High Voltage Engineering

Generation of High Voltages

Lectures
Generation of High Voltages Measurement of High Voltages Electrostatic Field and Field Stress Control Electrical Breakdowns and Discharges Non-destructive Insulation Tests Overvoltage Insulation Coordination Overvoltage protections Transient behavior of transformer windings
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References
Kuffel E., Zaengl W.S., Kuffel J.: High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals, Second edition, 2000 Wadhwa C.L.: High Voltage Engineering, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, 2007 Naidu M.S.: High Voltage Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 1995 Denno K.: High Voltage Engineering in Power Systems, CRC Press, 1992
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High Voltage Sources

Three main types of generators
DC AC Impulse

Very small currents

Less then an ampere (AC, DC) Few amperes in case of impulse or transient voltages

Special tests needs a generator with hundeds of amperes high-current generators

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DC High Voltage Generation

Mainly used for pure scientific research work and for testing equipment related to HVDC transmission systems or electrostatic precipitation
High d.c. voltages are even more extensively used in: applied physics (accelerators, electron microscopy, etc.), electromedical equipment (X-rays) industrial applications (precipitation and filtering of exhaust gases in thermal power stations and the cement industry; electrostatic painting and powder coating, etc.) communications electronics (TV, broadcasting stations)

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High Voltage Engineering

Simple rectifier circuits

The single-phase half-wave rectifier with voltage smoothing

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Bi-phase half wave rectifier circuit

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Output of Full Wave Rectifier

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Cascade circuits

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Electrostatic Generator
Electrostatic generators convert mechanical energy directly into electrical energy Electrical charges are moved in this generator against the force of electrical fields -> gaining higher potential energies and consuming mechanical energy Van de Graaff - electrostatic belt-driven generators today use in nuclear physics research laboratories
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Van de Graaff Generator

Charge is sprayed onto an insulating moving belt by means of corona discharge points The charge is conveyed to the upper end where it is removed from the belt by discharging points The largest generator operates with 25 MV, and was tested up to internal flashovers with about 31MV
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Generation of High AC Voltages

Electric power transmission with high a.c. voltages predominates in our transmission and distribution systems Range from about 10 kV r.m.s. only up to more than 1.5MV r.m.s. today The testing voltages are usually single-phase voltages to ground with pure sinusoidal shape The ratio of peak-to-r.m.s. values equals 2 within 5 %
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Testing Transformers

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Cascaded Transformers

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Series Resonant Circuit

Usually for testing of objects which represent a high capacitive load and which have low and stable losses (hv cables) Conventional test systems with compensating reactor are larger and expensive High short circuit impedance of the voltage source (in case of breakdown the channel is not excessively damaged)
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Series resonant system

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Series Resonant Circuit with Variable Frequency

Usually for field testing of cables, rotating machines or GIS Further reduction of weight and size

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Impulse Voltage Generator

Two more frequently causes of disturbances in power systems:
Lightning overvoltages (x MV, up to 100 kA) Switching phenomena (amplitudes are derived from operating voltage)

Actual shape of both overvoltages varies it is necessary to simulate these transients by simple way for testing purposes
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Full Impulse Waveform

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Chopped Impulse Waveform

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Single-Stage Impulse Generator

Initial conditions:

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 Solution for output voltage u2:

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Influence of Parameters
u 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.00005 0.00010 0.00015 t 0.00020

u 0.5 0.4

iR2

hR1

0.3 0.2 0.1 0.00005 0.00010 0.00015 t 0.00020

u 0.5 0.4 0.3

u 0.4 0.3 0.2

iC1 iC1

0.2 0.1 0.00005 0.00010 0.00015 t 0.00020 0.1

hC2
0.00005 0.00010 0.00015 t 0.00020

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Multi-Stage Impulse Generator (Marx Connection)

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Impulse Voltage Generators

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