood pressurerelieving the myocardium from a part of its afterload. These nitrate-induced changes account for both theantianginal effects of isosorbide dinitrate and for its beneficial effects in the treatment of congestive heart failure.Side effects/ adverse reactions: severe cerebral flow deficiency and decreased coronary perfusion may develop,nitrate headache and nausea. Nursing Measures: Monitor BP and heart rate. Assess location, duration, intensity, and precipitating factors of anginal pain.

17) MAGNESIUM SULFATE Brand name: Elin Magnesium Sulfate Classification: anticonvulsant Dosage:250 mg/10 mL Indication: treatment of hypomagnesemia accompanied by signs of tetany, control of HTN, encephalophathy & convulsions, prevention & control of convulsions in patients w/ preeclampsia or eclampsia, prevention of hypomagnesemia in patients receiving TPN Action: may decrease acetylcholine released by nerve impulses, but its anticonvulsant mechanism is unknown Adverse Reactions: flushing, sweating, hypotension, muscular weakness, sedation & confusion; decreased deep tendon reflexes; resp. paralysis

Nursing Measures: Monitor the following: I.V.: Rapid administration: ECG monitoring, vital signs, deep tendon reflexes; magnesium,calcium, and potassium levels; renal function during administration. Obstetrics: Patient status including vital signs,oxygen saturation, deep tendon reflexes, level of consciousness, fetal heart rate, maternal uterine activity. Oral:Renal function; magnesium levels; bowel movements. 18) MEPERIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Brand name: Demerol Classification: antivertigo drug Dosage: 100 mg/ 2mL Indication: relief of moderate to severe pain, pre-op medication, support of anesth & obstet analgesia Action: binds with opiate receptors in the CNS, altering perception of and emotional response to pain Adverse Reactions: resp. depression, circulatory depression, resp arrest, shock, cardiac arrest, GI disturbance, light headedness, dizziness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, sweating, euphoria, dysphoria, weakness, headache,tremor, agitation, uncoordinated muscle movements, severe convulsions, transient hallucinations & disorientation,visual disturbance, flushing, tachycardia, bradycardia, palpitation, hypotension, syncope, phlebitis, urinaryretention, allergic reactions, pain at injection site and local tissue irritation. Nursing Measures: Make position changes slowly and in stages particularly from recumbent to upright posture.Lie down immediately if light-headedness or dizziness occurs. Lie down when feeling nauseated and to notify physician if this symptom persists.Nausea appears to worsen with

ambulation. Avoid driving and other potentially hazardous activities until reaction to drug is known.Codeine may impair ability to perform tasks requiring mental alertness and therefore to. Do not take alcohol or other CNS depressants unless approved by physician. Hyperactive cough may be lessened by avoiding irritants such as smoking, dust, fumes and other air pollutants. Humidification of ambient air may provide some relief. Do not breast feed while taking this drug. 19) METOCLOPRAMIDE Brand name: Apo-Metoclop (CAN), Maxeran (CAN), Maxolon, Nu-Metoclopramide (CAN), Octamide PFS, Reglan Classification: antiemetic & anti-spasmodic Dosage: 10 mg/ 2mL Indication: disturbances of GI motility, nausea & vomiting of central & peripheral origin associated w/ surgery, metabolic diseases, infectious & drug induced diseases, facilitate small bowel intubation & radiological procedures of GIT Action: stimulates motility of upper GI tract, increases lower esophageal sphincter tone, and blocks dopamine receptors at the chemoreceptor trigger zone Adverse Reactions: extrapyramidal reactions, drowsiness, fatigue & lassitude, anxiety, less frequently, insomnia, headache, dizziness, nausea, galactorrhea, gynecomastia, bowel disturbances. Nursing Measures: Monitor BP carefully during IV administration. Monitor for extrapyramidal reactions, and consult physician if they occur. Monitor diabetic patients, arrange for alteration in insulin dose or timing if diabetic control is compromised by alterations in timing of food absorption. Keep diphenhydramine injection readily available in case extrapyramidal reactions occur (50 mg IM). Have phentolamine readily available in case of hypertensive crisis (most likely to occur with undiagnosed pheochromocytoma).

20) MIDAZOLAM HYDROCHLORIDE Brand name: Dormicum Classification: hypnotics & sedatives Dosage: 5mg/5mL Indication: tab: disturbances of sleep rhythm, insomnia esp difficulty in falling asleep either initially or after premature awakening, tab/inj: sedation in premed before surgical or diagnostic procedures, induction & maintenance of anesth. Action: may potentiate the effects of GABA, depress the CNS, and suppress the spread of seizure activity Adverse Reactions: rarely cardioresp adverse events, nausea, vomiting, headache, hiccoughs, laryngospasm, dyspnoea, hallucination, oversedation, drowsiness, ataxia, rash, paradoxical reactions, amnesic episodes. Nursing Measures: Do not administer intra-arterially, which may produce arteriospasm or gangrene. Do not use small veins (dorsum of hand or wrist) for IV injection. Administer IM injections deep into muscle. Monitor IV injection site for extravasation. Arrange to reduce dose of midazolam if patient is also being given opioid analgesics; reduce dosage by at least 50% and monitor patient closely. Monitor level of consciousness prior to, during, and for at least 26 hr after administration of midazolam. Carefully monitor P, BP, and respirations carefully during administration. Keep resuscitative facilities readily available; have flumazenil available as antidote if overdose should occur. Keep patients in bed for 3 hr; do not permit ambulatory patients to operate a vehicle following an injection. Arrange to monitor liver and kidney function and CBC at intervals during long-term therapy. Establish safety precautions if CNS changes occur (use side rails, accompany ambulating patient). Provide comfort measures and reassurance for patients receiving diazepam for tetanus. Arrange to taper dosage gradually after long-term therapy. Provide patient with written information regarding recovery and follow-up care. Midazolam is a potent amnesiac and memory may be altered.

