OMEGA TUITION CENTRE, JOHOR BAHRU

STUDENTS NAME: ............................ SUBJECT: SCIENCE TOPIC: CHAPTER 1-7 SUMMARY TEACHERS NAME: MR. CHIA CS CLASS : 1 SCIENCE LESSON NO : SPECIAL EDITION DATE: TIME :

Chapter 1 Introduction to science

Natural phenomena Careers Laboratory
Formation of rainbow Doctor, astronaut etc Hazardous substances

Flammable Corrosive Explosive Poisonous Irritant Radioactive

Scientific method

1 Identifying problem 2 Forming hypothesis 3 Planning the experiment 4 Carrying out the experiment 5. Observing and collecting data 6. Analysing and Interpreting the data 7. Making a conclusion 8. Writing a report Aim: Statement of problem: Hypothesis: Variable: Controlled variable Manipulated variable Responding variable Material / apparatus : Procedure Result/ observation / diagram: Analysis: Discussion: Conclusion : Length Metre (m) Mass Kilogram (kg) Time Second (s) Temperature Kelvin (K) Electric current Ampere (A) Weight Newton ( N ) Metre ( m ) Square metre ( m2 ) Cubic metre ( m3) Ruler Lever balance Stopwatch Thermometer Ammeter Spring balance

Physical quantities ( SI unit )

Measurement Length
Area Volume

Prefix

Mega Kilo Desi Centi Milli Micro Nano Calipers Meniscus Parallax error Eureka can

1000 000 1000 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000 001 0.000 000 001

X106 X103 X10-1 X10-2 X10-3 X10-6 X10-9

Others

Internal calipers Internal diameter External calipers External diameter Curving downwards e.g. water Curving upwards e.g. mercury Wrong eye position Wrong reading Measure volume of uneven solid Thousand 000 Million Billion Trillion 000,000 000,000,000 000, 000, 000, 000

1cm = 10mm 1 m = 100 cm 1km = 1000 m 1cm 2 = 100 mm 2 1m 2 = 10 000 cm 2 1km 2 = 1000 000 m 2 1 cm3 = 1 ml 1l = 1000 ml = 1000 cm 3 1 m 3 = 1000 000 ml = 1000 000 cm 3

Chapter 2 Cell as a unit of life

Microscope
Parts eyepiece Objective lens Body tube Coarse focus knob Fine focus knob Arm and base Clip Stage Diaphragm Mirror Condenser Function Magnify image Magnify specimen Hold eyepiece Raise and lower the lens quickly Raise and lower the lens slowly, when using high power objective lens For holding and supporting microscope Hold the slide Put slide Control the amount of light Direct reflected light to diaphragm Concentrate light onto specimen e.g. Cheek cells Methylene blue e.g. onion cells Iodine solution Absorbing excess dye solution Get rid of air bubbles from the slide under the slip

Preparing slide

Animal cells Plant cells Filter paper

Types of cells

Animal cells

Cell membrane (fat) Nucleus Cytoplasm ( jellylike substance ) Vacuole ( cell sap ) Cell wall ( cellulose,fibre ) Chloroplast ( contain chlorophyll ) Vacuole

Plant cells

Enclose cytoplasm Control materials in and out Control all cell activities Chemical reaction Hold substances. Support and give shape Photosynthesis Hold substances, support the plant Plant cells Bigger Fixed ( by cell wall ) -Have cell wall -Chloroplast -Large vacuole One side of cell Starch

Differences between animal cells and plant cells

Animal cells smaller Irregular No cell wallNo chloroplastSmall or no vacuole Centre of cell Glycogen

