1

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
Structures of ceramic materials:
How do they differ from those of metals?
Point defects:
How are they different from those in metals?
Impurities:
How are they accommodated in the lattice and how
do they affect properties?
Mechanical Properties:
What special provisions/tests are made for ceramic
materials?
Structures & Properties of
Ceramics
2
Bonding:
-- Mostly ionic, some covalent.
-- % ionic character increases with difference in
electronegativity.
Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 7e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical
Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by
Cornell University.
Large vs small ionic bond character:
Ceramic Bonding
SiC: small
CaF
2
: large
3
Ceramic Crystal Structures
Oxide structures
oxygen anions much larger than metal cations
close packed oxygen in a lattice (usually FCC)
cations in the holes of the oxygen lattice
4
Coordination # increases with
Coordination # and Ionic Radii
Adapted from Table 12.2,
Callister 7e.
2
r
cation
r
anion
Coord
#
< 0.155
0.155 - 0.225
0.225 - 0.414
0.414 - 0.732
0.732 - 1.0
3
4
6
8
linear
triangular
T
D
O
H
cubic
Adapted from Fig.
12.2, Callister 7e.
Adapted from Fig.
12.3, Callister 7e.
Adapted from Fig.
12.4, Callister 7e.
ZnS
(zincblende)
NaCl
(sodium
chloride)
CsCl
(cesium
chloride)
r
cation
r
anion
Issue: How many anions can you
arrange around a cation?
5
Cation Site Size
Determine minimum r
cation
/r
anion
for O
H
site (C.N. = 6)
a 2r
anion
2r
anion
+ 2r
cation
= 2 2r
anion
r
anion
+ r
cation
= 2r
anion
r
cation
= ( 2 1)r
anion
2r
anion
+ 2r
cation
= 2a
414 0
anion
cation
.
r
r
=
6
On the basis of ionic radii, what crystal structure
would you predict for FeO?
Answer:
550 0
140 0
077 0
anion
cation
.
.
.
r
r
=
=
based on this ratio,
--coord # = 6
--structure = NaCl
Data from Table 12.3,
Callister 7e.
Example: Predicting Structure of FeO
Ionic radius (nm)
0.053
0.077
0.069
0.100
0.140
0.181
0.133
Cation
Anion
Al
3+
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
Ca
2+
O
2-
Cl
-
F
-
7
AX Crystal Structures
AXType Crystal Structures include NaCl, CsCl, and zinc blende
939 . 0
181 . 0
170 . 0
Cl
Cs
= =

+
r
r
Adapted from Fig.
12.3, Callister 7e.
Cesium Chloride structure:
cubic sites preferred
So each Cs
+
has 8 neighboring Cl
-
8
Mechanical Properties
We know that ceramics are more brittle than
metals. Why?
Consider method of deformation
slippage along slip planes
in ionic solids this slippage is very difficult
too much energy needed to move one anion past
another anion
9
Silicate Ceramics
Most common elements on earth are Si & O
SiO
2
(silica) structures are quartz, crystobalite, &
tridymite
The strong Si-O bond leads to a strong, high melting
material (1710C)
Si
4+
O
2-
Adapted from Figs.
12.9-10, Callister 7e.
crystobalite
10
Amorphous Silica
Silica gels - amorphous SiO
2
Si
4+
and O
2-
not in well-ordered
lattice
Charge balanced by H
+
(to form
OH
-
) at dangling bonds
very high surface area > 200 m
2
/g
SiO
2
is quite stable, therefore
unreactive
makes good catalyst support
Adapted from Fig.
12.11, Callister 7e.
11
Silica Glass
Dense form of amorphous silica
Charge imbalance corrected with counter
cations such as Na
+
Borosilicate glass is the pyrex glass used
in labs
better temperature stability & less brittle than sodium
glass
12
Combine SiO
4
4-
tetrahedra by having them share
corners, edges, or faces
Cations such as Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, & Al
3+
act to
neutralize & provide ionic bonding
Silicates
Mg
2
SiO
4
Ca
2
MgSi
2
O
7
Adapted from Fig.
12.12, Callister 7e.
13
Layered Silicates
Layered silicates (clay silicates)
SiO
4
tetrahedra connected
together to form 2-D plane
(Si
2
O
5
)
2-
So need cations to balance charge
=
Adapted from Fig.
