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TERM PAPER ON Write a report on latest material being studied under nano-technology
NAME SECTION Roll NO REGISTRATION NO SUBMITTED TO: IQBAL SINGH PARMAR M2-R13 A-21 11002255 Mr. ANUJ BISHT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project is a welcome and challenging experience for us as it took a great deal of hard work and dedication for its successful completion. Its our pleasure to take this opportunity to thank all those who help us directly or indirectly in preparation of this report. We would also like to very sincere thank to our project guide Lecturer Mr. Anuj Bisht who supported us technically as well as morally in every stage of the project. Without their guidance and support, this project would not have seen light of the day. It gives us immense in expressing a deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to Lovely Professional University. There times in such project when clock beats you again and again and you run out of energy and you want to finish it once and forever. Last but not the least we thank our family for their boost and support in every sphere. Their vital push infused a sense of insurgency in us.

Table of contents:# Introduction 4 # TYPES OF NANO MATERIALS 5 # TYPES OF NANO MATERIALS UNDERINVESTIGATION BY E.P.A 7 # APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES 11 # IN HEAVY INDUSTRY 11 # IN CONSTRUCTION 13 # IN VEHICLE MANUFACTURING 18 # REFERENCES 19

INTRODUCTION :Nanomaterials is a field that takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology. It studies materials with morphological features on the nanoscale, and especially those that have special properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions. Nanoscale is usually defined as smaller than a one tenth of a micrometer in at least one dimension, though this term is sometimes also used for materials smaller than one micrometer. On 18 October 2011, the European Commission adopted the following definition of a nanomaterial: A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm 100 nm. In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1 and 50%. An important aspect of nanotechnology is the vastly increased ratio of surface area to volume present in many nanoscale materials, which makes possible new quantum mechanical effects. One example is the quantum size effect where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. This effect does not come into play by going from macro to micro dimensions. However, it becomes pronounced when the nanometer size range is reached. A certain number of physical properties also alter with the change from macroscopic systems. Although not fully understood by most people, nanotechnology plays a significant role in everyday life. In basic terms, nanotechnology is both science and creation of various materials at the molecular level that benefit an array of areas to include medicine, communication, chemistry, energy companies, and the environment. With nanotechnology, the things within each of these categories measures smaller than 100 nanometers.

To begin, we want to address nanomaterials, a specific field that approaches nanotechnology from a materials and science approach. With this, materials are studied using morphological features on a nanoscale, which in most cases is a reference to structures relating to nanotechnology. While there are some variances, the length of a nanoscale is usually cited as 1-100 nanometers.

Typically, the materials being studied have unique properties that come from nanoscale dimensions, meaning things measuring less than one-tenth of a micrometer for a minimum of one dimension. However, nanomaterials can also be associated with studied materials smaller than a single micrometer. TYPES OF NANOMATERIALS :In most cases, nanomaterials are broken down into two categories to include inorganic nanoparticles and fullerenes. First, nanoparticles, which are sometimes referred to as nanocrystals consist of oxides, metals, or

semiconductors because of their optical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, and magnetic properties, among others. Because of their characteristics, nanoparticles are vital in bridging the gap between atomic or molecular structures and bulk materials. Second, the fullerenes class consists of allotropes of carbons, which usually include carbon nanotubes that are grapheme sheets rolled into sphere or tubes. Because of their incredible strength in electrical and mechanical arenas, fullerenes are extremely beneficial. Fullerenes :-

The fullerenes are a class of allotropes of carbon which conceptually are graphene sheets rolled into tubes or spheres. These include the carbon nanotubes (or silicon nanotubes) which are of interest both because of their mechanical strength and also because of their electrical properties. For the past decade, the chemical and physical properties of fullerenes have been a hot topic in the field of research and development, and are likely to continue to be for a long time. In April 2003, fullerenes were under study for potential medicinal use: binding specific antibiotics to the structure of resistant bacteria and even target certain types of cancer cells such as melanoma. The October 2005 issue of Chemistry and Biology contains an article describing the use of fullerenes as lightactivated antimicrobial agents. In the field of nanotechnology, heat resistance and superconductivity are among the properties attracting intense research.

