Vignan Institute of Technology and Management 2012

Experiment : 2 Aim of the Experiment : To Transmit the tone, audio, video signal through a satellite link Apparatus Required: Satellite uplink transmitter Satellite downlink receiver Satellite link emulator RHCP, LHCP axial mode helical antennas Function Generator Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) BNC to BNC connectors : 2 Nos Condenser mic Portable LCD TV Audio Video cable Theory: The UP Link: In the uplink station, the signals have to be sent at a differing frequency, usually in the higher 14 GHz band, to avoid interference with downlink signals. Another function performed by the uplink station is to control tightly the internal functions of the satellite itself. Uplinks are controlled so that the transmitted microwave power beam is extremely narrow, in order not to interfere with adjacent satellites in the geo-are. The powers involved are several hundred watts. The transmitter power for the earth station is provided by high power amplifiers. The large power can be supplied to these amplifiers. The transmitting antenna and amplifier units are placed on the gound therefore there is no limitation on size, weight etc,. Parameters. The Transponders: Each satellite has a number of transponders with access to a pair of receive/transmit antennas and associated electronics for each channel. The satellite transponder receives uplink transmission from the earth station and retransmits the signal on downlink. The uplink transmission is received by the antenna of the satellite. The front end receiver increases the signal to noise ration of the signal received and provides amplification.
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receiver provides amplification to the signal. Carrier processing involves the demodulation of the uplink carrier frequencies and demodulation of the information on downlink frequencies. It can also change the modulation format for downlink. Transponders are normally of three types: 1. Low power 2. Medium Power 3. High Power.

DCT Lab Manual

Experiment : Satellite Communications

The power received at the antenna of satellite via uplink is very small. Therefore front end

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The downlink: the medium used to transmit signals from satellite to earth is microwave electromagnetic radiation which is much higher in frequency than normal broadcast TV Signals in the VHF/UHF bands. Microwaves still exhibit a wave link nature but inherit a tendency to severe attenuation by water vapours or any obstruction in the line of sight of the antenna. The transmitted microwave power is extremely weak by the time it reaches earth and unless well designed equipment is used, and certain installation precautions are taken, the background noise can ruin the signal. Televisions receive only (TVRO) site consists of an antenna designed to collect and concentrate the signal to its focus where a feed horn is precisely located. This channels microwave to an electronic component called a low noise block (LNB), which amplifies and down-converts the signal to a more manageable frequency for onward transmission, by cable, to the receiver located inside the dwelling. Procedure: 1. Switch on the satellite transmitter and made the following settings a. Switch on the transmitter and the welcome message will be displayed for 5 seconds b. After welcome message, another message for menu will be displayed c. Press menu key on the front panel of the satellite uplink transmitter the message for selection from the menu options will be displayed d. Press A key to select the upnlink frequency band. The message for available frequencies to be selected will be displayed e. The transmitting frequency 2481 MHz should be selected from available options D f. All frequencies displayed are PLL Locked. PLL mean that when both receiver and transmitter are set at same frequency, they are accurate to less than 10KHz of each other and no further tuning and repeated adjustments are required. g. Now press escape button h. Press B on the front panel of the transmitter, the message for the input channels will be displayed
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select Analog, similarly select Analog, TTL for CH2 and CH3 j. For audio and video Select Mic 1, Mic 2, Video for CH1 ,2,3 respectively k. After the channels are selected, then press Enter key to the lock this settings l. Press escape key and select the option C to view settings

DCT Lab Manual

Experiment : Satellite Communications

i. See that the cursor is in front of the AUDIO CH1 use left and right keys to

Vignan Institute of Technology and Management 2012

m. Similarly power on the Satellite Link Emulator and set the Uplink and Downlink frequencies to 2481 MHz and 2400 MHz, and channel data as Video n. Similarly power on the Satellite Receiver and set the down link frequency to 2400 MHz and Analog, Analog, TTL for CH1, 2, 3 respectively, in case of the Video reception select the Mic 1, Mic 2, Video for CH1, 2, 3 respectively 2. Switch on the function generator and select TTL Signal and observe this signal on the DSO 3. With help of BNC to BNC connector apply this signal to TTL Input on the front panel of the Satellite Transmitter 4. Rotate completely in the anti clock wise all the controls like Noise, Path loss, Path loss coarse, Path loss Fine on the front panel of satellite link emulator 5. With the help of BNC to BNC connector observe the received TTL Signal on the DSO at the satellite receiver 6. On the satellite transmitter control the FM Modulator and observe the received TTL Signal on the DSO of the Satellite receiver 7. Now change settings to Video mode at the transmitter and receiver and connect the mic at the transmitter and an inbuilt camera will be automatically power on in this mode 8. Connect the portable LCD TV at the satellite receiver from the Video output, Audio output draw the Video signal, Audio Signal and connect to AV connector of the LCD TV with the help of Audio Video cable. 9. Observe the audio and video at the satellite receiver

Conclusion: with the help of the satellite emulator trainer the concept of satellite communication in the range of microwave band and satellite uplink and satellite downlink are studied.

1. please read Satellite Communications by Pratt book for more details about the satellite communications 2. also visit the ISRO website for various applications notes and poster on the Indian satellite systems Jagadeesh Samudrala.

DCT Lab Manual

Experiment : Satellite Communications

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Note: