Abstract

As a consequence of deregulation, competition, and problems in securing capital outlays for expansion of the infrastructure, modern power systems are operating at ever-smaller capacity and stability margins. Traditional entities involved in securing adequate protection and control for the system may soon become inadequate, and the emergence of the new participants (non-utility generation, transmission, and distribution companies) requires coordinated approach and careful coordination of the new operating conditions. The ppt reviews the key issues and design considerations for emergency control schemes, and evaluates the strategies for their implementation introduction disturbances in power systems are a challenging problem for the utility industry because of the large scale and the complexity of the power system. When a major power system disturbance occurs, protection and control actions are required to stop the power system degradation, restore the system to a normal state, and minimize the impact of the disturbance. The present control actions are not designed for a fast-developing disturbance and may be too slow. The trend in power system planning utilizes new constraints placed by economical and environmental factors,at the same time, addition of non-utility generators and independent power producers, to operate and to control and thus making it more vulnerable to a disturbance. On the other Hand , the advanced measurement and communication technology in wide area monitoring and control, FACTS devices (better tools to control the disturbance), and new fuzzy logic and neural networks may provide better ways to detect and control an emergency Better detection and control strategies through the concept of wide area disturbance protection offer a better management of the disturbances and significant opportunity for higher power transfers and operating economies Decentralized subsystems, that can make local decisions based on local measurements and remote information (system-wide data and emergency control policies) and/or send pre-processed information to higher hierarchical levels are an economical solution to the problem.

2. Types of Disturbances and Remedial Measures

Phenomena which create the power system disturbance are divided into the following categories: angular stability, voltage stability, overload and power system cascading.

Angular stability

anglular stability refers to the ability of synchronous machines of an interconnected power system to remain in synchronism after being subjected to a disturbance .

Anglular Stability Depends on the ability to maintain/restore equilibrium between accelarating torque and load torque of each synchronous machine. At equilibrium, Input accelarating torque equals output load torque of each generator. In case of any disturbance the above equality doesnt hold leading to acceleration/ deceleration of rotors of machines

Voltage stability
Voltage stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady voltages at all buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance from a given initial operating condition .

The risk of voltage instability increases as the transmission system becomes more heavily loaded