A common method used to produce fullerenes is to send a large current between two nearby graphite electrodes in an inert atmosphere. The resulting carbon plasma arc between the electrodes cools into sooty residue from which many fullerenes can be isolated. Inorganic Nanoparticles :Inorganic nanotubes and inorganic fullerene-like materials based on layered compounds such as molybdenum disulphide were discovered shortly after CNTs. They have excellent tribological (lubricating) properties, resistance to shockwave impact, catalytic reactivity, and high capacity for hydrogen and lithium storage, which suggest a range of promising applications. Oxide-based nanotubes (such as titanium dioxide) are being explored for their applications in catalysis, photocatalysis and energy storage.

Types of Nanomaterials Under Investigation by the EPA :Nanomaterials are being used in more than 500 consumer products or items and the number is expected to grow. By 2015, it is estimated that consumer products with nanotechnology applications will value $1 trillion on the world market. An example of nanotechnology's rapid growth is in the toiletries and cosmetics sector. There are more than 100 products ranging from sunscreens to anti-aging creams to shampoos and toothpastes contain nanomaterials. Also, internationally there are now on the market several hundred food coloring and flavor and food packaging products that contain nanomaterials. EPA has identified five nanomaterial types for investigation that are widely used in products or have been recognized for their potential to be used. As a result, they

may be more likely to be present in the environment. The materials selected were based on analyses by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and EPA. The materials being studied are: Carbon tubes and fullerenes. Carbon materials have a wide range of uses, ranging from composites for use in vehicles and sports equipment, to integrated circuits for electronic

components.

Cerium oxide. Nano cerium is being investigated for uses ranging from drug delivery to automobile catalytic converters. One use currently on the market in some countries is as a diesel fuel additive to reduce exhaust particulates and increase fuel mileage.

Titanium dioxide. Nano titanium dioxide is currently used in many products. Depending on the type of particle, it may be found in sunscreens, cosmetics, and paints and coatings. It is also being investigated for use in removing contaminants from drinking water.

Silver. Silver has long been known for its antimicrobial properties. Nano silver is being incorporated into textiles and other materials to eliminate

bacteria and odor from clothing, food packaging, and other items where antimicrobial properties are desirable. Iron. While nano-scale iron it being investigated for many uses, including smart fluids for uses such as optics polishing and as betterabsorbed iron nutrient supplement, one of its more-prominent current uses is to remove contamination from groundwater. This use, supported by EPA research, is being piloted at a number of sites across the country.

Nano wires . Nanowires are small conducting or semiconducting NPs with a single crystal structure and a typical diameter of a few tens of nanometres and a large aspect ratio. They are used as interconnectors in nanoelectronic devices. Various metals have been used to fabricate them, including cobalt, gold and copper. Silicon nanowires have also been produced. Most approaches to their fabrication are derived from methods currently used in the semiconductor industry for the fabrication of microchips, typically involving manufacture of a template and deposition of a vapour to fill the template and grow the nanowire.

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Quantum dots .Quantum dots are small (210 nm) assemblies of metal, metal oxide or semiconductor materials with novel electronic, optical, magnetic and catalytic properties. Quantum dots (sometimes referred to as artificial atoms) are considered to be neither an extended solid structure nor a single molecular entity. Various methods can be employed to manufacture them, the most common being wet chemical colloidal processes. Most research has centred around semiconductor quantum dots, as they exhibit distinct quantum size effects. The light emitted can be tuned to the desired wavelength by altering the particle size through careful control of the growth steps.

Quantum dots

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Other NPs . This category includes a wide range of spherical or aggregated forms of NP, for example ultrafine carbon black and fumed silica, which are synthesized in bulk form by flame pyrolysis methods. NPs of this type may be formed from many materials including metals, oxides, ceramics, semiconductors and organic materials. The particles may be composites having, for example, a metal core with an oxide shell, or alloys in which mixtures of metals are present. Many of the production processes involve the direct generation of aerosols through gas-phase synthesis, similar to flame pyrolysis, but other production processes including wet chemistry methods and attrition methods may be used. This group of particles is less well-defined in terms of size and shape, generally larger (although still within what would be considered NP range), and more likely to be produced in larger bulk quantities than other forms of NP. EPA research will determine whether these materials present a potential environmental hazard or exposure over their life cycles, and how these materials, when used in products, may be modified or managed to avoid or mitigate potential human health or ecological impact.

