Control and energy management of a wind-photovoltaic hybrid system

Mehdi Dali
(1)
, Jamel Belhadj
(1)
, Xavier Roboam
(2)
, J.M. Blaquiere
(2)
(1) LABORATOIRE DES SYSTEMES ELECTRIQUES-LSE
Ecole national des ingnieurs de Tunis-ENIT, BP 37, Le Belvdre 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
E-mail: Mehdi.Dali@laplace.univ-tlse.fr, Jamel.Belhadj@esstt.rnu.tn
(2) LAPLACE, UMR CNRS, INPT, UPS
ENSEEIHT, BP 7122, 2 rue Camichel, 31071 Toulouse Cedex 7, France,
E-mail: Xavier.Roboam@laplace.univ-tlse.fr
Keywords
Hybrid system, Wind energy, Photovoltaic energy, Test bench, Energy management.
Abstract
In this paper, we have designed a micro-generation energy system obtained by interconnecting a wind
turbine with a photovoltaic generator and characterized by Very Low Voltage (VLV) node coupled to a
battery storage and DC loads. The control strategies of the sources are based on power, voltage and
current control with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). Experiments based on a physical emulator
of the hybrid system with a lead acid accumulator and its DC load is considered. The development of
experiments is necessary to validate theoretical studies. The real time supervision and the energy
management of the hybrid system is presented and detailed. Experimental results are presented and
discussed showing the relevant behavior of the energy management strategy.
Introduction
Due to the development of renewable energy systems, sustainable development issues (pollutant emission,
rarefaction of fossil energy resources), hybrid systems are one efficient solution for electrical energy
generation, especially for isolated sites or for a micro-generation unit connected to weak AC grid [1]. The
hybrid systems combine several conventional or renewable energy sources interconnected via a DC bus.
For remote area, the association of an electrochemical storage with the hybrid system allows eliminating
the diesel generator (which is commonly required in generation systems based on a single renewable
energy source). In this context, we define a hybrid generation system obtained by combining photovoltaic
panels and wind turbines (taking advantage of their complementary nature) with storage batteries to
overcome periods of scarce generation and for the system control. Many topologies are available for
hybrid systems, depending on interface converters between sources and the interconnection method. The
optimum design of the hybrid system constitutes one of our objectives [2], [3], [9] and [11]. Our
investigation concerns the definition of the system topology, the interconnection of the sources with
maximum energy transfer, the analysis of energy losses involved with power conditioning converters,
optimum control and energy management. We have chosen to design a hybrid system with Very Low DC
Voltage (VLV) of 48V [11]. With such DC bus, stand-alone systems can be implemented into rural or
urban areas. A 48V battery and the DC load are also connected to the DC bus. The system supervision
allows managing all power devices (converters, protection) [5], [6].
Hybrid System topology
The studied system represented in Fig. 1 is composed of two sources:
- a 600W wind generator equipped of a direct driven permanent-magnet synchronous generator
(PMSG), a diode rectifier and a (DC/DC) buck converter for the tracking of the maximum power
point [4];
- a photovoltaic source (400W), interfaced by a (DC/DC) buck converter used for the MPPT by
regulating the output current I
pv
. Choosing the buck converter for the two sources is related to the
DC bus value fixed at 48V.
Fig. 1: Wind-photovoltaic hybrid system bloc diagram
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show respectively the bloc diagram of the proposed MPP Tracking for the wind and PV
subsystems.
Fig. 2: Current control of wind-side DC-DC chopper
By dividing the reference wind power P
ref.w
by the battery voltage V
bat
, the reference current is calculated.
The optimal reference value of the current I
ref.w
is imposed to the current controller of the DC-DC chopper
[12]. The error resulting from the comparison between desired and actual values of the output current I
w
is
processed by the microcontroller through a PI regulator, issuing a value V
L
of the inductance voltage (L).
The sum of the inductance voltage V
L
and the battery voltage V
bat
is divided by DC voltage V
bus
to issue
the duty-cycle
w
required for the IGBT switching operation, as shown in Fig. 2.
For the photovoltaic subsystem, the aim of the control strategy is to adjust the voltage V
pv
to have the
maximum power extraction. It can be deduced that two controllers must be considered to control
respectively the voltage V
pv
and the PV output current I
pv
which are the two state variables [6].
