INTRODUCTION

Derivatives is a product whose value is derived from the value of an underlying asset in a contractual manner.The underlying asset can be equity,forex,commodity or any other asset. With the approval of the derivatives bill in union cabinet, the investors are now in the position to trade through futures and options, which provides the investors a greater hedging facility. Derivatives product initially emerged as hedging devices against fluctuations in commodity prices and different types of securities. Derivatives offer organization the opportunity to break financial risks into smaller components and then to buy and sell those components to best meet specific risk management objectives. Financial derivatives came into spotlight in the year 1970 period due to growing instability in the financial markets. However since their emergence, these accounted for about two-third of totals transactions in derivatives products. In recent years, the market for financial derivatives has grown tremendously in terms of variety of instruments available, there complexity & also turn over. The emergence of the market for derivatives products, most notably forwards, futures and options, can be traced back to the willingness of risk-averse economic agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset prices. By their very nature, the financial markets are marked by a very high degree of volatility. Through the use of derivative products, it is possible to partially or fully transfer price risks by lockingin asset prices. As instruments of risk management, these generally do not influence the

fluctuations in the underlying asset prices. However, by locking-in asset prices, derivative products minimize the impact of fluctuations in asset prices on the profitability and cash flow situation of risk-averse investors.

Derivatives are risk management instruments, which derive their value from an underlying asset. The underlying asset can be bullion, index, share, bonds, currency, interest, etc. Banks, Securities firms, companies and investors to hedge risks, to gain access to cheaper money and to make profit, use derivatives. Derivatives are likely to grow even at a faster rate in future.Early forward contracts in the US addressed merchants concerns about ensuring that there were buyers and sellers for commodities. However credit risk remained a serious problem. To deal with this problem, a group of Chicago; businessmen formed the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) in 1848. The primary intention of the CBOT was to provide a centralized location known in advance for buyers and sellers to negotiate forward contracts. In 1865, the CBOT went one step further and listed the first exchange traded derivatives contract in the US; these contracts were called futures contracts. In 1919, Chicago Butter and Egg Board, a spin-off CBOT was reorganized to allow futures trading. Its name was changed to Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). The CBOT and the CME remain the two largest organized futures exchanges, indeed the two largest financial exchanges of any kind in the world today.

The first stock index futures contract was traded at Kansas City Board of Trade. Currently the most popular stock index futures contract in the world is based on S&P 500 indexes, traded on Chicago Mercantile Exchange. During the Mid eighties, financial

futures became the most active derivative instruments generating volumes many times more than the commodity futures. Index futures, futures on T-bills and Euro-Dollar futures are the three most popular futures contracts traded today. Other popular international exchanges that trade derivates are LIFFE in England, DTB in Germany, SGX in Singapore, TIFFE in Japan MATIF in France etc.

Over the last three decades, the derivatives markets have seen a phenomenal growth. A large variety of derivative contracts have been launched at exchanges across the world. Some of the factors driving the growth of financial derivatives are:Increased volatility in asset prices in financial markets,increased integration of national financial markets with the international markets,marked improvement in communication facilities and sharp decline in their costs,Development of more sophisticated risk management tools, providing economic agents a wider choice of risk management strategies, and innovations in the derivates markets, which optimally combine the risks and returns over a large number of financial assets leading to higher returns, reduced risk as well as transaction costs as compared to individual financial assets.

OBJECTIVES
With the following objectives I have undergone my project

To study the role of derivatives in Indian financial markets (F & O) To find out profit of option holder/writer. To find out loss of option holder/writer. To study the cause for fluctuations in the futures and options market. To study about risk management with the help of derivatives. To analyze the operations of futures and options.

METHODOLOGY
The methodology adopted for the study is discussions with the personnel ( who completed their NCFM, DERIVATIVES module ) in Sharekhan ltd. The data that was collected for analysis purpose has been divided into primary data and secondary data. The primary data that has been collected through personnel interview with various heads and individual traders in Sharekhan ltd. The secondary data has been collected from the Sharekhan ltd, books and the internet(bseindia.com, nseindia.com).

SCOPE
The scope of the study is limited to DERIVATIVES with the special reference to Indian context and the National stock exchange has been taken as a representative sample for the study. The study includes futures and options. The study cant be perfect. Any alterations may come as the market changes due to day to day operations. There are many organizations trading in the Sharekhan Ltd, but my study is only for selected organizations such as INFOSYS TECHNOLOGIES & DR.REDDYs LABORATORIES for one month period. The study is not based on the international perspective of derivatives markets, which exits in NASDAQ, CBOE etc.

I had chosen these companies as I wish to analysis on these companies. Moreover, these are traded on NSE (F & O).

