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Peritubular dentine :We stopped at the peritubular dentine , we said this dentine is the walls of the dentinal tubules ( peri means: around the tubule ) , - hl2 the Synonym is also intratubular dentine , tab3an this is deposited by the process , not by the cell itself , this dentine is given by the odontoblastic process not by the cell itself , not by the odontoblastic cell , deposited by the processes on the walls and narrowing the dentinal tubules , tab3an each time they build the peri tubular dentine , the dental tubule becomes narrower . -It lacks collagenous fibrous matrix , this actually is not collagenous , ya3ne the organic matrix is not collagenous ok . -Increased radiodensity , if u actually expose this to radiation , ya3ne if you want to take a micro x-ray for this one , itll appear more radio dense , this

means that its more mineralized than intertubular dentine , this is 15 % more mineralized . -The crystals are carbonated apatite , not hydroxyapatite crystals , thats why they are more mineralized & these are smaller than those of intertubular dentine ( the crystals )

** mmken fe el emte7an ajebelkom what are the differences between peritubular dentine and intertubular dentine ??? first of all peritubular dentine is deposited by the odontoblastic processes , intertubular dentine is deposited by the cell itself , now peritubular dentine lacks collagenous fibrous matrix , but intertubular dentine is collagenous or the organic matrix is collagenous , peritubular dentine is more radio dense and more mineralized and the crystals are made of carbon , carbonated apatite , and also the crystals are smaller than those of intertubular dentine

-this is actually scanning electron microscopic slide showing the dentinal tubules , and showing the walls of the dentinal tubules , this is the area of the peritubular dentine and this irregular area is the intertubular dentine .
Peritubular dentine deposited on the tubule wall

Intertubular dentine

Odontoblasts and processes :-Odontoblastic processes becomes embedded in the extracellular matrix , ya3ne as the tooth gives dentine , tab3an it sends an odontoblastic processe that remains embedded within the matrix deposited , becomes embedded in the extra-cellular matrix elongates as the odontoblast moves

toward the pulp ( ya3ne if i consider myself now as an odontoblast , i start depositing dentine and i send an extension , this extension is the odontoblastic process that extends actually inside the dentine deposited . odontoblastic process stimulates differentiation of ameloblasts , its very important the odontoblast and the odontoblastic process especially the odontoblastic process is important in the stimulation action or the differentiation of ameloblast , its actually the part of the odontoblastic cell , that actually sends and receives information from the cells of internal enamel epithelium . * Layers of dentine :Tab3an in the crown we have different layers compared to the root , in the crown we have mantle dentine , interglobular dentine and circumpulpal dentine . In the root we have the hyaline layer , granular layer of tomes and

circumpulpal dentine (Circum means surrounding , ya3ne circumpulpal dentine is that part of dentine that surrounds the pulp ) . * Mantle dentine :- Lets take the mantle dentine , which is the top layer , the first layer of dentine , near the enamel dentine junction , its the outer layer and because its the outer layer its the first formed layer , its about 20 to 150 micrometer in thickness and its 5 % less mineralized than the other parts of dentine , tab3an collagen fibers are here perpendicular to DEJ . More dentinal tubules branching in this layer , ya3ne here in
Dentine enamel junction (DEJ)

this layer as you see , these are dentinal tubules , tab3an you see many branching ( ya3ne tafaro3at ktere mn el dentinal tubules ) they occur in the top layer of dentine , which is the mantle dentine , tab3an hay el sora 3ebara 3n organic

material , ya3ne this is actually a microscopic picture after removing all the minerals , so after we remove the minerals what remain is the odontoblastic process , so we see that the odontoblastic processes have many branches in mantle dentine but they dont have branches in dentine located beneath tha mantle dentine . tab3an the process of mineralization in mantle dentine is called matrix vesicle mineralization , remember DPP mediated mineralization can also occur in mantle dentine but matrix vesicle mineralization only occurs in mantle dentine . * Interglobular dentine (IGD) :Interglobular dentine is the layer just under the mantle dentine , its called interglobular because we have globules that fail to fuse completely , as we said dentine is actually deposited or mineralization occurs as spherical bodies that tend to increase in size until they fuse together , we