I
w
PMSG Buck
Buck
Battery
48 V
I
pv
Rectifier
LOAD
I
L
PV Array
I
B
Wind Turbine

pv
DC Bus
L
Rectifier

w
V
bat
V
L
Iw
V
bat
PMSG
Load
PI
+
_
+
+
_
+
1
V
bus
Buck
C
bus
C
Wind turbine
P
ref.w
Iw
Vbus
Iref.w
L
Load
Cpv
V
pv
V
o V
bat
Ic
I
in I
pv
PV modules
Battery
Ie
C
V
ref.pv
V
pv
- PI
I
ref.c
-
+
I
in
V
bat
Ie
Iref.pv
+
-
PI
V
L
+ +
+
V
s
1
Vpv
V
bat
I
pv
pv
Current loop
V
ref.pv
E i g . 3 : V o l t a g e - c u r r e n t c a s c a d e d c o n t r o l l o o p s o I t h e P V - s i d e D C - D C c h o p p e r
I n t h i s p a p e r , o n l y t h e c u r r e n t l o o p i s t e s t e d , a s I o r t h e w i n d s u b s y s t e m , w h e r e t h e r e I e r e n c e v a l u e o I t h e
current I
ref.pv
i s c a l c u l a t e d b y d i v i d i n g t h e r e I e r e n c e P V p o w e r P
ref.pv
b y t h e b a t t e r y v o l t a g e V
bat
as in
equation (1).
T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s e t u p r e a l i z e d i n t h e L A P L A C E L a b o r a t o r y i s o b t a i n e d b y t h e i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n o I a
p h y s i c a l e mu l a t o r o I a Wi n d P o w e r g e n e r a t o r , w i t h a p h y s i c a l e mu l a t o r o I a p h o t o v o l t a i c g e n e r a t o r . T h e
i n t e r I a c e c o n v e r t e r s a r e c o n n e c t e d t o a n a c t u a l e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l a c c u m u l a t o r a n d t o a v a r i a b l e D C l o a d
| 1 0 | . T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l t e s t b e n c h i s s h o w n i n E i g . 4 .
Wind generator emulator
PV emulator
VLV DC node
48 V Battery
Dspace
Pref.pv
Pref.w
[V ; I]
[Switch]
Pw
Ppv
Pbat
E i g . 4 : T e s t b e n c h o I t h e r e m o t e n e t w o r k w i t h V L V m u l t i - s o u r c e s i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n
T h e w i n d e mu l a t o r i s c o m p o s e d o I a 3 4 p o l e s P MS G d r i v e n b y a t o r q u e c o n t r o l l e d s y n c h r o n o u s m o t o r
e mu l a t i n g t h e w i n d t u r b i n e t o r q u e . T h e p h o t o v o l t a i c e mu l a t o r i s o b t a i n e d b y c o n t r o l l i n g a s i n g l e - p h a s e
r e c t i I i e r a n d a c h o p p e r . T h e ma x i m u m p o w e r t r a c k i n g o I t h e p h o t o v o l t a i c g e n e r a t o r i s o b t a i n e d I r o m t h e
c u r r e n t c o n t r o l o I t h e o u t p u t c u r r e n t . T h e D C b u s , d e s i g n e d t o i n t e r c o n n e c t mo r e t h a n t w o s o u r c e s , i s
c o u p l e d t o 4 s e r i a l e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l a c c u m u l a t o r s Y U A S A N P L 3 8 - 1 2 I . 1 2 V . 3 8 A h a n d a D C l o a d a r r a y
w i t h v a r i a b l e r e s i s t o r . T h e e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m h a s b e e n i mp l e me n t e d o n a D S 1 1 0 4 d S p a c e
controller.
Energy management strategy
General description of the supervisor control
T h e c a p a b i l i t y o I t h e r e mo t e n e t w o r k t o s a t i s I y t h e p o w e r d e m a n d d e p e n d s o n t h e c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s
( w i n d , s u n ) , a n d o n t h e b a t t e r y c h a r g e s t a t e . I t c a n b e t e s t e d I o r d i I I e r e n t s y s t e m o p e r a t i o n s | 5 | - | 7 | a n d | 8 | .