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NANOPARTICLES APPLICATIONS :-

Heavy Industry :An inevitable use of nanotechnology will be in heavy industry.

Aerospace

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Lighter and stronger materials will be of immense use to aircraft manufacturers, leading to increased performance. Spacecraft will also benefit, where weight is a major factor. Nanotechnology would help to reduce the size of equipment and thereby decrease fuel-consumption required to get it airborne. Hang gliders may be able to halve their weight while increasing their strength and toughness through the use of nanotech materials. Nanotech is lowering the mass of supercapacitors that will increasingly be used to give power to assistive electrical motors for launching hang gliders off flatland to thermal-chasing altitudes.

Catalysis Chemical catalysis benefits especially from nanoparticles, due to the extremely large surface to volume ratio. The application potential of nanoparticles in catalysis ranges from fuel cell to catalytic converters and photocatalytic devices. Catalysis is also important for the production of chemicals. The synthesis provides novel materials with tailored features and chemical properties: for example, nanoparticles with a distinct chemical surrounding (ligands), or specific optical properties. In this sense, chemistry is indeed a basic nanoscience. In a short-term perspective, chemistry will provide novel nanomaterials and in the long run, superior processes such as selfassembly will enable energy and time preserving strategies. In a sense, all chemical synthesis can be understood in terms of nanotechnology, because of its ability to manufacture certain molecules. Thus, chemistry forms a base for nanotechnology providing tailor-made molecules, polymers, etcetera, as well as clusters and nanoparticles. Platinum nanoparticles are now being considered in the next generation of automotive catalytic converters because the very high surface area of nanoparticles could reduce the amount of platinum required. However, some concerns have been raised due to experiments demonstrating that they will spontaneously combust if methane is mixed with the ambient air. Ongoing

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research at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in France may resolve their true usefulness for catalytic applications Nanofiltration may come to be an important application, although future research must be careful to investigate possible toxicity.

Construction :Nanotechnology has the potential to make construction faster, cheaper, safer, and more varied. Automation of nanotechnology construction can allow for the creation of structures from advanced homes to massive skyscrapers much more quickly and at much lower cost. In the near future Nanotechnology can be used to sense cracks in foundations of architecture and can send nanobots to repair them. Nanotechnology and constructions Nanotechnology is one of the most active research areas that encompass a number of disciplines Such as electronics, bio-mechanics and coatings including civil engineering and construction materials. The use of nanotechnology in construction involves the development of new concept and understanding of the hydration of cement particles and the use of nano-size ingredients such as alumina and silica and other nanoparticles. The manufactures also investigating the methods of manufacturing of nanocement. If cement with nano-size particles can be manufactured and

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processed, it will open up a large number of opportunities in the fields of ceramics, high strength composites and electronic applications. Since at the nanoscale the properties of the material are different from that of their bulk counter parts. When materials becomes nano-sized, the proportion of atoms on the surface increases relative to those inside and this leads to novel properties. Some applications of nanotechnology in construction are describe below. Nanoparticles and steel Steel has been widely available material and has a major role in the construction industry. The use of nanotechnology in steel helps to improve the properties of steel. The fatigue, which led to the structural failure of steel due to cyclic loading, such as in bridges or towers.The current steel designs are based on the reduction in the allowable stress, service life or regular inspection regime. This has a significant impact on the life-cycle costs of structures and limits the effective use of resources.The Stress risers are responsible for initiating cracks from which fatigue failure results .The addition of copper nanoparticles reduces the surface un-evenness of steel which then limits the number of stress risers and hence fatigue cracking. Advancements in this technology using nanoparticles would lead to increased safety, less need for regular inspection regime and more efficient materials free from fatigue issues for construction. The nano-size steel produce stronger steel cables which can be in bridge construction. Also these stronger cable material would reduce the costs and period of construction, especially in suspension bridges as the cables are run from end to end of the span. This would require high strength joints which leads to the need for high strength bolts. The capacity of high strength bolts is obtained through quenching and tempering. The microstructures of such products consist of tempered martensite. When the tensile strength of tempered martensite steel exceeds 1,200 MPa even a very small amount of hydrogen embrittles the grain boundaries and the steel material may fail during use. This phenomenon, which is known as delayed fracture, which hindered the strengthening of steel bolts and their highest strength is limited to only around 1,000 to 1,200 MPa.