call them calcospherites , when these calcospherites fail to fuse completely in certain areas of dentine , they give the interglobular dentine , so interglobular dentine is actually where calcospherites fuse incompletely or fail to fuse completely . - in general , much of the mineral in dentine is deposited as globules ( calcospherites ) that eventually fuse together , hl2 when thay fail to fuse or when they fuse incompletely , they produce the interglobular dentine , its located beneath mantle dentine and also in the root , this layer is located -beneath the mantle dentine in the coronal pulp and its the actual granular layer of tomes in the radicular dentine , ( ya3ne btkon ta7et el mantle dentine fe el crown bs bl root btkon esmha heyye nafsha el interglobualr elle heye nafsha el granular layer of tomes ) . Tom is the name of the scientist who discovered the processes of ameloblast that we call tomes processes of ameloblast . -now interglobular dentine appears dark in transmitted light , because light

has to pass through spaces thats why it appears dark . - tubules pass through the interglobular dentine without deviation . -peritubular dentine is also absent ya3ne in the interglobular dentine we dont have peritubular dentine , we only have intertubular dentine which is even not completely fused .

Calcification is not always even

this is actually a slide showing the mineralization of dentine , we say mineralization of dentine is 70 % by weight , but this doesnt mean that its 70 % in each region , the average mineralization is 70 % , it can be very mineralized in certain areas , like these dark areas , can be less mineralized

in light areas like these ones , laken in general the average mineralization in dentine is 70 % by weight or 50 % by volume , so calcification is not always even , its not the same in different areas . * Hyaline layer :Now lets talk about the different layers in root dentine , the first one is called the hyaline layer which is the white layer , we said this is very narrow , non tubular structureless band , the origin is obscure , some people say that they are dentinal , from the odontoblastic cells and some people say that these are from cementum , so thats why the origin is not very secure , a third group of people say that these are from the epithelial root sheath that assist in forming the root .
Granular

Hyaline layer

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* Granular layer of Tomes :under the hyaline layer we have the dark layer here ( the picture above ) thats called the granular layer of tomes , in the root its located just beneath the hyaline layer and cementum , tab3an this layer is produced by two reasons : the first reason is branching and looping of the dentinal tubules ( el dentinal tubules betser teltaf 3ala ba3dha , bta3mel spirals ) , the second reason could be because of incomplete fusion of calcospherites ( elle e7na samenaha nafs el process elle bte7doth fe el interglobular dentine in the crown ) . * Circumpulpal dentine :In the crown beneath mantle and interglobular dentine , in the root its located beneath the granular layer of Tomes ( ya3ne most of remained dentine is circumpulpal dentine ) . :-Pre dentine*

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- hl2 predentine is the unmineralized part of dentine , ya3ne the first dentine that is deposited for 24 hours ok , before being mineralized is called predentine , and all the time we find predentine layer at the pulpal front ( da2eman fe 3nde predentine layer bestemrar , btkon tab3an b jehat el pulp because this is the most inner layer of dentine ) -10 to 40 micrometer in thickness , tab3an if i return the next day , ill find that this layer becomes mineralized and a new layer of predentine is deposited ( da2eman kol 24 sa3a beser fe mineralization w btkawan bardo 3nde a new layer of un-mineralized dentine w ba3den beserlo mineralization w hakatha ) .

this is the process , in enamel this doesnt occur because enamel undergoes immediate mineralization , But in dentine there is actually a duration of time between deposition of the

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organic matrix and the mineralization of that matrix . its non-mineralized because matrix deposition precedes mineralization ( the deposition of the matrix yasbek el mineralization process ), - tab3an predentine is secreted by odontoblast by way of golgi apparatus and mitochondria , these are the intracellular changes . -it appears pale compared to dentine because its unmineralized , thats why it appears pale . -mineralization front may show a globular or linear outline

**( hl2 fe 3nna mmken nes2al so2al , it appears although in this slide( the previous pic) even dentine is decalcified and this layer is not calcified at all ya3ne fa bl tale how they appear different ??? because the organic matrix when it gets mineralized and when u remove the minerals , its not the same as the organic matrix which has not been mineralized at all , ya3ne eshe ana a3mallo mineralization w ba3den ashel mnno el minerals fe

