FluidMechanicsTheoryI

LastClass:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Introduction MicroTAS orLabonaChip MicrofluidicsLengthScale Fundamentals DifferentAspectsofMicrofluidcs

TodaysContents:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. IntroductiontoFluids GasFlow GoverningEquationsforGasFlow BoundaryConditions AnalyticalSolutions
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IntroductiontoFluids

Flowingfluidscanbecharacterizedbythepropertiesofboththefluidandtheflow. Thesecanbeorganizedintofourmaincategories: Kinematicpropertiessuchaslinearandangularvelocity,vorticity, acceleration, andstrainrate; Transportpropertiessuchasviscosity,thermalconductivity,anddiffusivity; Thermodynamicpropertiessuchaspressure,temperature,anddensity; Miscellaneouspropertiessuchassurfacetension,vaporpressure,andsurface accommodationcoefficients.

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IntermolecularForces

isthedistancebetweenmolecules

LennardJonesPotentialModel
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ThreeStatesofMatter

Asthesolidisheateduptoandbeyonditsmeltingtemperature,theaveragemolecular thermalenergybecomeshighenoughthatthemoleculesareabletovibratefreelyfrom onesetofneighborstoanother.Thematerialisthencalledaliquid.Themoleculesofa liquidarestillrelativelyclosetogether(stillapproximately). Ifthetemperatureoftheliquidisraised,thevibrationofthemoleculesincreasesstill further.Eventually,theamplitudeofvibrationisgreatenoughthat,attheboiling temperature,themoleculesjumpenergeticallyawayfromeachotherandassumeamean spacingofapproximately10 (atstandardconditions).Thematerialisnowcalledagas.

Fluids:GasFlowandLiquidFlow

ContinuumAssumptions

ContinuumAssumptions

KineticGasTheory
Theequationforadilutegasistheidealgaslaw:

or

where p is the pressure, is the density of the gas, R is the specific gas constant for the gas being evaluated, n is the number density of the gas, K is Boltzmanns constant (K = 1.38051023 J/K), and T is the absolute temperature. Using the second form of the ideal gas law, it is possible to calculate that at standard conditions (273.15K; 101, 625Pa), the number density of any gas is n = 2.701025m3
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DiluteGas
gives a measure of effective density. Gases for which /d >> 1 are said to be dilute gases, while those not meeting this condition are said to be dense gases. For dilute gases, the most common mode of intermolecular interaction is binary collisions. Simultaneous multiple molecule collisions are unlikely. Generally, values of /d greater than 7 are considered to be dilute. Since the molecules in the gas are scattered randomly throughout whatever vessel contains them, the mean molecular spacing can be estimated as = n1/3 = 3.3 109m (at standard conditions). Comparing this value to the diameter of a typical gas molecule, say, N2 from above

TransportQuantities
Severaltransportquantitiesareimportantingasdynamics.Theseare themeanfreepath,themeansquaremolecularspeedc,thespeedof soundcs andtheviscosityofthegas.

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DimensionlessNumbers:Mach#
Inadditiontotheseparameters,thereareseveraldimensionlessgroupsof parametersthatareveryimportantinassessingthestateofafluidinmotion. ThesearetheMachnumberMa,theKnudsennumberKn,andtheReynolds numberRe.TheMachnumberistheratiobetweentheflowvelocityuand thespeedofsoundcs,andisgivenby:

TheMachnumberisameasureofthecompressibilityofagasandcanbethoughtofas theratioofinertialforcestoelasticforces.FlowsforwhichMa<1arecalledsubsonic andflowsforwhichMa>1arecalledsupersonic.WhenMa=1,theflowissaidtobe sonic.

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DimensionlessNumbers:Knudsen#
TheKnudsennumberhastremendousimportanceingasdynamics.Itprovides ameasureofhowrarefiedaflowis,orhowlowthedensityis,relativetothe lengthscaleoftheflow.TheKnudsennumberisgivenby:

whereisthemeanfreepathgiveninandLissomelengthscalecharacteristic oftheflow.