12.13, Callister 7e.
14
Kaolinite clay alternates (Si
2
O
5
)
2-
layer with Al
2
(OH)
4
2+
layer
Layered Silicates
Note: these sheets loosely bound by van der Waals forces
Adapted from Fig.
12.14, Callister 7e.
15
Layered Silicates
Can change the counterions
this changes layer spacing
the layers also allow absorption of water
Micas KAl
3
Si
3
O
10
(OH)
2
Bentonite
used to seal wells
packaged dry
swells 2-3 fold in H
2
O
pump in to seal up well so no polluted ground
water seeps in to contaminate the water supply.
16
Carbon Forms
Carbon black amorphous
surface area ca. 1000 m
2
/g
Diamond
tetrahedral carbon
hard no good slip planes
brittle can cut it
large diamonds jewelry
small diamonds
often man made - used for
cutting tools and polishing
diamond films
hard surface coat tools,
medical devices, etc.
Adapted from Fig.
12.15, Callister 7e.
17
Carbon Forms - Graphite
layer structure aromatic layers
weak van der Waals forces between layers
planes slide easily, good lubricant
Adapted from Fig.
12.17, Callister 7e.
18
Impurities must also satisfy charge balance = Electroneutrality
Ex: NaCl
Substitutional cation impurity
Impurities
Na
+
Cl
-
initial geometry Ca
2+
impurity resulting geometry
Ca
2+
Na
+
Na
+
Ca
2+
cation
vacancy
Substitutional anion impurity
initial geometry O
2-
impurity
O
2-
Cl
-
anion vacancy
Cl
-
resulting geometry
19
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
How do we classify ceramics?
What are some applications of ceramics?
How is processing different than for metals?
Applications and Processing of
Ceramics
20
Properties:
-- Tm for glass is moderate, but large for other ceramics.
-- Small toughness, ductility; large moduli & creep resist.
Applications:
-- High T, wear resistant, novel uses from charge neutrality.
Fabrication
-- some glasses can be easily formed
-- other ceramics can not be formed or cast.
Glasses Clay
products
Refractories Abrasives Cements Advanced
ceramics
-optical
-composite
reinforce
-containers/
household
-whiteware
-bricks
-bricks for
high T
(furnaces)
-sandpaper
-cutting
-polishing
-composites
-structural
engine
-rotors
-valves
-bearings
-sensors
Adapted from Fig. 13.1 and discussion in
Section 13.2-6, Callister 7e.
Taxonomy of Ceramics
21
Need a material to use in high temperature furnaces.
Consider the Silica (SiO
2
) - Alumina (Al
2
O
3
) system.
Phase diagram shows:
mullite, alumina, and crystobalite as candidate refractories.
Adapted from Fig. 12.27,
Callister 7e. (Fig. 12.27
is adapted from F.J. Klug
and R.H. Doremus,
"Alumina Silica Phase
Diagram in the Mullite
Region", J. American
Ceramic Society 70(10),
p. 758, 1987.)
Application: Refractories
Composition (wt% alumina)
T(C)
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
20 40 60 80 100 0
alumina
+
mullite
mullite
+ L
mullite
Liquid
(L)
mullite
+ crystobalite
crystobalite
+ L
alumina + L
3Al
2
O
3
-2SiO
2
22
tensile
force
A
o
A
d
die
die
Die blanks:
-- Need wear resistant properties!
Die surface:
-- 4 m polycrystalline diamond
particles that are sintered onto a
cemented tungsten carbide
substrate.
-- polycrystalline diamond helps control
fracture and gives uniform hardness
in all directions.
Courtesy Martin Deakins, GE
Superabrasives, Worthington,
OH. Used with permission.
Adapted from Fig. 11.8 (d),
Callister 7e.
Courtesy Martin Deakins, GE
Superabrasives, Worthington,
OH. Used with permission.
Application: Die Blanks
23
Tools:
-- for grinding glass, tungsten,
carbide, ceramics
-- for cutting Si wafers
-- for oil drilling
blades
oil drill bits
Solutions:
coated single
crystal diamonds
polycrystalline
diamonds in a resin
matrix.
Photos courtesy Martin Deakins,
GE Superabrasives, Worthington,
OH. Used with permission.
Application: Cutting Tools
-- manufactured single crystal
or polycrystalline diamonds
in a metal or resin matrix.