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study is confined to only one month trading contract. The study does not look any Nifty Index Futures and Options and international markets into the consideration.

This is a study conducted within a period of 60 days. The study contains some assumption based on the demands of the analysis.

NATURE OF THE PROBLEM

The turnover of the stock exchange has been tremendously increasing from last 10 years. The number of trades and the number of investors, who are participating, have increased. The investors are willing to reduce their risk, so they are seeking for the risk management tools. Prior to SEBI abolishing the BADLA system, the investors had this system as a source of reducing the risk, as it has many problems like no strong margining system, unclear expiration date and generating counter party risk. In view of this problem SEBI abolished the BADLA system. After the abolition of the BADLA system, the investors are seeking for a hedging system, which could reduce their portfolio risk. SEBI thought the introduction of

the derivatives trading, as a first step it has set up a 24 member committee under the chairmanship of Dr. L.C. Gupta to develop the appropriate framework for derivatives trading in India, SEBI accepted the recommendation of the committee on May 11, 1998 and approved the phase introduction of the derivatives trading beginning with stock index futures.

CHAPTER-II ORGANIZATION PROFILE

Company Profile

KARVY, is a premier integrated financial services provider, and ranked among the top five in the country in all its business segments, services over 16 million individual investors in various capacities, and provides investor services to over 300 corporate, comprising the who is who of Corporate India. KARVY covers the entire spectrum of financial services such as Stock broking, Depository Participants, Distribution of financial products - mutual funds, bonds, fixed deposit, equities, Insurance Broking, Commodities Broking, Personal Finance Advisory Services, Merchant Banking & Corporate Finance, placement of equity, Initial Public Offer, among others. KARVY covers the entire spectrum of financial services such as Stock broking, Depository Participants, Distribution of financial products - mutual funds, bonds, fixed deposit, equities, Insurance Broking, Commodities Broking, Personal Finance Advisory Services, Merchant Banking & Corporate Finance, placement of equity, Initial Public Offer, among others. KARVY has a professional management team and ranks among the best in technology, operations and research of various industrial segments. With the advent of depositories in the Indian capital market and the relationships that we have created in the registry business, we believe that we were best positioned to venture into this activity as a Depository Participant. KARVY was one of the early entrants registered as Depository Participant with NSDL (National Securities Depository Limited), the first Depository in the country and then with CDSL (Central Depository Services Limited). Today, their service over 6 lakhs

customer accounts in this business spread across over 250 cities/towns in India and are ranked amongst the largest Depository Participants in the country. With a growing secondary market presence, company had transferred this business to KARVY Stock Broking Limited (KSBL), KARVY associate and a member of NSE, BSE and HSE. The term KARVY is derived from the initial letters of its founders K A R V Y Mr. Kuttumba Rao Mr. Ajay Kumar Mr. Ramakrishna Mr. Vaidyanathan Mr. Yugandhar

These five energetic and dynamic Chartered Accountants started KARVY in 1975 as KARVY and Company. Role of Finance Department In all the companies, finance and accounts are the integral part of its functioning and effective management. It gives complete picture about each and every department expense and income earned during particular period. It maintains books of accounts & prepares financial statements for specific period, which is known as the accounting period, which is of 6 months or 12 months. As the company branches are many, top management needs to be informed about the financial aspect of the organization. In KARVY F & A Department consists of Accounts Treasury Taxation Accounts (Tally)

 Debtors Management Team Management accounting and Information Systems Internal Audit In order to improve its liquidity and to avoid debts turning into irrecoverable KARVY embraced the Debtors Management Team (DMT) in its F&A department. The debtors management team was designed to intensely watch the movement of debtors in turn to depict the fluctuations in the outstanding debit balance of the clients and to trace the clients/debtors who are financially weak to pay their debt in order to encode necessary steps. To improve the liquidity and avoid the debts turning into irrecoverable KARVY started the debtors management team in April 2004.The debtors management team comprises of one general manager, one senior manager three team leaders and twenty-three team members monitoring of debtors over 350 branches of KARVY spread across the country.
Glob al servic es

Operations of KARVY:

Cons ultant s
KAR VY

Stock Brokin g

Com puter share Insura nce brokin g

Investo r Service s

Comm odities brokin g

KARVY STOCK BROKING: KARVY Stock Broking services are widely networked across India, with the number of KARVY trading terminals providing retail stock broking facilities. KARVY services have increasingly offered customer oriented convenience, which the company provides to a spectrum of investors, high net worth or otherwise, with equal dedication and competence. Company offer trading on a vast platform; National Stock Exchange, Bombay Stock Exchange and Hyderabad Stock Exchange. More importantly, KARVY make trading safe to the maximum possible extent, by accounting for several risk factors and planning accordingly. KARVY offer services that are beyond just a medium for buying and selling stocks and shares. KARVY INVESTOR SERVICES KARVY is well networked with 200 full-fledged branches and 350 Investor Service Centers with a workforce of over 3500 personnel drawn from various disciplines. KARVY Investor Services Limited, a SEBI registered Merchant Banker is a 100% subsidiary of KARVY Consultants Limited and is among the top 10 merchant Bankers in India today. KARVY financial advice and assistance in restructuring, divestitures, acquisitions, demergers, spin-offs, joint ventures, privatization and takeover defense mechanisms have elevated KARVY relationship with the client to one based on unshakable trust and confidence. KARVY - COMPUTERSHARE: KARVY traversed wide spaces to tie up with the worlds largest transfer agent, the leading Australian company, Computer share Limited. The company that services more than 75 million shareholders across 7000 corporate clients and makes its presence felt in

over 12 countries across 5 continents has entered into a 50-50 joint venture with the KARVY. KARVY GLOBAL SERVICES: The specialist Business Process Outsourcing unit of the Karvy Group. It offers several delivery models on the understanding that business needs are unique and therefore only a customized service could possibly fit the bill. Company outsourcing models are designed for the global customer and are backed by sound corporate and operations philosophies, and domain expertise. Providing productivity improvements, operational cost control, cost savings, improved accountability and a whole gamut of other advantages. They operate in the core market segments that have emerging requirements for specialized services. Their wide vertical market coverage includes Banking, Financial and Insurance Services (BFIS), Retail and Merchandising, Leisure and Entertainment, Energy and Utility and Healthcare. KARVY COMMODITIES BROKING: KARVY Commodities, They are focused on taking commodities trading to new dimensions of reliability and profitability. Company enables trade in all goods and products of agricultural and mineral origin that include lucrative commodities like gold and silver and popular items like oil, pulses and cotton through a well-systematized trading platform.

KARVY ISURANCE BROKING: At KARVY Insurance Broking Pvt. Ltd., they provide both life and non-life insurance products to retail individuals, high net-worth clients and corporate. With the opening up of the insurance sector and with a large number of private players in the business, they are in a position to provide tailor made policies for different segments of customers.

Principal Competitors of KARVY:

Kotak Securities India Bulls Financial Service Angel Broking Net worth ICICI Direct Arihant Share khan

Achievements:
Among the top 5 stockbrokers in India (4% of NSE volumes). India's No. 1 Registrar & Securities Transfer Agents. Among the to top 3 Depository Participants. Largest Network of Branches & Business Associates. ISO 9002 certified operations by DNV. Among top 10 Investment bankers. Largest Distributor of Financial Products.

Vision 2008:

Stock Broking: o 10% + share in cash markets o F & O double the cash volumes (around 6%) o Activate BSE so as to reach 5% share Depository services: o To reach the No.1 position o Look at over 12 lakhs accounts by 2008 Mutual Fund distribution: o To achieve over 250,000 applications per month o Achieve over Rs. 10,000 crores of equity assets under advise o Evolve into getting trail revenues to cover branch basic cost International branches: o 4 more branches o To contribute 10% of KARVY overall revenues Margin funding: o Over Rs.2, 000 cr. Of corpus o Provide IPO funding both for retail and HNI category o 25% of the revenues through this business

CHAPTER-III DERIVATIVES

DERIVATIVES:
Derivatives are products whose value is derived from one or more variables called bases. These bases can be underling asset such as foreign currency, stock or commodity, bases or reference rates such as LIBOR or US treasury rate etc. Example, an Indian exporter in anticipation of the dollar denominated export proceeds may wish to sell dollars at a future date to eliminate the risk of exchange rate volatility by the data. Such transactions are called derivatives, with the spot price of dollar being the underlying asset. Derivatives thus have no value of their own but derive it from the asset that is being dealt with under the derivative contract. A financial manager can hedge himself from the risk of a loss in the price of a commodity or stock by buying a derivative contract. Thus derivative contracts acquire their value from the spot price of the asset that is covered by the contract. The primary purposes of a derivative contract is to transfer risk from one party to another i.e. risk in a financial sense is transfer from a party that is willing to take it on. Here, the risk that is being dealt with is that of price risk. The transfer of such a risk can therefore be speculative in nature or act as a hedge against price movement in a current or anticipated physical position.

