Health trimester 2 review sheet

Disease o Anything infectious or noninfectious that changes or disrupts normal cell function Immune system o A complex protection mechanism that functions by protecting the body from harmful and microorganisms and foreign material o Its job is also to recognize and eliminate foreign pathogens Infectious disease o Disease caused by organisms that enter the body and multiply within the human body Noninfectious o Disease that are not transmitted by means of a pathogen (foreign invaders on/in the human body) Chronic disease o A disease or health condition that lasts longer than three months sometimes for the remainder of ones life Acute disease o A disease or health condition that occurs and subsides within three months usually within days or weeks Chronic Infectious diseases o HIV-virus that attacks the immune system making it difficult to fight diseases o Tuberculosis- bacterial infection of the lungs o Meningitis- inflammation of the membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord Acute infectious diseases o The cold virus- causes inflammation in the mucous membranes lining the nose and throat o Influenza- a viral infection of the respiratory tract o Mononucleosis- known as the kissing disease common in teens, its a virus that multiplies in the lymphocytes changing lymphocyte appearance Chronic infectious diseases o Diabetes o Osteoporosis o Arthritis o Heart disease o Cancer

o Hypertension Acute noninfectious diseases o Heart attack o Stroke o Cardiac arrest o Hypoglycemia- blood sugars too low o Hyperglycemia- blood sugars too high Primary Disease prevention (before disease is present) o Stay away from infected individuals o Keep clean- wash hands o Get enough rest o Exercise on a regular basis o Eat right o Stress management o Do not smoke or drink excessively Secondary prevention (measures that may lead to early diagnosis) o Visit a doctor on a regular basis and get a yearly check up o Research disease that run in your family and be sure your doctor is aware of your medical history Tertiary Prevention (disease is present) o Measures aimed at rehabilitation following significant disease o Methods: Medication Chemotherapy Surgery Dialysis Chapter 23 Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDs o Infectious disease spread from person to person through sexual contact Epidemics o Occurrences of diseases in which many people in the same place at the same time have the disease Types of STDs o Bacterial Can be treated and cured; must be caught early to avoid permanent side effects

Diseases include: Chlamydia Gonorrhea Syphilis Pelvic inflammatory disease Can be managed but has no current cure; once you are infected you permanently have the disease Diseases include: HIV/AIDs Genital herpes HPV Genital warts

o Viral

Chlamydia o The most common bacterial STD in the united states o The bacteria can move from one person to another through sexual intercourse, and possibly through oral-genital contact o The highest rates of Chlamydia infection are in 15 to 19 year old adolescents o There are about 4million new cases each year o Chlamydia can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in women o Symptoms of Chlamydia can be mild but include a yellowish discharge in women and painful urination Gonorrhea o 400,000 cases of gonorrhea are reported each year in the United states o It is spread through skin on skin contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus, it may also be spread from mother to baby during delivery o In women it is also a common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease Syphilis o A bacterial STD that attacks many parts of the body o If not treated the disease can cause damage to the internal; organs including the heart, liver, nervous system, and kidneys o The body attacks the body in three stages: Primary: chancre sore appears, bacteria is present in the body even after the sore disappears Secondary: sores appear in the mouth and the body has flu-like symptoms Latent: the late stage of STDs can attack the brain and heart and cause permanent damage that could lead to death

Genital herpes o An outbreak appears as one or more blisters on or around the genitals or rectum the blisters break leaving tender ulcers that may take two to fore weeks to heal o There is no treatment that can cure the herpes virus but antiviral meds. Can shorten and prevent outbreaks during the period of time the person takes the meds. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) o The name of a group of viruses that includes more than 100 different strains or types o More than 30 of these viruses are sexually transmitted and they can infect the genital area of men and women o 20 million people are currently infected with HPV o High risk types of HPVs could lead to cancer Genital Warts o The most common viral STD in the United States a common type of HPV o They appear as soft, moist, pink, or flesh colored swellings, usually in the genital area o They can be raised or flat, single or multiple, small or large, and sometimes cauliflower shape o They can appear on the vulva in or around the vagina or anus, on the cervix and on the penis scrotum, groin, or thigh AIDs and the HIV virus o AIDs (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus (human immunodeficiency virus) o The HIV virus is spread through sexual contact, shared needles, breast milk, or being born from an infected mother o By killing or damaging cells of the bodys immune system, HIV progressively destroys the bodys ability to fight infections and certain cancers o Being HIV positive is not the same as having AIDs many people are HIV positive for many years before transmitting into the AIDs virus o There is no cure for HIV and AIDs Abstinence o Choosing not to engage in any sexual behaviors until one has entered the committed relationship of marriage

Chapter 12 Nutrition Food affects how you feel, look, and how well you resist disease and how well you perform mentally and physically Over 40 different nutrients are needed by the body to o Promote growth o Repair body tissue o Obtain energy Metabolism o The chemical process in which the body breaks down food to release and use energy Calorie o The unit of energy o The more calories in food the more energy it contains Basal Metabolic rate o The rate at which the body burns calories at rest o It factors in your age, weight, height and daily activity level o Your food intake should not exceed your basal metabolic rate plus the potential calories burned during daily exercise There are 6 basic classes of nutrients o There are three that provide energy Carbohydrates Proteins Fats o The other three do not provide energy but are necessary for good health Vitamins Minerals Water carbohydrates Sugars and starches o Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen o The brain and central nervous system preferred source of energy Simple and complex carbohydrates o Simple carbohydrates Consist of sugars, glucose being the most important o Complex carbohydrates Are made up of sugars that are linked together to form along chains Complex carbohydrates are better for your health They take more time to process and brake down