-- optional coatings (e.g., Ti to help
diamonds bond to a Co matrix
via alloying)
-- polycrystalline diamonds
resharpen by microfracturing
along crystalline planes.
24
Example: Oxygen sensor ZrO2
Principle: Make diffusion of ions
fast for rapid response.
Application: Sensors
A Ca
2+
impurity
removes a Zr
4+
and a
O
2-
ion.
Ca
2+
Approach:
Add Ca impurity to ZrO2:
-- increases O
2-
vacancies
-- increases O
2-
diffusion rate
reference
gas at fixed
oxygen content
O
2-
diffusion
gas with an
unknown, higher
oxygen content
-
+
voltage difference produced!
sensor
Operation:
-- voltage difference
produced when
O
2-
ions diffuse
from the external
surface of the sensor
to the reference gas.
25
Pressing:
GLASS
FORMING
Adapted from Fig. 13.8, Callister, 7e. (Fig. 13.8 is adapted from C.J. Phillips,
Glass: The Miracle Maker, Pittman Publishing Ltd., London.)
Ceramic Fabrication Methods-I
Gob
Parison
mold
Pressing
operation
Blowing:
suspended
Parison
Finishing
mold
Compressed
air
plates, dishes, cheap glasses
--mold is steel with
graphite lining
Fiber drawing:
wind up
PARTICULATE
FORMING
CEMENTATION
26
Sheet Glass Forming
Sheet forming continuous draw
originally sheet glass was made by floating glass
on a pool of mercury
Adapted from Fig. 13.9, Callister 7e.
27
Quartz is crystalline
SiO2:
Basic Unit:
Glass is amorphous
Amorphous structure
occurs by adding impurities
(Na
+
,Mg
2+
,Ca
2+
, Al
3+
)
Impurities:
interfere with formation of
crystalline structure.
(soda glass)
Adapted from Fig. 12.11,
Callister, 7e.
Glass Structure
Si0
4
tetrahedron
4-
Si
4+
O
2-
Si
4+
Na
+
O
2-
28
Specific volume (1 ) vs Temperature (T):
Glasses:
-- do not crystallize
-- change in slope in spec. vol. curve at
glass transition temperature, Tg
-- transparent
- no crystals to scatter light
Crystalline materials:
-- crystallize at melting temp, Tm
-- have abrupt change in spec.
vol. at Tm
Adapted from Fig. 13.6, Callister, 7e.
Glass Properties
T
Specific volume
Supercooled
Liquid
solid
T
m
Liquid
(disordered)
Crystalline
(i.e., ordered)
T
g
Glass
(amorphous solid)
29
Viscosity decreases with T
Impurities lower T
deform
Adapted from Fig. 13.7, Callister, 7e.
(Fig. 13.7 is from E.B. Shand, Engineering
Glass, Modern Materials, Vol. 6, Academic
Press, New York, 1968, p. 262.)
Glass Viscosity vs. T and Impurities
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

[
P
a

s
]
1
10
2
10
6
10
10
10
14
200 600 1000 1400 1800 T(C)
T
deform
: soft enough
to deform or work
annealing range
T
melt
strain point
fused silica: > 99.5 wt% SiO
2
soda-lime glass: 70% SiO
2
balance Na
2
O (soda) & CaO (lime)
Vycor: 96% SiO
2
, 4% B
2
O
3
borosilicate (Pyrex):
13% B
2
O
3
, 3.5% Na
2
O, 2.5% Al
2
O
3
30
Annealing:
--removes internal stress caused by uneven cooling.
Tempering:
--puts surface of glass part into compression
--suppresses growth of cracks from surface scratches.
--sequence:
Heat Treating Glass
further cooled
tension
compression
compression
before cooling
hot
surface cooling
hot
cooler
cooler
--Result: surface crack growth is suppressed.
31
Milling and screening: desired particle size
Mixing particles & water: produces a "slip"
Form a "green" component
Dry and fire the component
ram bille
t
container
container
force
die holder
die
A
o
A
d
extrusion
--Hydroplastic forming:
extrude the slip (e.g., into a pipe)
Adapted from
Fig. 11.8 (c),
Callister 7e.
Ceramic Fabrication Methods-IIA
solid component
--Slip casting:
Adapted from Fig.