T h e u t i l i t y o I t h e e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t s u p e r v i s o r i s t o c o n t r o l t h e b a t t e r y s t a t e o I c h a r g e b y k e e p i n g t h e
D C b u s v o l t a g e , V
bus
, b e t w e e n t w o i mp o s e d l i m i t s ( 5 4 V , 4 3 V ) a r o u n d t h e n o m i n a l b a t t e r y v o l t a g e
(V
bat_nom
4 8 V ) . T h e p r o p o s e d D C b u s v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n s t r a t e g y c a n b e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e d S p a c e
controller.
Battery
Charge
Battery
Discharge
V bat min
V bat max
MPPT=0
V BUS
V
t
V
nominal bat
= 48
= 54.4
= 45
MPPT=1
V
dc, low
V
dc, high
V BUS
V bat Security
V bat Security
H
L
E i g . 5 : T h e p r o p o s e d D C b u s v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n s t r a t e g y
E i g . 5 s h o w s t h e c o n c e p t u a l d i a g r a m o I t h e p r o p o s e d D C b u s v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n s t r a t e g y . T h e r e i s a
h y s t e r e s i s b a n d w i t h h i g h b o u n d V
d c , h i g h
a n d l o w b o u n d V
d c , l o w
. I I t h e D C b u s v o l t a g e I a l l s i n s i d e t h e
h y s t e r e s i s b a n d , t h e r e I e r e n c e p o w e r w i l l r e m a i n u n c h a n g e d . I I t h e D C b u s v o l t a g e i s h i g h e r t h a n V
d c , h i g h
,
i n s i d e t h e a r e a ' H , t h e n t h e e n e r g y ma n a g e m e n t w i l l s t o p c h a r g i n g b a t t e r y : t h e r e I e r e n c e p o w e r a n d t h e
D C b u s v o l t a g e s h o u l d b e p u l l e d d o w n ( MP P T 0 ) . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i I t h e D C b u s v o l t a g e i s l o w e r t h a n
V
d c , l o w
, i n s i d e t h e a r e a ' L , t h e e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t w i l l s t o p s u p p l y i n g p o w e r t o t h e l o a d ; t h e r e I e r e n c e
p o w e r s w i t c h e s t o t h e m a x i m u m p o w e r g e n e r a t i o n a n d t h e D C b u s v o l t a g e w i l l b e l i I t e d u p ( MP P T 1 ) .
T h e o p e r a t i o n m o d e s a r e d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e e n e r g y b a l a n c e b e t w e e n t h e t o t a l g e n e r a t i o n ( w i n d a n d s o l a r )
a n d t h e t o t a l d e ma n d ( l o a d a n d r e q u i r e d c h a r g e o I t h e b a t t e r y ) .
A c o m p r e h e n s i v e s u p e r v i s o r c o n t r o l a l g o r i t h m i s e s s e n t i a l t o e I I i c i e n t l y m a n a g e t h e o p e r a t i o n o I t h e
g e n e r a t i o n s u b s y s t e ms a c c o r d i n g t o t h o s e m o d e s . E o r t h e d e s i g n o I s u c h e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t s u p e r v i s o r , i t
h a s b e e n d e c i d e d t h a t t h e t h e s o l a r s u b s y s t e m w o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e m a i n g e n e r a t o r , w h i l e t h e w i n d
s u b s y s t e m w o u l d c o n s t i t u t e t h e c o m p l e m e n t a r y g e n e r a t o r : t h e c o o p e r a t i o n s t r a t e g y b e t w e e n t h o s e t w o
s o u r c e s i s d e s c r i b e d b e l o w . H o w e v e r , t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c h o i c e i s n o t a l i m i t a t i o n a n d t h e r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d
b e l o w c a n s t r a i g h t I o r w a r d l y b e e x t e n d e d c o n s i d e r i n g t h e w i n d s u b s y s t e m a s t h e m a i n s u p p l i e r a n d t h e
solar subsystem as a secondary generator.