 Fats o o o o o

They do not cause the bodys blood sugar level to increase at a drastic rate They usually contain more fiber so they keep you feeling fuller longer

Has more calories per measurement than carbs or proteins Fats: 9 calories per gram Carbs: 4 calories per gram Protein: 4 calories per gram Fat supplies the body with energy and is essential for growth and body maintence o No more than 30% of your total daily calories should come from fat Unsaturated fats o Mono unsaturated Certain fish, avocados, olivs, walnuts, vegetable oil o Polyunsaturated Whole grain, wheat, cereal Saturated fat o Meats and dairy products that come from animal products o No more than 30% of your total fat calories should come from saturated fat Trans fat o Crackers, cookies, snack foods, and fried foods Cholesterol o A waxy, fat-like substance that is found in the cells of all animals o Not present in plants o Eating a diet high in cholesterol will rise the cholesterol levels in your blood o High levels of cholesterol are associated with heart disease o You should not consume more than 300mg of cholesterol per day Proteins o Contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen o Serve as a source of energy o Important for growth and repair of the bodys tissues o Amino acid smaller links of protein that are digested and absorbed into the bloodstream o There are 20 different amino acids TEN of these cannot be produced by the body we call these essential amino acids because they must be taken in through your diet o Foods high in protein include meats, dairy, nuts, and beans

Vitamins o They are used to help various processes in the body o A diet that includes at lease 5 servings of fruit and vegetables will help you obtain the vitamins you need o There are two types of vitamins Water soluble Fat soluble Fat and water soluble vitamins o Fat soluble vitamins- A,D,E,K ( can be stored) o Water soluble vitamins- C and all B ( cannot be stored) o Antioxidants Vitamins that help protect cells from normal aging process and certain cancer o Vitamin C (water soluble) and E (fat soluble) Minerals o Nutrients that occur naturally in rocks and soil, plants absorb these minerals and animals obtain them by eating plants or other animals. o There are over 20 minerals that are essential for good health Water o 65% of the body is made up of water o Water does not directly provide energy but is essential for life process o Dehydration occurs when there is a reduction in the bodies water content o Aside from digestion and absorption of food it regulate: Body temp. Blood circulation Removes toxins and other wastes Cushions tissues and organs including the spinal cord from shock and damage Chapter 13 Making Healthy Food Choices Planning a balanced diet o Eat a variety of foods o Include daily physical activity o Focus on whole grains, fruits and vegetables o Keep intake of saturated fat to a minimum o Keep sugar intake low o Watch your sodium intake o As adults, use alcohol moderately

Managing your weight o A persons appropriate weight depends on various factors including body structure and level of activity Skin fold caliper o Measure fat deposits that accumulate under your skin Body composition o The percentage of body fat verses lean muscle tissue Over weight o More than 10% above an appropriate weight Obesity o More than 20% above an appropriate weight o Obesity causes an increase risk of: difficulty breathing, diabetes, cancer, heart disease, arthritis, stroke Reducing Weight Safely o Recognize eating pattern o Plan strategies to help break your bad habits o Eat smaller portions o Start exercising o Choose healthier snacks I n between meals o Learn to read labels o Stay away from: Pills Fasting Food restricted diets Basal Metabolic rate o The rate at which you use energy when your body is completely at rest Hunger o Is a feeling a physical discomfort caused by your bodys needs for nutrients Appetite o A desire for foods that is based on emotional factors Vegetarian o Does not eat meat Vegan o Does not eat meat or any food that comes from an animal source Diabetic o A disorder in which the body does not produce enough insulin; causes high glucose levels in the blood

Carbohydrate loading o Practice used by athletes preparing for a long term athletic event such as a marathon Additives o Improve texture and color replaces or adds nutrients Preservatives o Mainly used to prevent spoilage, helps prevent food poisoning Enriched o Adding vitamins and minerals to a food that are lost during processing Fortified o Adding a nutrient to a food that the food does not normally have Chapter 17 Exercise, rest and recreation Components of Fitness o Cardio respiratory endurance Ability of your heart, blood vessels and lungs to distribute nutrients and oxygen o Muscular strength The capacity of a muscle groups to keep working o Flexibility Bending, stretching and twisting your joints easily the ability to use muscle throughout its entire range of motion o Body composition The amount of body fat compared to lean tissue such as muscle or bone Benefits of exercise o Physical Improves posture and appearance Controls appetite Increases resistance to disease Helps reduce excess body fat o Psychological Improves metal alertness Improve self-image Helps control anxiety and depression Help relieve stress Increases social involvement

Endorphins o Chemicals produced by the brain that give a sense of satisfaction and pleasure. Types of exercise Aerobic Nonstop, Minimum 20 Swimming Improves repetitive, minutes long distance, cardiovascular strenuous running long and muscle physical distances endurance activity Anaerobic Short term Few seconds Weight lifting, Improve intense to a few sprints, push- strength, speed physical minutes ups and flexibility activity during which muscles use up more oxygen than blood can supply