Derivatives or derivative securities are contracts which are written between two parties (counterparties) and whose value is derived from the value of underlying widely-held and easily marketable assets such as agricultural and other physical (tangible) commodities or currencies or short term and long-term and long term financial instruments or intangible things like commodities price index (inflation rate), equity price index or bond piece index. The counterparties of such contracts are those other than the original issuer (holder) of the underlying asset. Derivatives are also known as deferred delivery or deferred payment instruments. In a sense, they are similar to securitized assets, but unlike the latter, they are not the obligations which are backed by the original issuer of the underlying asset or security. It is easier to take a short position in derivatives than in other possible to combine them to match specific requirements, i.e., they are more easily amenable to financial engineering. The values of derivatives and those of their underlying assets are closely related. Usually, in trading derivatives, the taking or making of delivery of underlying assets is not involved; the transactions are mostly settled by taking offsetting positions in the derivatives themselves. There is, therefore, no effective limit on the quantity of claims which can be traded in respect of underlying assets. Derivatives are off balance sheet instruments, a fact that is said to obscure the leverage and financial might they give to the party. They are mostly secondary market instruments and have little usefulness in mobilizing fresh capital by the companies (warrants, convertibles being the exceptions). Although the standardized, general, exchange-traded derivatives are being contracts which are in vogue and which

expose the users to operational risk, counterparty risk, liquidity risk, and legal risk. There is also an uncertainty about the regulatory status of such derivatives.

Definition Contracts, whose values are to be derived from the asset covered by them (such as paddy), are commonly named as derivatives. These are basically, financial instruments whose value depends on the value of the other, more basic underlying variable-such as commodity, stock, currency, etc A contract or an agreement for exchange of payments, whose values derives from the value of an underlying asset or underlying reference rates or indices. A derivative is a security whose price ultimately depends on that of another asset called underlying. Derivatives means forward, futures or options contracts of predetermined fixed duration, linked for the purpose of contract fulfillment to the value of specified real or financial asset or to an index security. With securities Laws (second Amendment) Act, 1999, derivatives has been included in the definition of securities. The term derivative has been defined:

In Securities Contract (Regulation) Act; as Derivatives include:

a. A security derived from a debt instrument, share, loan, whether secured or unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of security; b. A contract which derives its value from the prices, or index of prices, of underling securities; The international monetary fund defines derivatives as financial instruments that are linked to a specific financial instrument or indicator or commodity and through which specific financial risks can be traded in financial markets in their own right. The value of financial derivatives derives from the price of an underling item, such as asset or index. Unlike debt securities, no principle is advanced to be repaid and no investment income accrues. History Derivatives have probably existed ever since people have been trading with another. Forward contracting dates back at list to the 12th century and may well have been around before then. However the development and growth of the derivatives products has been one of the most extraordinary things to happen in the financial markets place. In 1972, the Bretton Woods agreement, the post-war pact that instituted a fixed exchange rate regime to the worlds major nations, effectively collapsed, when the US suspended the dollar convertibility into the gold. This resulted in exchange rate volatility derivative products have come quite handy. They have established themselves as irreplaceable tools to hedge against risks in currency, stock and commodity markets. The history of the derivatives can be traced to the Middle Ages when formers and traders in gains and other agriculture products used certain specific types of futures and

forwards to hedge, their risks. Essentially the former wants to ensure that he receives a reasonable price for the grain that he would harvest (say) three to four months later. An oversupply will hurt him badly. For the grain merchant, the opposite is true. A fall in the agricultural production will push up the prices. It made sense therefore for the both of them to fix a price for the future. This was now the future market first developed in agricultural commodities such as cotton, coffee, petroleum, Soya bean, sugar and then to financial products such at interest rates, foreign exchange and shares. In 1995 the Chicago Board of Trade commenced trading in derivatives. For the derivatives market to develop, three kinds of participants are necessary. They are the hedgers, the speculators and the arbitrageurs. All the three must co-exist. For a hedging transaction to be completed three must be another person willing to take advantage of price movements. That is speculator. Contrary to the hedger who avoids uncertainties the speculator thrives on them. The speculator may loss plenty of money if his forecast goes wrong but a stand to gain enormously if he is proved corrects. The third category of participant is the arbitrage, which looks at risk less profit by simultaneously buying and selling the same or similar financial products in different financial markets.

RISK:

As per Websters Ninth New collegiate dictionary, the meaning of Risk is possibility of loss or injury, PERIL, a dangerous element of factor; the chance or loss or perils to the subject matter of an insurance contract; the degree of probability of such loss. According to Harold Skipper there is no universal definition of risk. Risk is commonly used to refer to insured items, to causes of loss and to the chance of loss. From the managements perspectives, risk has three connotations; risk as opportunity; risk as uncertainty; and risk as hazard. When we look at risk as an opportunity, the inherent relationship between risk and return becomes obvious, to put it differently, greater the risk, the greater the potential return and by extension, the greater the potential for loss. But when we look at risk as an uncertainty it refers to the distribution of all possible outcomes, both positive and negative. When the same is looked upon as hazard, the negative return becomes obvious. All proactive companies deal with these three elements of risk by installing management techniques to reduce the probability of negative returns without incurring too much cost and thereby enhance the scope for realizing the hoped for returns. It is in this context, that the derivative products have evolved as one of the effective tools to hedge the financial losses.

With the Indian rupee being convertible, since March 1994, the risk in the foreign exchange market has become more pronounced and the need to take risk or protect oneself from these risks has become evident. Many countries have already made their currencies convertible and some are in the process of doing so. In the context of such scenario of free foreign exchange markets, uncertainty of currency rates and their volatility has made it imperative for the dealers in the foreign exchange to expose themselves to the risk. Risk is inherent in the foreign dealings due to the following reasons. 1. Trade across countries involves dealings with parties exporter or importer who are unknown and whose creditworthiness is uncertain. 2. Foreign dealings also involve countries whose credibility and creditworthiness is not certain. Full convertible of rupee As referred to earlier the convertibility on trade account was launched on March 1993 and exporters have become convertible at free market rates up to 100% of them.

RISK IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET

There are different types of exchange risks in the foreign exchange market which are set out briefly below: 1. Credit risk of customer: Credit rating by international banks and international credit rating agencies will help reducing this risk. In India, ECGC and banks do take this risk for the exporter. 2. Country risk: This is slightly different from the currency risk and arises out of the policies of economic and political nature and there external payments position and their export earnings to service the foreign creditors, convertibility or otherwise of their currencies, etc. 3. Currency risk: This risk arises out of the volatility or otherwise of the currency and its strength or weakness in terms of other currencies and interest rates and relative degrees of inflation in the respective countries which influence the exchange rates. It also depends on the hot money flows and speculative short terms flows as between countries which will destabilize the exchange rates. The currency risk is generally covered by banks on the guarantee of the ECGC in some cases or by the EXIM bank. 4. Market risk: Risks of commodities their quality and the change of government policies of taxation etc., are borne by the exporter or the ECGC in some cases. It will thus be seen that some risk cannot be avoided or passed on by the exporter and

infect many more risks are to be borne by the importer than by the exporters, as the government policy in India wants to encourage the exporter from the country.

Factors generally attributed as the major driving force behind growth of financial derivatives are: a. Increased volatility in asset prices in financial markets. b. Increased integration of national financial markets with the international markets. c. Market improvement in communication facilities and sharp decline in their costs. d. Development of more sophisticated risk management tools, providing economic agents a wider choice of risk management strategies, and e. Innovation in derivative markets, which optimally combine the risk and returns over the large number of financial assets, leading to higher returns, reduced risk as well as transaction costs as compared to individual financial assets.

The need for a Derivatives Market

The derivatives market performs a number of economic functions: 1. They help in transferring risks from risk adverse people to risk oriented people. 2. They help in the discovery of future as well as current prices. 3. They catalyze entrepreneurial activity. 4. They increase the volume traded in markets because of participation of risk adverse people in greater numbers.

5. They increase savings and investment in the long run.

FUNCTIONS OF DERIVATIVES Risk transfer: Derivative products allow splitting of economic risks into smaller units and transfer risk, derivatives thus facilitate the allocation of risk. Derivatives redistribute the risk between market players and are useful in risk management. Derivative instrument do not involve any risk on them. Essentially derivative market delivers three basic functions: Hedging, Speculation and Arbitrage. Hedgers transfer risk to another market participant Speculators takes un-hedged risk positions so as to exploit information inefficiencies or take advantage of risk capacity. Arbitrageurs take position mispriced instruments in order to earn risk less return.

The economic functions of these activities are quite different.

1. Hedging and speculation generates information about the pricing of risks. 2. While arbitrages creates a consistent price systems. Uses of derivatives There can be a variety of uses of derivatives. Example: A manufacture has received order for supply of his products after six months. Price of the product has been fixed. Production of goods will have to start after four