O n e e x a mp l e o I e n e r g y m a n a g e me n t t h r o u g h a s y s t e m s u p e r v i s i o n s t r a t e g y i s p r o p o s e d I o l l o w i n g 3
different modes:
Mode 1: t h i s o p e r a t i o n m o d e i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y b o t h g e n e r a t i o n s u b s y s t e m s s e t t o o p e r a t e a t t h e i r
m a x i mu m e n e r g y c o n v e r s i o n p o i n t s ( MP P T
w i n d
1 , MP P T
pv
1 ) . T o I u l l y s a t i s I y t h e l o a d d e ma n d , t h e
b a t t e r y i s a b l e t o a d d a n e n e r g y I l o w , I o r e x a mp l e i n t h e c a s e o I h i g h p o w e r d e ma n d s . I n s u c h a c a s e ,
Mode 1 c a n b e m a i n t a i n e d a s l o n g a s t h e e n e r g y a v a i l a b l e i n t h e b a t t e r y b a n k i s s u I I i c i e n t t o c o m p l e m e n t
t h e g e n e r a t i o n a n d t o s a t i s I y t h e l o a d r e q u i r e m e n t s . I I t h e b u s v o l t a g e i s t o o m u c h d e c r e a s e d ( V
bus
< V
bat
min
) , d u e t o t h e b a t t e r y d i s c h a r g e , t h e o p e r a t i o n i s t h e n s w i t c h e d o n t h e s e c u r i t y m o d e , w h e r e a l l s o u r c e s
a n d l o a d s o I t h e h y b r i d s y s t e m a r e d i s c o n n e c t e d .
Contrarily, if the load demand is lower, the battery can be charged until its full charge state which is
typical of the maximum voltage limit. Operation Mode 2, is reached if this voltage limit (V
bus
> V
dc, high
) is
exceeded
Mode 2: the supervisor continue to manage the solar subsystem for maximum generation (i.e., operation
at the point of maximum energy conversion MPPT
pv
=1) but the wind power subsystem is set to track a
complementary power reference (MPPT
wind
=0). This reference corresponds to the power required to
complement the solar generation and together satisfies the total power demand. It should be remarked that,
in Mode 2, the battery bank is by passed and is consequently not requested to supply the power of the
load.
If, during this Mode 2, the battery is discharged decreasing the bus voltage below its minimum limit (V
bus
< V
dc, low
), the system return to the Mode 1 of operation.
Mode 3: it corresponds to periods for which the solar power is sufficient to satisfy the total load demand
(MPPT
pv
=0). Therefore, the solar subsystem has to track the total demand while the wind subsystem is
switched off (MPPT
wind
=0, P
ref
wind
= 0). A charge cycle is then applied to the battery.
This situation is maintained until the total power demand exceeds the available solar power reference; for
such a case the battery bank is transitorily able to provide the complement of energy flow until its
discharge limit for which the supervisor control switches to Mode 2, activating the wind generator.
A reliable criterion to decide when to switch from maximum power generation (Mode 1) to power
regulation (Mode 2) must be deduced of photovoltaic and wind subsystems.
Fig. 6: Schematic description of the operation modes
To summarize, the supervisor control is responsible of switching from one operation mode to another
depending on the climatic conditions, the load demand, and the battery charge. Moreover, it is in charge of
setting the reference values of the generation modules and the battery current for each mode of operation.
A schematic description of the operation strategy is depicted in Fig. 6.
Operation strategy
The energy management program communicates the values of reference powers to the sources. The
supervisor controller determines in real time the operation mode of both generation subsystems, switching
from power regulation (MPPT=0) to maximum power conversion (MPPT=1). Decision criteria for the
supervisor are based on measurable system variables (voltages, currents).
