Military History (Feb 3 is 1st Test)

KEY TERMS Fighting Mobility (move/maneuver) Offensive Power (punch o o o o o Frontal assault (try to avoid) Defilade Cover and Concealment Symmetrical (Tank to Tank) Asymmetrical Protection (take blow) Tactical- at the lowest level Operational - how you hit the enemy Strategic BIG picture (ways to win the war). ConventionalUnconventional-

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Two types of Warfare in American Experience

American Way of War Indian Scouts Converging Columns-problems with Envelopment/Frontal Assault o Americans Time is never on our side Use of Media/Democratic weaknesses, elections, morale/mood Geographic Vs. Morale, Center of Gravity Clausewitz Vs. Jomini Military Geography-Advantage of Archipelago o Monsoon Siege of Santiago (Pres. William McKinley) The first War when Union and Confederate Soldiers fought together after the Civil War. 142 of 6000 rounds it 161 to 0 killed Dewey Cuba o Havana blockaded by May/Spanish at Sea Artillery Infantry Company Infantry - 500m effective range

Enfilade/Defilade

Shafter to Tampa-slow buildup Fat Man mocked (took forever to get supply to get to Cuba) Marines/Navy take Gitmo

o o o o o o o

22 June V Corps lands at Daiquiri 28 June El Caney 1 July Kettle Vs. San Juan Hill Flanking and Enfilade Fire Battle of Santiago Bay Puerto Rico-Nelson Miles Converging Columns Terms of Treaty- P.R., Guam, and Philippians for 20m

Philippine Insurrection McKinley reelected Military Courts Try and Hire o o Mindanao Samar C. COMPANY Rape of Samar Moro warrior AMOK o Awed by technology/Perching Colonel Frederick Funston (1901) Luzon Secured (Big Island) Light Infantry Wesley Merrit-Manila uneasy So called Battle of Manila US wins (13 Aug 1899) 400 Combat Deaths/2000 die of disease U.S. volunteers fight well Channel Aggressiveness 1899 Aguinaldo order Guerilla War Desk Bound Otis/Lawton & MacArthur Federal Troops o Geographic Districts isolated, violent and amnesty Lawton (Native American) and Macabebe scouts in Boondock Mountains

Unconstitutional?

T.R. declares war over again

Divides Nation forgotten by all but the Army Dick Act- $ for the National Guard Root Reforms- Army Staff College o Doctrine Panama Canal The fastest water route from east to west Caribbean Haiti- Marines Veracruz 1914 Use aircraft Dreadnought (Every 5mi the earth curves 6feet) Wilson and the recession or 1915 Lusitania o o o o Sec State Bryan Resigns Black Jack (cause he led black troops) Pershing Kettle Hill/T.R. ROTC Guard Federalized Poncho Villa Morrill Act National Defense Acts of 1916 He kept us Out of the War 2Apr 1917 Wilson Ask for Declaration of War

Events Leading to World War I (CENTER FOR US MILITARY HISTORY Vol.1& 2)

American Expeditionary Force WIB collusion of business and government SSA/Supply Black Jack Pershing and the Allies Emphasis is on training from June 17 May 1918 Artillery Battalion Logistics Nightmare Headquarters Billy Mitchell and the Air Service o Close Air Support (Clausewitz) Square Division of 25k

Aviation (Hitting behind the enemy lines)

Troop Transports Pershing Superiority of American Arms Weak and Unimaginative.

 1917

One month of planning for Mortar barrage

Neville Offensive-disastrous Mutinies Begin Petain called up

Strategy Vs. Tactics US in WWI 27 May 1918 Cantigny- Big Red 1 loses 900 cas Pershing attempted to prove 1-26 June 1918 Belluau Wood rifle, bayonet o o No artillery support/grenades 3-4 June, - Aug 1918 running out of steam Square devisions 25k Meuse Argonne (Sept-Nov 1918) o o o o Naval Aviation Japanese Possessions Washington Naval Conference o o Charles Evan Hughes and Scrapping Nava; File Sale Montfaucon Cunel and romagne Heights of the Meuse Mont Blanc

US and Britain equals Japanese unequal? o o o German owned islands over Wilsons protests Battleship Cruisers and carriers Politics of Isolation Kellogg Briand Pact Conference 5:5:3:1.7:1.7

National Defense Act of 1920 3 new branches: Chem, Air, Finance o Tanks into infantry

War plans added to reorganized staff o o Plan ORANGE 9 Corps division key to mob planning Leavenworth CGS School for div. command & G staff jobs Army War College and Army Industrial College Staff Positions and War planning, importance os ind. & Logistics for modern warfare

Douglas McArthur o o o 1930 Chief of Staff Bonus Army WWI resentments Armor disbanded/breakthrough sold to the Russians 1937 MacArthur steps down but too young

Dwight D. Eisenhower o o Career Over? MG Fox Conner and George Marshall

National Guard component of the Army New Deal o o NRA CCC (hard corp boy scouts: community) Moral courage Ex) Lost Battalion Red Vs. Blue (teaching the US to surrender) Marshall tests holding attack Ridgway advises GM lends trucks to create a motorized regiment Mark Clark 3d Division G-3

George C. Marshall o o

War Games o o 1932 CC Camps

1939 Marshal becomes Chief of Staff o o Triangular Division 15k vs 25K Square Division Off Road Entirely WWI: phase lines, maneuverability.