months. He fears that, in case the price of raw material goes up in the meanwhile, he will suffer a loss on the order. To protect himself against the possible risk, he buys the raw material in the futures market for delivery and payment after four months at an agreed price, say,Rs.100 per unit. Example: Another person who produces the raw material. He does not have advanced orders. He knows that his products will be ready after four months. He roughly knows the estimated cost of his products. He does not know what will be the price of his products after four months. If the price goes down, he will suffer a loss. To protect himself against the possible loss, he makes the future sale of his products, at an agreed price, say, Rs.100 per unit. At the end of four months, he delivers the products and receives the payment at the rate of Rs.100 per unit of contracted quantity. The actual price may be more or less than the contracted price at the end of the contracted period. A businessman may not be interested in such speculative gains or losses. His main concern is to make profits from his main business and not through rise and fall of prices. In the above examples, at the end of the one year, ruling price may be more than Rs.100 or less than Rs.100. If the price is higher (sayRs.125), the buyers is gainer for the pays Rs.100 and gets shares worth Rs.125, and the seller is the loser for he gets Rs.100 for shares worth Rs.125 at the time of delivery. On the other hand, in case the price is lower (say Rs.75), the purchaser is loser, and the seller is the gainer. There is the method to cut a part of such loss by buying a futures contract with an option, on payments of fee.

From the above example it is clear that ones gain is anothers loss. That is why derivatives are a Zero Sum Game. The mechanism helps in distribution of risks among the market players.

The Important Recommendations of L.C.Gupta Committee

Need for coordinated development To quote from the report of the committee- the committees main concerns is with equity based derivatives but it has tried to examine the need for financial derivatives in a broader perspective. Financial transactions and asset-liability positions are exposed to three broad types of price risks, viz; Equities, market risk, also called systematic risk (which cannot be diversified away because the stock market as a hole may up or down from time to time). Interest rate risk (as in the case of fixed income securities, like treasury bond holding, whose market price could fall heavily it interest rates shot up),and Exchange rate risk (where the position involves a foreign currency, as in the case of imports, exports, foreign loans or investments). The above classification of price risk explains the emergence of (a) equity futures, (b) interest rate futures, and (c) currency futures respectively. Equity futures have been the last to emerge. The recent report of the RBI appointed committee on capital account convertibility (Tarapore Committee) has expressed the view that time is ripe for introduction of futures in

currencies and interest rates to facilitate various users to have access to a wide spectrum of cost-efficient hedge mechanism. In the some context, the Tarapore Committee has also opinioned that a system of trading in futures.is more transparent and cost efficient than the existing system (of forward contracts). Having a common trading infrastructure will have important advantages. The committee, therefore, feels that the attempt should be to develop an integrate market structure. SEBI-RBI co-ordination mechanism As all the three types of financial derivatives are set to emerge in India in the near future, it is desirable that such development be coordinated. The committee recommends that a formal mechanism be established for such coordination between SEBI and RBI in respect of all financial derivatives markets. This will help to avoid the problem of overlapping jurisdictions.

Derivatives exchange The committee strongly favored the introduction financial derivatives to facilitate hedging in most cost-efficient way against market risk. There is a need for equity derivatives, interest rate derivative and currency derivatives; there should be phased introduction of derivatives products. To start with, index future to be introduced, which should be followed by options on index and later options on stocks.

The derivative trading should take place on separate segment of the existing stock exchanges with an independent governing council where the number of trading members should be limited to 40 percent of the total number. Trading to be based on online screen trading with disaster recovery site. Per half hour capacity should 4-5 times the anticipated peck load. Percentage of broker-member in the council to be prescribed by the SEBI. The settlement of derivatives to be through an independent clearing corporate/clearing house, which should become counter party for all trades or alternatively guarantee the settlement of all the trades. The clearing corporation to have adequate risk containment measures and to collect margins through EFT. The derivative exchange to have both online trading and surveillance system. It should disseminate trade and price information on real time basis through two information vending networks. The committee recommended separate membership for derivatives segment. Regulatory framework Regulatory control should envisage systems for full proof regulation. Regulatory framework for derivatives trading envisaged two-level regulation i.e. exchange-level and SEBI-level, with considerable emphasis on self-regulatory competence of derivative exchanges under the overall supervision and guidance of SEBI. Regulatory role of SEBI SEBI will approve rules, buy-laws and regulations. New derivative contracts to be approved by SEBI. Derivative exchanges to provide full details of proposed contract, like

economic purposes of the contract; likely contribution to the markets development; safeguards incorporated for investor protection and fair trading. Specification regarding trading Stock exchanges to stipulate in advance trading days and hours. Each contract to have pre determined expiration date and time. Contract expiration period may not exceed 12 months. The last trading day of the trading cycle to be stipulate in advance. Membership eligibility criteria The trading and clearing member will have stringent eligibility conditions. The committee recommended for separate clearing and non-clearing members. There should be separate registration with SEBI in addition to registration with stock exchange. Clearing corporation The clearing system to be totally re-structured. There should be no trading interests on board of CC. The maximum exposure limit to be liked to be deposit limit. To make the clearing system effective the committee stressed stipulation of initial and mark to market margins. Extent of margin prescribed to co-relate to the level of volatility of particular scrips traded. Since margin to be adjusted frequently based on market volatility margin payments to be remitted through EFT (Electronic Fund Transfer).

