ENT 425 -- Worksheet #1

Arthropods
1.

Circle the animals that are NOT arthropods. Spiders Crayfish Ticks Shrimp Lice Fleas Pillbugs Clams Ants Barnacles Crabs Mites Snails Millipedes Starfish Beetles Bees

Horseshoe crabs Flies Silverfish Rotifers Scorpions Thrips

Sea Spiders Centipedes

Grasshoppers

Earwigs

2.. All arthropods exhibit the following characteristics. Circle the ones that are unique to arthropods. a. Bilateral symmetry b. Segmented body c. Open circulatory system d. Jointed legs with claws e. Exoskeleton f. Complete digestive system g. Specialized excretory organs 3. Most arthropods can be divided into two groups: those with mandibles (Mandibulata), and those with fangs (Chelicerata). Find at least five members of each group from the list in question #1 and write them below. Mandibulata Chelicerata

4. Think! What physical characteristics are used to distinguish between "primitive" and "advanced" arthropods? How reliable are these characteristics. What practical value is there in asking these

questions? (Try reading pages 182-192 in your text).

ENT 425 -- Worksheet #2

Ametabolous Insects
1. "Primitive" insects exhibit the following characteristics: a. b. c. d. Ametabolous (no metamorphosis) Apterous = apterygote (wingless) External fertilization Soil-dwelling scavengers and decomposers

List the three life stages of an ametabolous insect:

2. The following groups are ametabolous. applicable. Protura Diplura Collembola Thysanura Archeognatha

List a common name, if

____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________

3.

Complete the following table: Mouthparts Protura Diplura Collembola Thysanura Archeognatha __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ Compound Eyes __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ Antennae __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ Abdominal Appendages __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

4. Think! All ametabolous insects are apterygote, but not all apterygote insects are ametabolous. List at least five examples of insects that are "secondarily wingless".

ENT 425 -- Worksheet #3

Hemimetabolous Insects
1. The life stages of a hemimetabolous insect are: egg=>nymph=> adult What physical characteristics could you use to distinguish a hemimetabolous nymph from an ametabolus young?

2. Very primitive hemimetabolous insects cannot fold their wings over the back. This is known as the paleopterous condition (meaning primitive wing). Most paleopterous orders are extinct. List common names for the two orders that are still living: Ephemeroptera ____________________________________ Odonata _________________________________________

3. Both paleopterous orders have aquatic immatures. An aquatic nymph is often called a naiad. Ephemeroptera naiads are herbivores; Odonata naiads are predators. What special adaptation do Odonata naiads have for catching prey?

4. All other winged insects are said to be neopterous (new wing). They can fold the wings down flat (unless they are secondarily wingless). List all of the hemimetabolous orders. Which ones are Orthopteroids? Which ones are Hemipteroids? What is the main distinction between these two groups?

5. Most hemimetabolous insects are scavengers or herbivores. List all orders that contain exceptions to this rule. What special adaptations do these insects have for a predatory or parasitic lifestyle?

ENT 425 -- Worksheet #4

Holometabolous Insects
1. The life stages of a holometabolous insect are: egg => larva => pupa => adult What physical characteristics could you use to distinguish a holometabolous larva from a hemimetabolus nymph?

2. List common names and distinguishing traits for each Holometabolous order: Hymenoptera Neuroptera Coleoptera Strepsiptera Mecoptera Diptera Siphonaptera Tricoptera Lepidoptera _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

3. Group the holometabolous orders into categories based on the following trophic groups. Some orders may be listed in more than one category. Which orders can be listed under all four categories? Herbivores Predators Parasites Scavengers

ENT 425 -- Worksheet #5

Exoskeleton
1. The exoskeleton (integument) has discrete layers. of the following layers. What is the main function of each? I. Epidermis Describe each

II.

Procuticle a. endocuticle

b.

exocuticle

III.

Epicuticle a. wax layer

b.

cement layer

2.

What is a sclerite? How is it formed and how does it differ (structurally) from a membrane?

3.

Think! As a rule, chemical insecticides cannot penentrate the "armor plate" of an insect's exoskeleton, yet they must get inside the body in order to be effective. There are at least three major routes of entry. Can you list them?

ENT 425 -- Worksheet #6

The Head

1.

On an insect's head capsule, individual sclerites are separated from one another by sutures. Give the location of each sclerite by describing where it would be found on your head: (for example, the vertex is like your forehead) a. b. c. Frons Gena Clypeus

Name the suture that separates the following sclerites: a. b. c. 2. Frons and clypeus Frons and gena Gena and occiput

Label the scape, pedicel, and flagellum in each of these antennae.

3.

What is a tentorium, where is is located, and what function does it serve?

Return to ENT 425 HomePage Return to Weekly Assignments Last Updated: 2 August 2003

John R. Meyer Department of Entomology NC State University

ENT 425 -- Worksheet #7

Thorax and Abdomen

1. Name the three segments of an insect's thorax. Which segments may have legs? Which segments may have wings? On which segment would you find: Elytra Halteres 2. Hemelytra Tegmina

Label the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus in each of these legs.

3.

What are the names of the dorsal and ventral sclerites found on each segment of an insect's abdomen?

4.

What is the function of cerci?

Which insects have them?

5.

Identify each structure. a. b. c. Ovipositor Epiproct Subgenital plate

Is it found on a male, a female, or both? d. e. f. Aedeagus Valvulae Paraproct

Return to ENT 425 HomePage Return to Weekly Assignments Last Updated: 2 August 2003

John R. Meyer Department of Entomology NC State University

ENT 425 -- Worksheet #8

Insect Development
1. Label the following parts of an unfertilized egg: yolk, chorion, micropyle, vitelline membrane

2.

List body structures that are derived from each germ layer: Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

3.

Define each of the following terms: a. Instar b. c. d. e. Imago Teneral Pharate Apolysis

f. g. h. i.

Ecdysis Sclerotization Imaginal discs Cleavage energids

4.

All of the following events occur each time an insect molts. Put them in the correct chronological sequence. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ activation of molting fluid digestion and reabsorption of old endocuticle apolysis ecdysis tanning -sclerotization of new exocuticle

secretion of inactive molting fluid secretion of new epicuticle

____ ____

secretion of new procuticle expansion of new integument

Return to ENT 425 HomePage Return to Weekly Assignments Last Updated: 2 August 2003

John R. Meyer Department of Entomology NC State University