Supervision of the PV generating unit
MPPT
pv
=1
MPPT
wind
=1
MPPT
pv
=1
MPPT
wind
=0
MPPT
pv
=0
MPPT
wind
=0
Mode 1 Mode 2
Mode 3
PV subsystem: maximum
energy conversion
Wind subsystem: maximum
energy conversion
Battery: charge cycle and/or
supply power to the load
PV subsystem: maximum
energy conversion
Wind subsystem: power
regulation
Battery: charge and/or
discharge cycle
PV subsystem: power
regulation
Wind subsystem: off
Battery: charge and/or
discharge cycle
A s e s t a b l i s h e d b e I o r e , t h e s o l a r s u b s y s t e m a c t s u n d e r t h e e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t s u p e r v i s o r d i r e c t i v e s , e i t h e r
t r a c k i n g t h e m a x i m u m p o w e r p o i n t o p e r a t i o n o r s u p p l y i n g t h e t o t a l l o a d ( Mode 1/ Mode 2 or Mode 3,
respectively). In Mode 1 and Mode 2, t h e m a x i m u m p o w e r r e I e r e n c e P
p v m a x
i s s e n t b y t h e s u p e r v i s o r
w h i c h i m p o s e s a t t h e b u c k ( D C / D C ) c o n v e r t e r a r e I e r e n c e c u r r e n t I
p v m a x
:
p v m a x
p v m a x
bat
P
I =
V
(1)
I n t h e s e c o n d c a s e Mode 3, t h e c o n t r o l o b j e c t i v e o I t h e s o l a r m o d u l e i s t h e p o w e r r e g u l a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e I o l l o w i n g r e I e r e n c e :
ref pv load bat L B
P = P = V (I +I ) ( 2 )
Wh e r e I
L
i s t h e l o a d c u r r e n t | r e I l e c t e d t o t h e D C b u s s i d e ( E i g . 1 ) | , I
B
i s t h e r e q u i r e d c u r r e n t I o r t h e b a t t e r y
b a n k ( a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e c h a r g e c y c l e ) a n d V
bus
i s t h e v o l t a g e o I t h e D C b u s .
P
ref pv
= P
load
V
pv
[V] P
pv
= f (V
pv
)
P | W|
P
opt
MP P T
pv
=1
D e g r a d e P V
operation
P
ref pv
C
A B
E i g . 7 : P h o t o v o l t a i c o p e r a t i o n mo d e
E i g . 7 d e p i c t s t h e p o w e r - v o l t a g e p l a n , t h e P V g e n e r a t e d p o w e r ( s o l i d l i n e ) , t h e P V p o w e r r e I e r e n c e ( d a s h e d
l i n e ) , a n d t h e l o c u s o I m a x i mu m p o w e r c o n v e r s i o n ( d a s h e d - d o t t e d l i n e ) I o r d i I I e r e n t a t m o s p h e r i c
c o n d i t i o n s . T h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o I t h e l a t t e r w i t h t h e c u r v e i n s o l i d l i n e ( p o i n t C : Mode 1 and Mode 2)
c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e m a x i m u m p o w e r o p e r a t i o n p o i n t ( MP O P ) o I t h e P V a r r a y I o r p a r t i c u l a r v a l u e s o I
i l l u m i n a t i o n a n d t e m p e r a t u r e . I n t h i s I i g u r e , i t c a n b e a p p r e c i a t e d t h a t t w o o p e r a t i o n p o i n t s e x i s t , c a p a b l e
o I g e n e r a t i n g t h e s a m e r e I e r e n c e p o w e r ( p o i n t s A a n d B ) . T h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o I t h e b u c k ( D C / D C )
c o n v e r t e r u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n p r e v e n t t h e P V t e r mi n a l v o l t a g e t o r e d u c e i t s v a l u e b e l o w V
bus
; t h e r e I o r e ,
t h e o p e r a t i o n o n t h e l e I t - h a n d s i d e o I t h e MP O P ( p o i n t A s i d e ) w o u l d b e q u i t e r e s t r i c t i v e a n d t h e p o w e r
r e g u l a t i o n w o u l d b e s i g n i I i c a n t l y b o u n d e d . C o n v e r s e l y , o p e r a t i n g i n t h e r i g h t - h a n d s i d e o I t h e MP O P
( p o i n t B s i d e ) a l l o w s a b r o a d r a n g e o I p o w e r r e g u l a t i o n ; t h e r e I o r e , t h i s s i d e h a s b e e n c h o s e n I o r o p e r a t i o n
(Mode 3) . Wh e n t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o I t h e P V a r r a y i s n o t s u I I i c i e n t t o s a t i s I y t h e t o t a l p o w e r d e ma n d , t h e
s u p e r v i s o r c o n t r o l s w i t c h e s t o Mode 2: T h e P V t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e d e c r e a s e s t o t h e o p t i m u m v o l t a g e
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e o p t i m u m p o w e r P
opt
. T h e s o l a r s u b s y s t e m o b j e c t i v e b e c o m e s m a x i m u m p o w e r
g e n e r a t i o n b y c o n t i n u o u s l y t r a c k i n g t h e MP O P .