Market to Market settlement There should the system of daily settlement of futures contracts. Similarly the closing price of futures to be settled on daily basis. The final settlement price to be as per the closing price of underlying security. Sales practices Risk disclosure document with each client mandatory. Sales person to pass certification exam. Specific authorization from clients board of directors/trustees.

Trading parameters

Each order- buy/sell and open/close Unique order identification number Regular market lot size, tick size Gross exposure limits to be specified Price bands for, each derivative contract Maximum permissible open position

Brokerage

Prices on the system shall be exclusive of brokerage Maximum brokerage rates shall be prescribed by the exchange Brokerage to be separately indicated in the contracts note

Margins from Clients Margins to be collected from all clients/trading members Daily margins to be further collected Losses if any to be charged clients/TMs and adjusted against margins

Other recommendations

Removal of regulatory prohibition on the use of derivative by mutual funds while making the trustees responsible to restrict the use of derivatives by mutual funds only to hedging and portfolio balancing and not for speculation.

Creation of derivative cell, a derivative advisory committee, and economic research wing by SEBI.

Derivatives Market There are two types of derivative market: 1. Exchanged based market. 2. Over the counter (OTC) markets. Exchanged based market and clearing houses

These markets are developed, highly organized and regulated by their own owners who are usually traders. It is the exchange with decides on the 1. Standard units currency, size maturity to be traded and the times when trading begin and cease each day. 2. Rules of the clearing house through which all deals are routed. 3. Margin requirements that all members have to deposit with the clearing house to ensure that the default is unlikely.

Mechanics of the markets Example: In S&P 500 stock index futures contracts are tied to the standard and Poors composite stock index. The futures have standard maturity and the exchange prescribes rules for settlement of any outstanding contracts in cash on the expiration dates. In contrast, OTC derivatives are customized to meet the specific needs of the counterparty. A financial swap is a good example of OTC derivative. An important difference between exchange traded and OTC derivative is the credit risk. In the OTC markets, one party is exposed to the risk that his counterparty may default on the contract. In case of default there will be need to replace the counterparty that is also knows as replacement risk. The risk becomes insignificant in case of exchange-traded derivatives.

Market participants in DERIVATIVES Derivatives markets are essential frequented by three kinds of hedgers, speculators and arbitrageurs. Traders who are exposed to market risk by virtue of their long/short position under foreign currency; stocks, commodities, etc. visit derivatives market primarily as hedgers. They are basically interested in reducing a risk that they already face. The other category of visitors to derivatives markets in speculators. They bet that the price of the stock or a currency will go up or will go down. Speculators can use all the three products namely forward contracts, futures and options to take a position in the market. A speculator who thinks that the price of Reliance share will rise can speculate by taking a long position on Reliance option say @Rs.300, expiry three months. If on the date of expiry, the price of Reliance is proved to be Rs.350, the speculator with a long position can take delivery of reliance at Rs.300 and sell it at the market price of Rs.350. thus he will realize a gain of Rs.50 per share. If reverse happens, his are marginal for all that he would be losing is only the option premium paid up front. The third category of market participants is arbitrageurs. They usually lock into a riskless profit by entering simultaneously into transactions in two or more markets. Consider Infosys is treated in both New York and Mumbai exchanges and suppose the stock price is Rs.2000 in Mumbai stock exchange and US $42 in New York stock exchange and the dollar exchange rate is Rs.50. an arbitrageur would then jump to buy 100 shares in Mumbai stock exchange and sell them in New York stock exchange @42 dollars per share to make a risk free profit of Rs.10000 provided such transactions are permitted.

A wide range of participants uses derivatives instruments, such as individual investors, institutional investors, treasury departments, banks and other financial intermediaries, securities traders etc.

Indian derivatives market Indian derivatives market, through has a history of more than a century, is still in its nascent stage vis--vis global derivatives market. The first step towards development of derivatives markets in India is the appointment of L.C.Gupta committee by SEBI to go into the question of derivatives trading and to suggest various policy and regulatory measures that need to be undertaken before such trading is formally allowed. We have today active derivative markets in the segment of stock and foreign currency while trading in commodities is in the process of stabilization. Stock market derivative have indeed picked up momentum and the volumes under futures on individual stock have reached global proportions. We have also well established OTC currency derivatives market. In a net shall we may say that derivatives market in India an evolving phase. Derivatives products Derivatives are in fact as old as trading but their Dramatic rise in popularly took place in the last thirty years. The breakdown of Bretton woods system of fixed exchange rates and the resulting volatility in forex markets put the derivative on a pedestal. The key reason for their popularly has been that derivatives such as futures and options have indeed filed a

gap in the financial system. Prior to their emergence, there was no mechanism for that could protect to trades, banks, etc, from price risk. Secondly, they are highly flexible and thus have a universal applicability. For instance, stock market index futures provide insurance against stock price risk due to market fluctuations, while currency futures provide insurance against price risk due to exchange rate fluctuations. All derivatives can be classified based on the following features: 1) Nature of contracts 2) Underlying assets 3) Market mechanism