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Kundsen NumberRegimes(forgas)

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FluidModelingFamilyTree

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DimensionlessNumbers:Reynolds#
ThephysicalsignificanceoftheReynoldsnumberisthatitisameasureof theratiobetweeninertialforcesandviscousforcesinaparticularflow, whichisgivenby:

whereuissomevelocitycharacteristicoftheflow,Lalengthscalecharacteristicof theflow,isthedensity,isthedynamicviscosity,andisthekinematicviscosity.The differentregimesofbehaviorare: Re<<1500

Re>>1500
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DimensionlessNumbers:Stokes#
Inexperimentalfluiddynamics,theStokesnumber(St)isameasureofflowtracer fidelityinparticleimagevelocimetry (PIV)experimentswhereverysmallparticles areentrainedinturbulentflowsandopticallyobservedtodeterminethespeedand directionoffluidmovement.forSt>>1,particleswilldetachfromaflowespecially wheretheflowdeceleratesabruptly.ForSt<<1,particlesfollowfluidstreamlines closely.IfSt<<0.1,tracingaccuracyerrorsarebelow1%

Wherep is the particle response time, and f is the fluid response time. crashed!

St<<1

St>>1
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DimensionlessNumbers:Prandtle #
The Prandtl number Pr is a dimensionless number; the ratio of momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity) to thermal diffusivity.

whereis kinematicviscosity,andis thermaldiffusivity.

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DimensionlessNumbers:Womersley #
Womersley number () is a dimensionless number in biofluid mechanics. It is a dimensionless expression of the pulsatile flow frequency in relation to viscous effects. The Womersley number is important in keeping dynamic similarity when scaling an experiment.

whereR isanappropriatelength scale(forexampletheradiusofa pipe),istheangularfrequency oftheoscillations,andisthe kinematicviscosity

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DimensionlessNumbers:Dean#
Deannumber isadimensionlessgroupinfluidmechanics,whichoccursinthe studyofflowincurvedpipesandchannels.

where is the density of the fluid, is the dynamic viscosity, V is the axial velocity scale D is the diameter, R is the radius of curvature of the path of the channel.

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Example:GasFlowCalculation
Calculateallthesignificantparameterstodescribeaflowofdiatomic nitrogenN2 at350Kand200kPa ataspeedof100m/sthroughachannel measuring10m indiameter.

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Example:GasFlowCalculation

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Example:GasFlowCalculation
Oncethesedimensionlessparametersareknownforaparticulargasflow, itispossibletocategorizetheflowanddeterminethebestwaytosolvefor theflow.

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GoverningEquationsforGasFlow
Assumingtheflowofacompressible gasgovernedbytheidealgaslawin whichthefluidcanbeconsideredNewtonianandisotropic(i.e.,thesame inalldirections).
ConservationofMass ConservationofMomentum

ConservationofEnergy TheseequationsareaccurateforKnudsennumberslessthan0.1.ForKnudsen numbersgreaterthan0.1,alternatemethodsmustbeusedtoarriveatasolution foraflow.

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BehaviorofLiquidFlow
liquid molecules exist in a state of continual collision. Their behavior is completely different from that of gases and is significantly more complex. Consequently, the molecular theory of liquids is not as well developed as that for gases. There are no parameters such as the Knudsen number to help in determining the behavioral regime in which a liquid might be. Turning to experimental results yields no help either The argument outlined previously suggests a guideline of when to treat a liquid, that is, the material itself, as a continuumwhenever the length scale is larger than 10 nm. The conclusion is that in most microflows, liquids can be regarded as continuous. One important situation during which a flowing liquid changes behavior due to its molecular nature is when it is sheared too much. Loose and Hess showed that proportionality between shear stress and rate (the Newtonian assumption) breaks down when the shear rate exceeds approximately twice the molecular interaction frequency:

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GoverningEquationsforLiquidFlow
Whenconsideringtheflowofanincompressible,Newtonian,isotropic,Fourier conductingfluid,thepreviousequationscanbesimplifiedconsiderablyto:

Assumingthattheflowremainsataconstanttemperature.Theenergyequation canbeeliminatedaltogether(oratleastdecoupledfromconservationofmassand momentum),andtheconservationofmassandmomentumequationscanbe simplifiedto:

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BoundaryConditions
LargeScale:noslipboundarycondition SmallScale:whatisthemostappropriatefluidsolid boundarycondition?