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3amaleyat el decalcification la ta7der el slide ra7 ybayen mo5talef 3n she aslan ma sarlo mineralization ) , eza bdkom afaserha tafser a5ar ( the decalcification involves removal of minerals from mineralized tissues and also involves some changes in un-mineralized tissues w bl tale sar 3nde shwayet changes bl predentine fa bayanat me5telfe 3n el dentine ) - mineralization front may show a globular or linear outline ( el mineralization front howe el 5at el fasel ma ben el predentine w el dentine ) , it can be smooth ya3ne the junction between the dentine and predentine can be linear and can be globular . *Structure lines in dentine :We have incremental lines : lines associated with primary curvatures and lines associated with secondary curvatures , lets start with the incremental lines , we have short period incremental lines , and long period incremental lines , similar to the incremental lines of enamel , y3ne odontoblast are

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similar to ameloblast , they dont function continuously , they have actually to take a quiescent phase ( ya3ne lazem tmor fe mar7alet hodo2 , ya3ne action and then quiescence , la2eno bdhom wa2et la el estera7a ) , this is actually the short period incremental lines , they are produced because of this daily rhythmic quiescence , we have also the weekly , the long term quiescence producing the long term incremental line . Short incremental lines are called von Ebners lines and long period lines are called Andresen lines , and these are 16 to 20 micrometers apart , but the short period lines are less than that , ya3ne up to 4 micrometers between each other - hl2 associated with changes in collagen fibrils orientation ( why the long period lines appear ? because we have some change in the orientation of collagen fibers ) . - hl2 we have exaggerated line one of the long period lines can be exaggerated , can be yan3e very very well demarcated line , its caused by

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the disturbance in metabolism at birth ( 3nd el welade yata`3ayer el environment w bl tale beser 3nde line ) , we call it neonatal line , neonatal line also occurs in enamel . regarding the structure lines , lines associated with primary curvatures , if we have a group of dentinal tubules having the same primary curvature which is sigmoidal and another layer with a different orientation ( yan3e mmken enha nafs el sigmoidal bs different convexities and concavities ) , they will be different in orientation , this actually produces structural lines we call them Schreger lines like for example this line here ,

A: Schreger lines

This line is produced by the difference of the amount of convexities in the primary curvatures of the dentinal tubules , we have also structural

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lines related to the secondary curvatures ( y3ne some groups of dentinal tubules have the same secondary curvatures and in other layers they are slightly different , this produces lines we call them Contour Lines Of Owen this is an example of contour lines of Owen

Y3nee when a group of dentinal tubules share the same convexities and Concavities they form contour line, these are perpendicular to the long axis Of the dentinal tubule Secondary dentine* :- Dentine folds after complete formation of the root is called secondary Dentine , do we have secondary enamel ?? no, because once enamel is formed the cells that produce enamel are lost and they're not actually active

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but in dentine the cells are still existing and any dentine that's formed after the completion of the root is called secondary dentine. - Increased crowding of odontoblasts: as dentine is forming and forming The volume of the pulp becomes smaller and this produces crowding in the population of odontoblasts , because these are crowded they will not produce similar dentine to the dentine that they produced before being crowded because the space becomes limited and that's why secondary dentine is different from primary dentine * Slower deposition than primary dentine * less regular pattern of deposition than primary dentine * also there will be change in orientation and curvature of tubules - Secondary dentine forms most rapidly in the pulpal roof and floor : in the Pulp chamber we have the roof of the pulp chamber and the floor of the pulp , this area is where they actually produce dentine fast , why ??? because this area isn't affected by decreasing the volume ( lao faradna