13.12, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 13.12 is from
W.D. Kingery,
Introduction to
Ceramics, John
Wiley and Sons,
Inc., 1960.)
hollow component
pour slip
into mold
drain
mold
green
ceramic
pour slip
into mold
absorb water
into mold
green
ceramic
GLASS
FORMING
PARTICULATE
FORMING
CEMENTATION
32
Clay Composition
A mixture of components used
(50%) 1. Clay
(25%) 2. Filler e.g. quartz (finely ground)
(25%) 3. Fluxing agent (Feldspar)
binds it together
aluminosilicates + K
+
, Na
+
, Ca
+
33
Clay is inexpensive
Adding water to clay
-- allows material to shear easily
along weak van der Waals bonds
-- enables extrusion
-- enables slip casting
Structure of
Kaolinite Clay:
Adapted from Fig. 12.14, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 12.14 is adapted from W.E. Hauth,
"Crystal Chemistry of Ceramics", American
Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 30 (4), 1951,
p. 140.)
Features of a Slip
weak van
der Waals
bonding
charge
neutral
charge
neutral
Si
4+
Al
3+
-
OH
O
2-
Shear
Shear
34
Drying: layer size and spacing decrease.
Adapted from Fig.
13.13, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 13.13 is from
W.D. Kingery,
Introduction to
Ceramics, John
Wiley and Sons,
Inc., 1960.)
Drying and Firing
Drying too fast causes sample to warp or crack due to non-uniform shrinkage
wet slip partially dry green ceramic
Firing:
--T raised to (900-1400 C)
--vitrification: liquid glass forms from clay and flows between
SiO2 particles. Flux melts at lower T.
Adapted from Fig. 13.14,
Callister 7e.
(Fig. 13.14 is courtesy H.G.
Brinkies, Swinburne
University of Technology,
Hawthorn Campus,
Hawthorn, Victoria,
Australia.)
Si0
2
particle
(quartz)
glass formed
around
the particle
micrograph of
porcelain
70 m
35
Sintering: useful for both clay and non-clay compositions.
Procedure:
-- produce ceramic and/or glass particles by grinding
-- place particles in mold
-- press at elevated T to reduce pore size.
Aluminum oxide powder:
-- sintered at 1700 C
for 6 minutes.
Adapted from Fig. 13.17, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 13.17 is from W.D. Kingery, H.K.
Bowen, and D.R. Uhlmann, Introduction
to Ceramics, 2nd ed., John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., 1976, p. 483.)
Ceramic Fabrication Methods-IIB
15m
GLASS
FORMING
PARTICULATE
FORMING
CEMENTATION
36
Powder Pressing
Sintering - powder touches - forms neck & gradually neck thickens
add processing aids to help form neck
little or no plastic deformation
Adapted from Fig. 13.16, Callister 7e.
Uniaxial compression - compacted in single direction
Isostatic (hydrostatic) compression - pressure applied by
fluid - powder in rubber envelope
Hot pressing - pressure + heat
37
Tape Casting
thin sheets of green ceramic cast as flexible tape
used for integrated circuits and capacitors
cast from liquid slip (ceramic + organic solvent)
Adapted from Fig. 13.18, Callister 7e.
38
Produced in extremely large quantities.
Portland cement:
-- mix clay and lime bearing materials
-- calcinate (heat to 1400C)
-- primary constituents:
tri-calcium silicate
di-calcium silicate
Adding water
-- produces a paste which hardens
-- hardening occurs due to hydration (chemical reactions
with the water).
Forming: done usually minutes after hydration begins.
Ceramic Fabrication Methods-III
GLASS
FORMING
PARTICULATE
FORMING
CEMENTATION
39
Applications: Advanced Ceramics
Heat Engines
Advantages:
Run at higher
temperature
Excellent wear &
corrosion resistance
Low frictional losses
Ability to operate without
a cooling system
Low density
Disadvantages:
Brittle
Too easy to have voids-
weaken the engine
Difficult to machine
Possible parts engine block, piston coatings, jet engines
Ex: Si
3
N
4
, SiC, & ZrO
2
40
Applications: Advanced Ceramics
Ceramic Armor
Al
2
O
3
, B
4
C, SiC & TiB
2
Extremely hard materials
shatter the incoming projectile
energy absorbent material underneath
41
Applications: Advanced Ceramics
Electronic Packaging
Chosen to securely hold microelectronics & provide
heat transfer
Must match the thermal expansion coefficient of the
microelectronic chip & the electronic packaging
material. Additional requirements include:
good heat transfer coefficient
poor electrical conductivity
Materials currently used include:
Boron nitride (BN)
Silicon Carbide (SiC)
Aluminum nitride (AlN)
thermal conductivity 10x that for Alumina
good expansion match with Si
42
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
What are the classes and types of composites?