Supervision of wind generating unit
T h e s u p e r v i s o r c o n t r o l s t h e w i n d s u b s y s t e m e i t h e r b y t r a c k i n g t h e ma x i m u m p o w e r p o i n t ( MP P T
w
=1) or
b y r e g u l a t i n g i t s p o w e r ( MP P T
w
=0) (Mode 1 or Mode 2 /Mode 3 respectively).
D u r i n g t h e s t a r t ( Mode 1) , t h e c o n t r o l o I t h e w i n d t u r b i n e o p t i m i z e s t h e c o n v e r s i o n c h a i n ( o p e r a t i o n i n
MP O T ) w i t h i t s o w n p o w e r o I r e I e r e n c e ( MP P T
w
=1).
In Mode 2, t h e c o n t r o l o I t h e w i n d t u r b i n e t a k e s i n t o a c c o u n t t h e a c t u a l p o w e r v a l u e c o m mu n i c a t e d b y t h e
s u p e r v i s o r . T h i s i n d u c e s t h e d e s a c t i v a t i o n o I MP P T m o d e ( MP P T
w
0 ) . T h e w i n d c o n t r o l o b j e c t i v e i s t o
c o mp l e m e n t t h e s o l a r g e n e r a t i o n t o s a t i s I y t h e t o t a l p o w e r d e m a n d ; t h e r e I o r e , t h e r e I e r e n c e I o r t h e w i n d
g e n e r a t e d p o w e r r e s u l t s :
r e I w l o a d p v b a t L B p v
P P - P V ( I I - I ) (3)
w
[rpm] P
w i n d
= f (
w
)
P
r e I w
= P
load
- P
pv
P | W|
P
opt
MP P T
w
=1
D e g r a d e w i n d
operation
P
r e I w
E i g . 8 : Wi n d o p e r a t i o n mo d e
E i g . 8 d e p i c t s t h e p o w e r s h a I t s p e e d p l a n e , t h e w i n d g e n e r a t e d p o w e r ( s o l i d l i n e ) , t h e w i n d p o w e r
r e I e r e n c e ( d a s h e d l i n e ) a n d t h e l o c u s o I m a x i m u m p o w e r c o n v e r s i o n ( d a s h e d - d o t t e d l i n e ) I o r d i I I e r e n t
c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s . T h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o I t h e l a t t e r w i t h t h e c u r v e i n s o l i d l i n e c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e ma x i m u m
p o w e r o p e r a t i o n p o i n t ( Mode 1) o I t h e w i n d m o d u l e s I o r a p a r t i c u l a r v a l u e o I t h e w i n d s p e e d . A s I o r t h e
P V o p e r a t i o n mo d e , i t c a n b e a p p r e c i a t e d t h a t t w o o p e r a t i o n p o i n t s e x i s t , c a p a b l e o I g e n e r a t i n g t h e
r e I e r e n c e p o w e r . O p e r a t i n g i n t h e r i g h t - h a n d s i d e o I t h e MP O P a l l o w s a b r o a d r a n g e o I p o w e r r e g u l a t i o n ;
t h e r e I o r e , t h i s s i d e h a s b e e n c h o s e n I o r o p e r a t i o n . T h e a e r o g e n e r a t o r s p e e d i n c r e a s e s , t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n w i l l
c o n t i n u e u n t i l t h e r e I e r e n c e p o i n t P
r e I . w
i s r e a c h e d ( Mode 2).
Wh e n t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o I t h e w i n d g e n e r a t o r i s n o t s u I I i c i e n t t o s a t i s I y t h e t o t a l p o w e r d e m a n d , t h e
s u p e r v i s o r c o n t r o l s w i t c h e s t o Mode 1 ( MP P T w 1 ) . T h e w i n d s u b s y s t e m o b j e c t i v e b e c o m e s a m a x i m u m
p o w e r g e n e r a t i o n b y c o n t i n u o u s l y t r a c k i n g t h e MP O P . T h e w i n d g e n e r a t o r s l o w s d o w n w h i l e t h e p o w e r
i n c r e a s e s u p t o i t s o p t i m u m p o i n t p o w e r ( MP P T w 1 ) .