Differences Size Shape Content

Position of nucleus Food storage

Unicellular and multicellular organisms Cell organisation in human body

Unicellular One cell organisms e.g. euglena, amoeba, paramecium, organisms yeast, chlamydomonas Multicellular Many cells organisms e.g. hydra, deer, spirogyra, mucor, organisms grass, human Cell specification Different cells with different functions Cell division Cell multiplication Cell differentiation Stem cell changes to many other types of cells Cell tissue organ system organism Cells Epithelial cell Cover the body Nerve cell Nerve impulses Red blood cell Oxygen and glucose White blood cell Immune system, destroy bacteria Bone cell Support and protect organs Muscle cell Movement of body parts Reproductive cell Produce offspring System Muscular system Muscles Movement Skeletal system Bone Support and protect ion Nervous system Brain, spinal cord, Receive and send nerve impulses nerves Circulatory system Heart, blood Bring nutrients and oxygen to body, vessels Removes waste from the body Endocrine system Gland ( e.g. Bodys function e.g. growth, level of thyroid gland, glucose, sexual maturity testis) Respiratory system Nose, trachea, Supply oxygen lungs Remove carbon dioxide Mouth, oesophagus, Digest food, Digestive system stomach, small Absorb nutrient intestine, large remove waste ( solid )
intestine,

Excretory system Reproductive system

Kidney, urinary bladder Ovary, testis

Remove waste Produce offspring

Chapter 3 Matter
Definition Consist of
Has mass Occupy space Tiny and discrete particles
Arrangement of particles Space between particles Movement of particles

States

Solid Liquid Gas

Very close , fixed pattern Far, no regular pattern Very far, not arranged at all With a smoke cell

Very small Small Very big

Vibrate in fixed positions Can move freely and randomly Can move freely and move randomly

Brownian movement Density

Movement without definite direction

Mass ( g ) / volume ( cm 3) Submarine Logs transportation Floats Liquefied petroleum gas cylinder Hot air balloon Raft making

Application

Chapter 4 The variety of resources on earth

Natural resources Types of natural resources
e.g. water, air, animals, plants Elements The simplest form of matter e.g. iron element Metals Non metals Shiny Dull Malleable Not malleable Ductile Not ductile Good heat conductor Poor heat conductor Good electric conductor Poor electric conductor except carbon High melting point Low melting point High boiling point Low boiling point All are solids except Solid : carbon, iodine, sulphur mercury Liquid : bromine Gas : oxygen, chlorine Smallest particle in an element e.g. iron atoms Particles with 2 or more atoms e.g. O2, O3, H2, S8, N2 BUT same type of element. Particles with 2 or more atoms e.g. CO2, NH3, CH3OH, NaCl WITH 2 or more types of elements, conbined chemically With 2 or more substances mixed e.g. air ( mixture of oxygen, physically, can be separated easily nitrogen, carbon dioxide, gases, water vapour etc.)

Atom, molecules, compound, mixture

Atom Molecule compound

Mixture

Comparison between a compound and a mixture

Compound Chemical reaction Yes New substance with different property Chemical reaction Combined by a specific ratio ( e.g. H2O, 2 H and 1 O) Heat is released or absorbed

Differences Method of formation New substance Original substance Separation of substance Combination Energy changes

Mixture Physical combination No Each different particles retain original properties Physical method No specific ratio No heat changes

Ways to separate mixture

Filtration Sieving Extraction

Separate insoluble solids Particles with different sizes Separate liquids with different densities that do not mix Separate magnetic substance from non magnetic substance Separate pure water from substances To obtain dissolved substances from water Separate colourings

e.g. sand and water e.g. flour and sand e.g. Oil and water

Using magnet

e.g. sand and iron filings

Distillation

e.g. pure water and dissolved, suspended substances e.g. common salt and water

Evaporation

Chromatography

e.g. magic pen ink e.g. sugar, become black because of carbon ( from glucose , C6H12O6) e.g. electrolysis of water, separate hydrogen and oxygen from water molecule

Ways to separate compound

Heating, decomposing the particles Electric current

Chapter 5 The air around us

Content of air Composition of air
Gases, microorganisms, dust, water vapour Inhaled air 78% 21% 0.03 % 0.97% Less Oxygen Gas Colourless Odourless Slightly soluble Same density as air Not soluble Relights it (support combustion) Burning brightly (helps in combustion) No change(neutral) No change No change(neutral) Components of air Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon dioxide Inert gas Water vapour Properties
State at room temperature Colour Smell Solubility in water Density Solubility in sodium hydroxide Glowing splinter Burning splinter Moist litmus paper Lime water Hydrogen carbonate indicator