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enno 3endee 7ojret pulp the population in the lateral sides decreases the volume there, but in the upper and lower sides there will be a space remains f ma bietza7amo b kathra ). Translucent* :-dentine - Forms with aging that means when we become older we'll have tubule occlusion , that tubules that are open and contain the odontoblastic processes they become occluded (y3ne betsakker) , when they become occluded it becomes very difficult for bacteria to penetrate through dentine that's why caries rate becomes less and less - it's occluded by the peritubular dentine , why becomes occluded ?? because peritubular dentine is deposited more and more and more and more and deposited against the walls of the tubules so the tubules become narrower and may be closed completely. - This actually is very pronounced at the root apex

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This is a transversection through a Tooth , notice the translucent dentine because of a block or occlusion in the dentinal tubules - It's important to remember that this is used in forensic dentistry in age Termination : sometimes we can make a cross section in the tooth , we Examine the tooth under the microscope , we see the amount of occlusion in the dentinal tubules and by this we determine the age of this person. Tertiary* :-dentine - we said sever stimuli lead to pulp necrosis , if these stimuli are less sever they lead to a reaction in the pulp this reaction causes the odontoblasts to produce a new layer of dentine called tertiary dentine . - Formed by odontoblast newly differentiated from the pulpal mesenchymal cells after original cells have died. - Varies in appearance and composition : it can be regular and may contain tubules which is similar to secondary dentine, and sometimes it can

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be irregularly arranged so the tubules are irregular not regular so it will not be very similar to secondary dentine and it can be atubular ( without any tubules ) It is important to remember the difference between reactionary and reparative dentine , "halla hai assignment o ra7 yejee 3aleiha so2al bel emte7an bs la2enkm kwaiseen o dalleitkm ma3ee hon r7 ne7kelkm eyaha bs la te7koha ll ba2ee " Reparative dentine : when all the odontoblastic cells die ( y3nee we have Carries, very severe trauma outside , they killed most of the cells that are Defending and we don't have cells , now we call undifferentiated cells to go and differentiate and to build this new dentine we call it reparative dentine Reactionary dentine: if the stimulus was not very sever and instead of killing the odontoblasts it injured them , so the odontoblasts now are injured but they are still able to function so they produce tertiary dentine

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that is called reactionary

Sclerotic dentine* :- Sclerotic dentine is when the tubules are occluded not by aging but by a Stimulus ( so when the tubules are occluded because of aging we call it Translucent dentine , when they are occluded due to a stimulus we call it sclerotic dentine ) - similar appearance to translucent dentine but related in site to the Stimulus ( y3nee betkoon mobasharatan 3nd el stimulus amma el Translucent because of aging you can't relate it to any stimulus because it Occurs due to aging ) :-Dead tracts*

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Dead tracts is the opposite of tubule occlusion ( el tubule ma sakkar laken tafarra3' mn mo7tawah) ,tubule normally contains the odontoblastic process , if the odontoblastic process dies , the tubule becomes open ( empty) we call it dead tract - Odontoblastic processes killed by a stimulus leading to empty tubules , this appears dark under transmitted light microscope. dead tracts

Why it appears in black ?? because the light passes through spaces that is why it becomes dark .

halla a5er shee bedna n7ke 3ano hoa el Tetracycline

:-Tetracycline*

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tetracycline is an antibiotic , it was commonly prescribed but now it's not very common and much avoided for pregnant ladies and for children in the age of development of teeth cause it has affinity towards calcium , it binds calcium and produces a colored area appears on the teeth become the yellowish to brownish in color. - tetracycline discolors dentine so u can't remove this stain

If you actually bring a tooth subjected to tetracycline and u see it under Florescent light microscope you see these lines ( the yellowish lines ) that Represent areas where tetracycline is deposited "***anything related to tetracycline in the book even the pictures is included . kl shee2 yata3ala2 bel tetracycline bel ketaab matloob 7atta lao ma 7akeito"

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**** anytooth that was forming at the time the tetracycline was being used will be affected .. but the upper canine is the last tooth to be formed so it is the least to be effected

So2al mohem feeh rab6 ma3 el dental anatomy :A child started to use tetracycline at the age of 6 and stoped at the age of 9, where can we see the discoloration??? You have to think what are the teeth that were forming during that period : Definitely in the second molars , lower canine and premolars , definitely it will not show in the third molars or in the first molars or in the incisors

Done by: Last Years