In Mode 3, t h e s o l a r m o d u l e s c a n s u p p l y o n l y t h e t o t a l d e m a n d a n d b a t t e r y i s o v e r c h a r g e , t h e s u p e r v i s o r
t h e s u p e r v i s o r s e n d s a n u l l r e I e r e n c e ( P
r e I w
0 W) , w h i l e t h e w i n d s u b s y s t e m i s i n a c t i v e ( MP P T
w i n d
=0).
Experimental results
T h e I i r s t s e t o I e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s o n l y s h o w s t h e p h o t o v o l t a i c s u b s y s t e m o p e r a t i n g m o d e . T h e p r o p o s e d
c o n t r o l l e d s u b s y s t e m h a s b e e n i mp l e m e n t e d o n a l a b o r a t o r y p r o t o t y p e , w h e r e t h e P V p a n e l s h a v e b e e n
r e p l a c e d b y a p h y s i c a l e m u l a t o r , w h i c h b e h a v e s a s a p o w e r g e n e r a t o r h a v i n g a C u r r e n t - V o l t a g e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i m i l a r t o t h a t o I t h e P V p a n e l s . T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d y w a s c a r r i e d o u t b y u s i n g a 3 1 0 W
p h o t o v o l t a i c e m u l a t o r . T h e s w i t c h o I t h e P V c h o p p e r is o p e r a t e d a t a 2 0 k H z s w i t c h i n g I r e q u e n c y ,
w h e r e a s t h e u t i l i t y c i r c u i t w a s c o m p o s e d o I a 4 8 V l e a d - a c i d b a t t e r y a n d a p a s s i v e D C l o a d . T h e
e x p e r i me n t a l s t u d y w a s c a r r i e d o u t c o n s i d e r i n g s e v e r a l o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e t e s t a l l o w s
d i s p l a y i n g t h e w a v e I o r ms o I t h e c o n v e r t e r i n p u t a n d o u t p u t v o l t a g e s a n d c u r r e n t s d u r i n g s t e a d y s t a t e
o p e r a t i o n . A s a n e x a m p l e , E i g . 9 s h o w s o s c i l l o s c o p e t r a c e s o I t h e P V c o n v e r t e r o u t p u t q u a n t i t i e s d u r i n g
MP P T o p e r a t i o n , w h i c h w e r e t a k e n w h i l e t h e D C / D C c o n v e r t e r w a s s u p p l y i n g t h e u t i l i t y c i r c u i t a t a b o u t
4 8 V , 6 . 4 A . T h e D C i n p u t v o l t a g e v a l u e w a s i n t h i s c a s e V p 8 4 V , a n d t h e d c o u t p u t v o l t a g e v a l u e w a s
V
bus
4 8 V .
Fig. 9: Experimental waveforms of the output voltage and current of the PV buck converter
(a) (b)
Fig. 10: I-V and P-V characteristics representing the transient during the start-up of the PV generation
system emulator.
The related MPPT control locus is shown in Fig. 10(a), 10(b); the maximum power point is about 310 W
at 84 V and 3.8A. These Figures show the behaviour of the proposed MMP algorithm during the start-up
of the whole PV generation system. The output voltage of the power generator at the initial instant, when
the converter is disabled, corresponds to the open circuit voltage (94 V). When the system is enabled the
reference power moves from the starting value (94V) towards the maximum power point (84 V). These
results confirm that the MPPT control is successfully achieved.
This second set of results is obtained by using the whole hybrid network as experimental set up. The
dspace control desk experiment software provides functions for monitoring experiments and capturing
data files that can be plotted using Matlab. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of
the proposed hybrid system supervision strategy. In Fig. 11, the time behavior of different system
variables is displayed. The features of the proposed operation strategy are examined through several
variations, which combine variations of wind speed and load.
The wind turbine speed is presented in Fig 11(a). In Fig 11(b), (d), (f) and (g), the wind generated power,
the PV generated power, the total power demand, and the battery powers delivered to the load are
depicted. In Fig 11(c), (e) and (i) are shown the system variables used to manage the operation mode. Fig.
11(c) depicts the reference power of the wind subsystem (i.e., P
ref w
). Fig. 11(e) and 11(i) shows the
decision variables for the solar subsystem (i.e., P
ref pv
and I
ref
.
pv
).