Exhaled air 78% 16% 4% 0.97% More Carbon dioxide Gas Colourless Odourless Slightly more soluble Denser than air Very soluble Extinguishes it Extinguishes it Blue changes to red (Acidic) Change cloudy Red to yellow (acidic)

Properties of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Combustion Needs

Oxygen Fuel Heat Types of Carbon fuels e.g. charcoal firewood Hydrocarbon e.g. petrol, kerosene, candle Air pollutant Dust Nicotine Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon monoxide (CO) Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Pesticides Radioactive rays Chlorofluorocarbon ( CFC ) Lead (Pb)

Contain carbon atoms only Carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + heat + light Contain carbon and hydrogen Hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water vapour + heat + light

Air pollution

Effects Damage the lungs Lung cancer , addiction Greenhouse effect, global warming Reduce ability in oxygen transportation in blood Damage in lung and breathing tract Poisoning and sterility, deformities of babies Deformed babies, cancer, sterility Destroys the ozone layer Blood poisoning, brain damage

Chapter 6 Sources of energy

Forms of energy
Potential energy e.g. Stretched, compressed spring 2. Position (kedudukan) With certain height e.g. stand on a table Kinetic energy Any moving object e.g.moving car Heat energy With certain temperature e.g. from the Sun Light energy Can pass through vacuum e.g. From the sun Need not medium Chemical energy Chemical reaction e.g. Battery, food Sound energy Vibration of objects e.g. bell ring, singing It needs medium Electrical energy Electric charges e.g. battery provides Nuclear energy Uranium e.g nuclear power station Mechanical energy Potential + kinetic energy e.g. oscillation of a pendulum Heat Solar panel (heater) Light Solar cells e.g. satellite, calculator Forms of energy Light + heat energy Kinetic energy Notes Nuclear reaction ( hydrogen atoms ) Formation of wind is caused by different area with different heat Potential kinetic electrical Wave turns turbine Gravitational force from the moon Inside the earth Alcohol, methane Petroleum, natural gas, coal Nuclear fission and fusion 1.Condition (keadaan)

The sun

Sources of energy

Sources Solar / sun Wind / air movement Water / hydro

Hydroelectric / potential energy Wave Kinetic energy Tide Potential energy Geothermal Heat energy Biomass Chemical energy Fossil fuel Chemical energy Radioactive substances Nuclear energy

Energy changes

e.g. rubbing the hands e.g. lighting of candle e.g. dam e.g. releasing a compressed spring e.g. winding a toy car e.g. releasing a wound toy car e.g. swinging of a pendulum

Kinetic heat Chemical light + heat Potential kinetic electrical Potential kinetic Kinetic potential Potential kinetic Potential kinetic + potential kinetic potential + kinetic potential

Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources

Renewable

Non-renewable

Wind / movement of air Tidal Wave Biomass Hydroelectric / w ater Geothermal Solar / sun Fossil fuel Radioactive substances ( nuclear energy )

Chapter 7 Heat
Main source Difference between heat & temperature
The Sun

Heat
A form of energy Can do work Joule ( J ) Transfer from hot area to a cold area Expansion and contraction Solid Liquid Gas Solid Fluid ( liquid, gas ) No medium ( vacuum ) Breeze

Temperature
Degree of hotness and coldness Cannot do work Kelvin ( K ) Increases when heated, decreases when cooled Metal ball and ring Mercury in thermometer Round bottomed flask experiment One pass to the other by vibration Warm fluid moves upwards On the form of light / light wave Very fast Land breeze Sea breeze e.g. mercury, silver, aluminium, copper etc e.g. water, glass, air, wood, plastics, polystyrene, rubber

Heat flow

Heat transfer

Conduction Convection Radiation Application of heat transfer

Heat conductor & heat insulator

Heat conductor Heat insulator

Mostly metals Mostly non metals

Changes of state

Absorption & radiation of heat

Heat radiator Heat absorber Heat reflector

Good Black , dull Black , dull White, shiny

Poor White, shiny White, shiny Black , dull