Armored Division o o

Naval Aviation Britain in Jutland o o o US Convoy Duty Sims (coordinated fires with ocean vessels) and the U.S.S Langley Circular Formations 1922 First Carrier Five Power Treaty

1927 Lexington and Saratoga 1932 Eyes of the Fleet Honolulu proves need for freedom o o 1933 Ranger 1934 Gun Club gets 7 battleships, 1 carrior

Ary Air Service *Billy Mitchell and WWI o Navy tests Ostfriesland 2 ys later: New Jersey and Virginia Hawaiis lack of Air Defences (1924) General Staff Rejects Banished

Court Martial Mitchellism ARMY and close Air Support Army Air Corps (1926) Response B17 Flying Fortress Armor reduces bomb load 1937 tests o o o Utah in the pacific.CLASSIFIED Navy responds to ARMY chief of staff : Hap Arnold- Strategic Bombing Disciple

TEST REVIEW Cordon defense- Interior Lines Converging Columns: Flat Trajectory High Trajectory: Hit stiff behind cover Use of locals

Highly Mobile Love to use too much fire pwr Phase Lines: Battles: Stopped Germans Cantigne, Bellou Wood (Marines) Germans wanted to keep their ground, Flu Hits, French are sick of them: hand them the 14 points. DICK ACT: give army reserves Root reform Holding attack: George Marshall, triangular Marines By 1899 McKinley o o o o o Congressional Response to 6k Lag Behinf in schools Joint forces Doctrines War gaming the Dardanelles Japanese Islands o Nimitz Repairs ship at midway and keeps fighting Arcadia Conference o o o Germany First American People dont want Rainbow 5 (Germany First Op) Operation Roundup Haiti o Having the Marines get extra rank and money Small Wars Manual War Plan Orange Earl Ellis (alcoholic) goes to Pacific to spying on Japan Smedley Butler Close Air Support Glide Bombing Mosquito Indians

John Archer Lejeune

Nicaragua 1928

British Dislike-Somme Atlantic not secure yet

Operation Torch (classic converging columns) o o Marshall, Ike (brains) and Hap Arnold furious w/ Brit Happy Time 500 ships sunk in 6 months of Arcadia w/ only 12 boats off Cape Cod to Outer Banks Pearl Harbor caught Japs off guard. o o o o o o Enigma/Hydra-codes/sub codes cracked in 41 after 2 years in Battle of Atlantic. Convoys-Germans crack Brit Codes in 40-roundup would have been disastrous? Triton-German advantage in seconds battle of the Atlantic 42-43 Hitlers Advantage Hedge-contact vs. depth charges which preset. Radar/Detector-German technological leads, still reading Brit codes Electric Torpedoes/Milch Boats-wakeless electric torpedoes Summer 42 Wolf Packs: follow convoys and enter the circle Feb 43 Triton Cracked

LSD/LST- amphibious craft, held landing craft LSDs hold 20 tanks, didnt have enough CASABLANCA US- 3 converging columns

HUSKEY- SICILY operation husky:7th army under Patton DUKW- four wheeled amphibious craft Strait of Messina unsecured and the germans escape Roman railyards (July 19)

Salerno (Sep 43)- B-26 marauder- beach of italy Anzio (Jan 43)- Lt. Gen Mark Clark does bad, their was no plan. Shoul Monte Cassino- mountiand High Ground Goumiers- African savages, French hated them First specialty forces B-24 Ploesti Raid- went to defent Russia bc the Germans wanted their oil British move slow (Antwerp, where we get gas) Priority of supply>British waste it

Ardennes forest adjacent 1st army to north(Bradley), 3rd army to south (PAttons) , 7th Army from the MEditteranian (MArsey), (convering collumns) to the Rhine River to close in on Germany (Operation Market-Garden in Holland) Failure, bc no one US Army literally runs out of gas (no bridges) TEST 3 The Korean War Pusan Perimeter Inchon(Sept 1950) KATUSAs Breakout becomes a rout MacArthurs Grandstanding enables o o o o o Wonsan 8th Army deprived of Inchon NK sws Mines in the Harbor USO Show from converging to diverging columsn o Victory Disease O.P. Smith Cautious China enter the war o In Chinese Interest Decision made to after them Condition Stay away from Chinese Border Indian Ambassador JCS meet with Brits-Bradley Were at outta here! MacArthur expert on the Oriental Mind MacArthur Obsessed with Seoul Trumans decisive action Expanded Interior Lines (Goal line defence) Air Force took off from Japan 2x the amount of people Broke their code / KOREANS MOVE AT NIGHT September offensive

8th Army and X Corps Separate (Oct 50)

Chi Coms Cigarettes Light Mortars/Jap firearms Tennis Shoes/ Wind breakers

o o

USA flees Chinese Attack (Late Oct) 1 week Pekings Last Warning? Subzero Weather 8th army burns supplies

3/21 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Pusan Breakout Inchon Wonson Diverging Columns Yalu Chinese Attack Walker Walker replaced by Ridgeway Second Chinese Offence (JAN) Ground for time (ridgeway lets the Chinese advance until their lines were spread thin) Chipyong-ni Napalm and Suicide Attacks Bradley withheld Truman from total war Mac Arthur wants to bomb China MacArthur Fired by Truman 3rd Chinese Offence Air War Interdict: Isolate the enemy supply chain o o o Mig Vs. F-86 90% Strangle

POWs in US camps want to stay Ike threatened to end the war Tie

Results NATO

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