The supervisor control determines the operation modes of the remote grid by processing the information
presented in Figs. 11(c), (e) and (i). Fig (h) and (j) show respectively the PV generator voltage V
pv
and the
DC bus voltage V
bus
. The initial conditions of experiments are: null inputs sources (speed wind =0m/s and
irradiation =0w/m). The parameters of this experience are: V
bat_nom
=48V, hysteresis band =1V,
P
bat_tolerence
=10 W, V
bat_max
= 50V, V
bat_min
= 45V.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

I
p
v

(
2
A
/
d
i
v
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

V
o

(
2
0
V
/
d
i
v
)
Time (10sec/div)
V
o
I
pv
Ip
Initial
point
PPM
V
pv
Ppv
Initial
point
PPM
20 V/div
20 V/div
1 A/div
200W/div
V
pv
0
100
230
300
0
147
360
0
150
440
0
190
250
0
190
440
0
190
250
380
-210
0
210
360
80
87
94
0
3.5
5.7
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
45
46
47
48
49
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5t6 t7
t8 t9 t10
t ( s )
W [ r p m ]
( a )
( b )
( c )
( d )
( e )
( f )
( g )
( h )
( i )
( j )
P w [ W ]
P.ref. w [ W ]
P pv [ W ]
P.ref. pv [ W ]
P load [ W ]
P bat [ W ]
V p [ V ]
V bus [ V ]
I.ref. pv [ A ]
Fig.11: Experimental curves of the hybrid system energy management
At time t1 the energy management starts operating: the reference powers of PV (current) and wind
subsystems are at their maximum levels (Mode1). The load is only supplied by the batteries.
Consequently, the battery voltage decrease to V
bat_min
. At t2, the wind speed being S
wind
=14m/s, the wind
subsystem produce the total power demand. So, the battery voltage increases to V
bat_nom
. At t3, the wind
speed decrease S
wind
=10m/s, the wind subsystem cannot satisfy the demand, the battery bank is sufficient
to complement the generation to satisfy the load requirements. At t4, the photovoltaic emulator is
connected and generates, together with the wind subsystem, the total demand (load and required charge of
the battery): then the DC bus voltage increases. At t5 the load decreases P
load
=190W, the battery becomes
fully charged. Therefore, the DC bus voltage continues to increase. At t=t6, the voltage limit (V
bus
>V
bat
max
) is exceeded, the supervisor control switches from Mode 1 to Mode 3, the PV power subsystem is set to
track a power reference (MPPT
pv
=0) and the wind subsystem is switched off (MPPT
wind
=0). Consequently,
the photovoltaic voltage and the aerogenerator speed both increase and the DC bus voltage decrease. From
t7 to t8, the load is increased and decreased (P
load
=250W and P
load
=190W respectively), Mode3 is
maintained while the PV generation subsystem is set to regulate the power regulate. At t9, the power
demand become equal to 380W, the PV subsystem restrains its generation at 250 W. This situation leads
the system to operate in Mode 2, being the wind subsystem responsible to complement the PV generation
to satisfy the total power demand. At t10, with the wind speed established at S
wind
=8m/s, the wind power
is decreased and then the battery supplies the lack of power. The DC bus then decreases.
Conclusion
In this paper, the authors investigate an experimental study of a hybrid energetic system with an energy
management strategy. The system is obtained by the interconnection of the Photovoltaic emulator and
Wind turbine emulator with converter interfaces. For such system an energy management is necessary to
control the energy fluxes between the load, the storage elements and both sources in order to guarantee a
stable operation in adequation with remote grid specifications. The authors have defined internal and
external control loops with an energy management strategy to satisfy the balance between the load
consumption, the battery state of charge and the behavior of the renewable energy sources interconnected:
in fact, the principle consists in keeping the DC bus voltage inside a bandwidth around its rated value. The
performance of electric generation hybrid systems relies heavily on the existence of a custom-made
supervisor control capable to efficiently administrate the diverse energy resources involved.
The comprehensive supervisor system developed in this paper proved to be highly competent to manage
and coordinate the operation of the subsystems that constitute the hybrid system. It provides a versatile
decision framework to determine the operation mode of each electrical subsystem. One of its most
attractive features is that reliable and unambiguous criteria only based on easily measurable system
variables (namely, voltages and currents) have been proposed for the decision algorithms of the
supervisor. Experimental results show the good performance of the designed hybrid system.
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