21) MORPHINE SULFATE Brand name: Morin Classification: Analgesics (Opioid) Dosage: Adult 5-20 mg IM/SC 4 hrly. Severe or chronic pain Childn 10 mg IM/SC 4 hrly, range: 5-20 mg; 6-12 yr 5-10 mg, 1-5 yr 2.5-5 mg, 1-12 mth 200 mcg/kg, <1 mth 150 mcg/kg 4 hrly. Max: 15 mg. Analgesic effect Ped 100200 mcg/kg SC 4 hrly, max: 15 mg/dose; or 50-100 mcg/kg slow IV. Pre-op 50-100 mcg/kg IM, max: 10 mg/dose. Indication: Relief of moderate to severe pain not responsive to non-narcotic analgesics. Premed. Analgesic adjunct in general anesth esp in pain associated w/ cancer, MI & surgery. Alleviates anxiety associated w/ severe pain. Hypnotic for pain-related sleeplessness. Action: alters perception and emotional response to pain Adverse Reactions: Lightheadedness, dizziness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, constipation & sweating. Nursing Measures: Caution patient not to chew or crush controlled-release preparations. Dilute and administer slowly IV to minimize likelihood of adverse effects. Tell patient to lie down during IV administration. Keep opioid antagonist and facilities for assisted or controlled respiration readily available during IV administration. Use caution when injecting SC or IM into chilled areas or in patients with hypotension or in shock; impairedperfusion may delay absorption; with repeated doses, an excessive amount may be absorbed when circulation isrestored. Reassure patients that they are unlikely to become addicted; most patients who receive opioids for medical

reasons do not develop dependence syndromes.

NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE Brand name: Cardepine Classification: Calcium Antagonists Dosage: IV infusion Dilute to 10-20 mg/100 mL (conc of 1.01-0.02%). Initial infusion rate: 5 mg/hr; titrate dose up to 15 mg/hr until desired therapeutic response is achieved (DBP <95 mmHg, SBP <140 mmHg). Maintenance rate: Can be tapered down to 10 mg/hr. IV bolus inj 27 mg w/out dilution given over 1-2 min. Indication: Hypertensive emergencies or urgencies, peri-op & post-op HTN, hypertensive states of NPO patients. Action: a Calcium channel blocker that inhibits Calcium ion influx across cardiac and smooth muscle cells, alsodilates coronary arteries and arterioles Adverse Reactions: Peripheral edema, headache, tachycardia, palpitations, localized thrombophlebitis & hypotension. Nursing Measures: Patients with hepatic impairment should receive lower dose. Monitor blood pressure.Allow atleast 3 days between dosage adjustment to achieve steady plasma levels. Advise patient to report immediately if experiencing chest pain 23) NTG PATCH Brand name: Deponit, Minitran, Nitrek, Nitro-Dur, Nitrodisc, Transderm-Nitro Classification: Anti-Anginal Drugs Dosage: Starting dose: 0.2-0.4 mg/hr. Dosing schedule: Daily patch-on period of 12-14 hr & daily patch-off period

of 10-12 hr. Indication: Prevention of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease Action: a nitrate that reduces cardiac oxygen demand by decreasing left ventricular end diastolic pressure and to a lesser extent, systemic vascular resistance, also increases blood flow through collateral coronary vessels Adverse Reactions: Headache. Transient episodes of lightheadedness. Infrequently, hypotension. Syncope, crescendo angina, rebound HTN, allergic & anaphylactoid reactions. Rarely severe, application site irritation. Nursing Measures: Administer transdermal systems to skin site free of hair and not subject to much movement. Shave areas thathave a lot of hair. Do not apply to distal extremities. Change sites slightly to decrease the chance of local irritationand sensitization. Remove transdermal system before attempting defibrillation or cardioversion. To use transdermal systems, you may need to shave an area for application. Apply to a slightly different area each day. Use care if changing brands; each system has a different concentration. 24) PARACETAMOL Brand name: Aeknil Classification: Analgesics (Non-Opioid) & Antipyretics Dosage: Adult & childn 10 yr 2-3 mL, 10 yr 1-2 mL. Depending on severity of case, dose may be repeated 4 hrly. In severe cases, dose may be administered by IV very slowly Indication: Pyrexia of unknown origin. Fever & pain associated w/ common childhood disorders, tonsillitis, upper resp tract infections post-immunization reactions, after tonsillectomy & other conditions. Prevention of febrile convulsion. Headache, cold, sinusitis, muscle pain, arthritis & toothache

Action: produce analgesia by blocking pain impulses by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandin in CNS, relieves fever Adverse Reactions: Hematological, skin & other allergic reactions Nursing Measures: Use liquid form for children and patients who have difficulty swallowing. In children, dont exceed five doses in 24 hours. Advise patient that drug is only for short term use and to consult the physician if giving to children for longer than 5 days or adults for longer than 10 days. Advise patient or caregiver that many over the counter products contain acetaminophen; be aware of this when calculating total dailydose. Warn patient that high doses or unsupervised long term use can cause liver damage.