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The use of vanadium and molybdenum nanoparticles improves the delayed fracture problems associated with high strength bolts reducing the effects of hydrogen embrittlement and improving the steel micro-structure through reducing the effects of the inter-granular cementite phase. Welds and the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) adjacent to welds can be brittle and fail without warning when subjected to sudden dynamic loading.The addition of nanoparticles of magnesium and calcium makes the HAZ grains finer in plate steel and this leads to an increase in weld toughness. The increase in toughness at would result in a smaller resource requirement because less material is required in order to keep stresses within allowable limits.The carbon nanotubes are exciting material with tremendous properties of strength and stiffness, they have found little application as compared to steel,because it is difficult to bind them with bulk material and they pull out easily, Which make them ineffective in construction materials. Nanoparticles in glass Glass is also an important material in construction. Research is being carried out on the application of nanotechnology to glass. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are used to coat glazing since it has sterilizing and anti-fouling properties. The particles catalyze powerful reactions which break down organic pollutants, volatile organic compounds and bacterial membranes. The TiO2 is hydrophilic (attraction to water) which can attract rain drops which then wash off the dirt particles. Thus the introduction of nanotechnology in the Glass industry, incorporates the self cleaning property of glass. Fire-protective glass is another application of nanotechnology. This is achieved by using a clear intumescent layer sandwiched between glass panels (an interlayer) formed of silica nanoparticles (SiO2) which turns into a rigid and opaque fire shield when heated. Most of glass in construction is on the exterior surface of buildings. So the light and heat entering the building through glass has to be prevented. The nanotechnology can provide a better solution to block light and heat coming through windows.

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Nanoparticles in coatings Coatings is an important area in construction coatings are extensively use to paint the walls, doors, and windows. Coatings should provide a protective

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layer which is bound to the base material to produce a surface of the desired protective or functional properties. The coatings should have self healing capabilities through a process of self-assembly. Nanotechnology is being applied to paints to obtained the coatings having self healing capabilities and corrosion protection under insulation. Since these coatings are hydrophobic and repels water from the metal pipe and can also protect metal from salt water attack. Nanoparticle based systems can provide better adhesion and transparency. The TiO2 coating captures and breaks down organic and inorganic air pollutants by a photocatalytic process, which leads to putting roads to good environmental use. Nanoparticles in fire protection and detection Fire resistance of steel structures is often provided by a coating produced by a spray-on-cementitious process.The nano-cement has the potential to create a new paradigm in this area of application because the resulting material can be used as a tough, durable, high temperature coating. It provides a good method of increasing fire resistance and this is a cheaper option than conventional insulation. Risks of using nanoparticles in construction :In building construction nanomaterials are widely used from self-cleaning windows to flexible solar panels to wi-fi blocking paint. The self-healing concrete, materials to block ultraviolet and infrared radiation, smog-eating coatings and light-emitting walls and ceilings are the new nanomaterials in construction. Nanotechnology is a promise for making the smart home a reality. Nanotechenabled sensors can monitor temperature, humidity, and airborne toxins which needs nanotech based improved batteries.The building components will be intelligent and interactive since the sensor uses wireless components,it can collect the wide range of data.

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If the nanosensors and nanomaterials becomes a every day part of the buildings to make them intelligent,what are the consequences of these materials on human beings? 1. Effect of nanoparticles on health and environment: Nanoparticles may also enter the body if building water supplies are filtered through commercially available nanofilters. Airborne and waterborne nanoparticles enter from building ventilation and wastewater systems. 2. Effect of nanoparticles on societal issues: As sensors become more common place,a loss of privacy may result from users interacting with increasingly intelligent building components.The technology at one side has the advantages of new building material. The otherside it has the fear of risk arises from these materials. However, the overall performance of nanomaterials to date, is that valuable opportunities to improve building performance, user health and environmental quality .

Vehicle manufacturers :Much like aerospace, lighter and stronger materials will be useful for creating vehicles that are both faster and safer. Combustion engines will also benefit from parts that are more hard-wearing and more heat-resistant

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REFERENCES :1. 2.

NANOTECHNOLOGY.COM HOWSTUFFWORKS.COM/NANOTECHNOLOGY.HT M EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/NANOMATERIAL GOOGLE.COM ENCARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA

3. 4. 5.