Why are composites used instead of metals,
ceramics, or polymers?
How do we estimate composite stiffness & strength?
What are some typical applications?
Composite Materials
43
Composites
Combine materials with the objective of getting a
more desirable combination of properties
Ex: get flexibility & weight of a polymer plus the
strength of a ceramic
Principle of combined action
Mixture gives averaged properties
44
Composites:
-- Multiphase material w/significant
proportions of each phase.
Dispersed phase:
-- Purpose: enhance matrix properties.
MMC: increase y, TS, creep resist.
CMC: increase Kc
PMC: increase E, y, TS, creep resist.
-- Classification: Particle, fiber, structural
Matrix:
-- The continuous phase
-- Purpose is to:
- transfer stress to other phases
- protect phases from environment
-- Classification: MMC, CMC, PMC
metal ceramic polymer
Terminology/Classification
woven
fibers
cross
section
view
0.5mm
0.5mm
45
Composite Survey
Large-
particle
Dispersion-
strengthened
Particle-reinforced
Continuous
(aligned)
Aligned Randomly
oriented
Discontinuous
(short)
Fiber-reinforced
Laminates Sandwich
panels
Structural
Composites
Adapted from Fig.
16.2, Callister 7e.
46
Composite Survey: Particle-I
Examples:
Adapted from Fig.
10.19, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 10.19 is
copyright United
States Steel
Corporation, 1971.)
- Spheroidite
steel
matrix:
ferrite ( )
(ductile)
particles:
cementite
(Fe
3
C)
(brittle)
60 m
Adapted from Fig.
16.4, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 16.4 is courtesy
Carboloy Systems,
Department, General
Electric Company.)
- WC/Co
cemented
carbide
matrix:
cobalt
(ductile)
particles:
WC
(brittle,
hard) V
m
:
10-15 vol%!
600 m
Adapted from Fig.
16.5, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 16.5 is courtesy
Goodyear Tire and
Rubber Company.)
- Automobile
tires
matrix:
rubber
(compliant)
particles:
C
(stiffer)
0.75 m
Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural
47
Composite Survey: Particle-II
Concrete gravel + sand + cement
- Why sand and gravel? Sand packs into gravel voids
Reinforced concrete - Reinforce with steel rerod or remesh
- increases strength - even if cement matrix is cracked
Prestressed concrete - remesh under tension during setting of
concrete. Tension release puts concrete under compressive force
- Concrete much stronger under compression.
- Applied tension must exceed compressive force
Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural
threaded
rod
nut
Post tensioning tighten nuts to put under tension
48
Composite Survey: Fiber-I
Fibers very strong
Provide significant strength improvement to
material
Ex: fiber-glass
Continuous glass filaments in a polymer matrix
Strength due to fibers
Polymer simply holds them in place
Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural
49
Composite Survey: Fiber-II
Fiber Materials
Whiskers - Thin single crystals - large length to diameter ratio
graphite, SiN, SiC
high crystal perfection extremely strong, strongest known
very expensive
Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural
Fibers
polycrystalline or amorphous
generally polymers or ceramics
Ex: Al
2
O
3
, Aramid, E-glass, Boron, UHMWPE
Wires
Metal steel, Mo, W
50
Fiber Alignment
aligned
continuous
aligned random
discontinuous
Adapted from Fig.
16.8, Callister 7e.
51
Aligned Continuous fibers
Examples:
From W. Funk and E. Blank, Creep
deformation of Ni3Al-Mo in-situ
composites", Metall. Trans. A Vol. 19(4), pp.
987-998, 1988. Used with permission.
-- Metal: '(Ni
3
Al)- (Mo)
by eutectic solidification.
Composite Survey: Fiber-III
Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural
matrix: (Mo) (ductile)
fibers: (Ni
3
Al) (brittle)
2 m
-- Ceramic: Glass w/SiC fibers
formed by glass slurry
E
glass
= 76 GPa; E
SiC
= 400 GPa.
