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CONTENTS

Chapter 1 QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY


4 6 14 18 26 34 1.1 he mole concept and Avogadros constant 1.2 Formulas 1.3 Chemical equations 1.4 Mass and gaseous volume relationships in chemical reactions 1.5 Solutions Appendix

Chapter 2
2.1 2.2 2.3 12.1

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
he atom he mass spectrometer Electron arrangement Electron coniguration 47 52 54 61

Chapter 3
3.1 3.2 3.3 13.1 13.2

PERIODICITY
he periodic table Physical properties Chemical Properties Trends across period 3 (AHL) First row D-block elements (AHL) 70 72 76 82 84

Chapter 4
4.1 4.2 14.1 14.2 14.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.2

CHEMICAL BONDING
Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Shapes of molecules and ions (AHL) Hybridization (AHL) Delocalization of electrons (AHL) Intermolecular forces Metallic bonding Physical properties Covalent bonding (cont) 97 101 110 114 118 122 126 127 130

Chapter 5
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4

ENERGETICS
Exothermic & endothermic reactions Calculation of enthalpy changes Hesss law Bond enthalpies Standard enthalpy changes of reaction (AHL) Born-Haber cycle (AHL) Entropy (AHL) Spontaneity (AHL) 135 138 141 144 147 151 155 157

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Chapter 6
6.1 6.2 16.1 16.2 16.3

KINETICS
Rates of reaction Collision theory Rate Expression (AHL) Reaction mechanism (AHL) Activation energy (AHL) 161 167 170 175 179

Chapter 7

EQUILIBRIUM
181 184 192 194 197

7.1 Dynamic equilibrium 7.2 he position of equilibrium 17.1 Liquid-vapour equilibrium (AHL) 17.2 he equilibrium law (AHL) Extension Material

Chapter 8
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5

ACIDS AND BASES


heories of acids and bases Properties of acids and bases Strong and weak acids & bases he pH scale Calculations involving acids & bases (AHL) Bufer solutions (AHL) Salt Hydrolysis (AHL) Acidbase titrations (AHL) Indicators (AHL) 207 212 213 215 217 221 224 225 228

Chapter 9

OXIDATION & REDUCTION


232 236 239 241 243 245 250 251

9.1 Introduction to Oxidation & reduction 9.2 Redox equations Extension Material 9.3 Reactivity 9.4 Voltaic cells 19.1 Standard electrode potentials (AHL) 9.5 Electrolytic cells 19.2 Electrolysis (AHL)

Chapter 10 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY


10.1 20.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 20.5 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.6 Introduction Introduction (AHL) Alkanes Alkenes Alcohols Halogenoalkanes Reaction pathways Reaction pathways (AHL) Nucleophilic substitution reactions (AHL) Elimination reactions (AHL) Condensation reactions (AHL) Stereoisomerism (AHL) 255 261 265 267 271 273 275 276 277 280 281 283

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Chapter 11 MEASUREMENT AND DATA PROCESSING


11.1 Uncertainty and error in measurement 11.2 Uncertainties in calculated results 11.3 Graphical techniques 289 292 295

Chapter 12 Option A: MODERN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY


A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A9 A6 A7 A10 A8 Analytical techniques Principles of spectroscopy Infrared spectroscopy Mass spectrometry Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (HL) Atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy Chromatography Chromatography (HL) Visible and ultraviolet (UV-Vis) spectroscopy (HL) 299 299 302 304 307 308 310 312 314 318

Chapter 13 Option B: HUMAN BIOCHEMISTRY


B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 Energy Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Micronutrients and macronutrients Hormones Enzymes (HL) Nucleic acids Respiration (HL) 323 324 331 334 341 343 346 351 356

Chapter 14 Option C: CHEMISTRY IN INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY


C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 Iron, steel and aluminium he oil industry Addition polymers Catalysts Fuel cells and rechargeable batteries Liquid crystals Nanotechnology Condensation polymers (HL) Mechanisms in the organic chemicals industry (HL) Silicon and photovoltaic cells (HL) Liquid crystals (HL) he chloralkali industry (HL) 364 370 372 374 379 382 385 389 392 393 395 397

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Chapter 15 Option D: MEDICINES AND DRUGS


D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 Pharmaceutical products Antacids Analgesics Depressants Stimulants Antibacterials Antivirals Drug action (HL) Drug design (HL) Mind altering drugs (HL) 405 410 412 415 419 422 424 425 427 431

Chapter 16 Option E: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY


E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E11 E12 Air pollution Acid deposition Greenhouse efect Ozone depletion Dissolved oxygen in water Water treatment Soil Waste Ozone depletion (HL) Smog (HL) Acid deposition (HL) Water and Soil (HL) 437 444 447 449 451 452 455 459 461 463 465 466

Chapter 17 Option F: FOOD CHEMISTRY


F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F9 Food groups Fats and oils Shelf life Colour Genetically modiied foods Texture Stereo-chemistry in food (HL) (HL material from F7, F8 and F10 has been integrated) 475 476 477 481 486 487 488

Chapter 18 Option G: FURTHER ORGANIC CHEMISTRY


G1 Electrophilic addition reactions G2 Nucleophilic addition reactions G4 Additionelimination reactions G3 Elimination reactions G5 Arenes G6 Organometallic chemistry G7, G11 Reaction pathways (SL and HL) G8 Acidbase reactions G9 Additionelimination reactions G10 Electrophilic substitution reactions 495 497 498 499 500 502 503 504 506 507 513 553

Glossary Index
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