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BoundaryConditions
Phenomenonofslip: Anyflowsituationwherethetangentialfluidvelocity componentappearstobedifferentfromthatofthesolidsurface immediatelyincontactwithit. Molecularslip(alsointrinsicslip):Theflowsituationwhereliquid moleculesimmediatelyadjacenttoasolidboundaryslippastthesolid molecules.Suchaconceptnecessarilyinvolveslargeforces. Apparentslip:Flowsituationwherenoslipisenforcedonasmalllength scalebutisnotevidentonalargelengthscale.Examplesofapparentslip includeelectrokinetics,acousticstreaming,andaliquidflowingoveragas layer. Effectiveslip:Thesituationwheremolecularorapparentslipisestimated fromamacroscopic(atleastinthemolecularsense)measurementor calculation.Thisiscalledeffectiveslipbecausethesourceoftheslip cannotbedeterminedfromthismeasurementalone.

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BCsforGasFlow
According to kinetic gas theory, the noslip and notemperaturejump conditions are valid for Knudsen numbers less than 103. In fact, as will be seen below, these boundary conditions are the Kn>0 limit for the more general case boundary conditions.

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GasesFlowingThroughChannels

1. Perfectenergyexchangebetween thewallandthegas, 2.Inviscid for 3.Impartalloftheirtangential momentumtothewall

where i and r are the tangential momentum of the incoming and reflected molecules and w is the tangential momentum of reemitted molecules, that is those that may have been adsorbed to the surface, and is equal to zero for stationary walls.
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BCsforLiquidFlow
Formostmicroscale liquidflows,thenoslipandnotemperaturejump conditionswillhold.Inequationform,thisis:

inwhichthevelocityslipatthewalluwall isapproximatelyzero,duetothelow shearratesfoundinmostmicrodevices andtherelativelylargelengthscale.

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BCsforLiquidFlow
SlipLengthPropertiesfromThompsonandTroians Data.Thecharacteristic energyscale"wf andlengthscalewf oftheLennardJonespotentialbetween wallatomsandthefluidmoleculesaregivenintermsofthefluidsproperties, asisthedensityofthewallmaterial .Theconstantsliplengthatlowshear ratesis ,whilethecriticalshearrateis . The most important conclusion of Thompson and Troians work is that the linear Navier boundary condition, which should be independent of the velocity field and hence the shear rate, does break down at large shear rates.

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ParallelFlows
Forlaminarflowsinparallelgeometries,theflowispurelyaxialonlytheu1 com ponent isnonzeroandu1 isafunctionofyandzonly.

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AnalyticalSolutions:CircularCross Section

r0 U1

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AnalyticalSolutions:Rectangular CrossSection

U1

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AnalyticalSolutions:TriangularCross Section

where

U1

y
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HydraulicDiameter
Clearly, there are several shapes missing from this list that can be significant in microfluidics, as well as many others that the reader may chance to encounter less frequently. Two examples of these shapes are the trapezoidal cross section created by anisotropic wet etches in silicon, and the rectangular cross section with rounded corners often created by isotropic wet etches of amorphous materials. One method for approximating the flows through these geometries is using a concept known as the hydraulic diameter Dh. The hydraulic diameter is given by:

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Example:HydraulicDiameter

Calculatethehydraulicdiameterfortheshapesintheabovefigure, assumingtheshapestoexhibitleftrightreflectionsymmetry.

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Example:HydraulicDiameter(Cont.)

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