(a)
(b)
fracture
surface
From F.L. Matthews and R.L.
Rawlings, Composite Materials;
Engineering and Science, Reprint
ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,
2000. (a) Fig. 4.22, p. 145 (photo by
J. Davies); (b) Fig. 11.20, p. 349
(micrograph by H.S. Kim, P.S.
Rodgers, and R.D. Rawlings). Used
with permission of CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL.
52
Discontinuous, random 2D fibers
Example: Carbon-Carbon
-- process: fiber/pitch, then
burn out at up to 2500C.
-- uses: disk brakes, gas
turbine exhaust flaps, nose
cones.
Other variations:
-- Discontinuous, random 3D
-- Discontinuous, 1D
Adapted from F.L. Matthews and R.L. Rawlings,
Composite Materials; Engineering and Science,
Reprint ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2000.
(a) Fig. 4.24(a), p. 151; (b) Fig. 4.24(b) p. 151.
(Courtesy I.J. Davies) Reproduced with
permission of CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Composite Survey: Fiber-IV
Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural
(b)
fibers lie
in plane
view onto plane
C fibers:
very stiff
very strong
C matrix:
less stiff
less strong
(a)
53
Critical fiber length for effective stiffening & strengthening:
Ex: For fiberglass, fiber length > 15 mm needed
Composite Survey: Fiber-V
Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural
c
f
d
t
o
> 15 length fiber
fiber diameter
shear strength of
fiber-matrix interface
fiber strength in tension
Why? Longer fibers carry stress more efficiently!
Shorter, thicker fiber:
c
f
d
t
o
< 15 length fiber
Longer, thinner fiber:
Poorer fiber efficiency
Adapted from Fig.
16.7, Callister 7e.
c
f
d
t
o
> 15 length fiber
Better fiber efficiency
(x)
(x)
54
Composite Production Methods-I
Pultrusion
Continuous fibers pulled through resin tank, then
preforming die & oven to cure
Adapted from Fig.
16.13, Callister 7e.
55
Composite Production Methods-II
Filament Winding
Ex: pressure tanks
Continuous filaments wound onto mandrel
Adapted from Fig. 16.15, Callister 7e. [Fig.
16.15 is from N. L. Hancox, (Editor), Fibre
Composite Hybrid Materials, The Macmillan
Company, New York, 1981.]
56
Stacked and bonded fiber-reinforced sheets
-- stacking sequence: e.g., 0/90
-- benefit: balanced, in-plane stiffness
Adapted from
Fig. 16.16,
Callister 7e.
Composite Survey: Structural
Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural
Sandwich panels
-- low density, honeycomb core
-- benefit: small weight, large bending stiffness
honeycomb
adhesive layer
face sheet
Adapted from Fig. 16.18,
Callister 7e. (Fig. 16.18 is
from Engineered Materials
Handbook, Vol. 1, Composites, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1987.)
57
CMCs: Increased toughness
Composite Benefits
fiber-reinf
un-reinf
particle-reinf
Force
Bend displacement
PMCs: Increased E/
E(GPa)
G=3E/8
K=E
Density, [mg/m
3
]
.1 .3 1 3 10 30
.01
.1
1
10
10
2
10
3
metal/
metal alloys
polymers
PMCs
ceramics
Adapted from T.G. Nieh, "Creep rupture of a
silicon-carbide reinforced aluminum
composite", Metall. Trans. A Vol. 15(1), pp.
139-146, 1984. Used with permission.
MMCs:
Increased
creep
resistance
20 30 50 100 200
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
6061 Al
6061 Al
w/SiC
whiskers
(MPa)
ss
(s
-1
)
58
Composites are classified according to:
-- the matrix material (CMC, MMC, PMC)
-- the reinforcement geometry (particles, fibers, layers).
Composites enhance matrix properties:
-- MMC: enhance
y
, TS, creep performance
-- CMC: enhance K
c
-- PMC: enhance E,
y
, TS, creep performance
Particulate-reinforced:
-- Elastic modulus can be estimated.
-- Properties are isotropic.
Fiber-reinforced:
-- Elastic modulus and TS can be estimated along fiber dir.
-- Properties can be isotropic or anisotropic.
Structural:
-- Based on build-up of sandwiches in layered form.
Summary