Nature of contract: based on the nature of contract, derivatives can be classified into three categories:

Forward rate contract and futures Options Swaps

Underlying assets: Most derivatives are based on one of the following four types of assets:

Foreign exchange Interest being financial assets Commodities (grain, coffee, cotton, wool, etc.) Equities Precious metals (gold, silver, copper, etc.) Bonds of all types

Market mechanism:

OTC products Exchange traded products

Role of clearing house A clearing house is a key institution in the derivatives market. It performs two critical functions. Offering customers deals and assuring the financial integrity of the transactions that take place in the exchange. The clearing house could be a part of the exchange of a separate body coordinating with the exchange. Trading in derivatives Indian securities markets have indeed waited for too long for derivatives trading to emerge. Mutual funds, FIIs, and other investors who are deprived of hedging opportunities will now have a derivatives market to bank on. First to change are the globally popular variety index futures. While derivatives markets flourished in the developed world Indian markets remain deprived of financial derivatives to the beginning of this millennium. While the rest of the world progressed by the leaps and the bonds on the derivatives front, Indian market lagged behind. Having emerged in the market of the developed nations in the 1970s, derivatives market grew from strength to strength. The trading volumes nearly doubled in every three years making it a trillion-dollar business. They become so ubiquitous that, now one cannot think of the existence of financial markets without derivatives. Two board approaches of SEBI is to integrate the securities market at the national level, and also to diversify the trading banks, financial institutions, insurance companies, mutual funds, primary dealers etc, choose to transact through the exchanges. In this context the introduction of derivatives trading through Indian stock exchanges permitted by SEBI in 2000 AD is real landmark.

SEBI first appointed the L.C.Gupta committee in 1998, to recommend the regulatory frame work for derivatives recommended suggestive buy-laws for regulation and control of trading and settlements of derivatives contracts. The board of SEBI in its meeting held on May 11, 1998 accepted the recommendations of the Dr.L.C.Gupta, committee and approved the phased introduction of derivatives trading in India beginning with stock index futures. The board also approved the suggestive Bye-laws recommended by the committee for regulation and control of trading and settlement of derivatives contracts. SEBI subsequently the J.R.Varma committee to recommended risk containment measures in the Indian stock index futures market. The report was submitted in the same year (1998) in the month of November by the said committee. TYPES OF DERIVATIVES: There are four most commonly traded derivative instruments: Forwards, Futures & Options and Swaps. Futures and Options are actively traded on many exchanges. Forward contracts and swaps and certain kind of options are mostly traded as over the counter (OTC) products. FORWARD CONTRACTS: It is an agreement to buy or sell an asset at a certain future time for a certain price. These contracts are usually entered between two financial institutions or between a financial institution and its corporate clients. These are traded as OTC products. Under this agreement, one of the parties undertakes a long position by agreeing to buy the underlying asset, Example foreign currency at a certain specified price while the other

party assumes short position having agreed to sell the same asset i.e. foreign in the example on the same date for the same price. Since, the delivery price chosen at the time contract is entered into, the value of the forward contract remain zero for the parties and thus, it costs nothing to either take a long or a short position in forward market. A forward contract is settled at maturity. The holder of the short position (seller of the contract) delivers the underlying asset to the holder of the long position (buyer of the contract) on the maturity date against cash payment that equals the delivery price by the buyer. A forward contract for delivery of US dollars against payment of rupee is worth zero the forward price is liable to change while the delivery price of the contract remain same. Example: if a corporate enters into a forward contract for purchase of US dollar @$=Rs on 1st November for delivery on 1st December. Suppose on 1st December if the dollar appreciates and spot dollar rupee quote moves up to $=Rs 52, the value of the long position becomes positive and as the short position becomes negative. Conversely, if the dollar depreciates and as a result the spot price slides to $=Rs49, the value of the long position becomes negative while the value of the short position becomes positive. Thus, forward contracts enable a trader to lock in certainty about the future price but cannot improve the position. FEATURES Silent features of forward contracts may be enumerated as:

Each contract is custom designed and hence is unique in terms of contract size, maturity date and asset type and quality.

On the expiration date the contract is normally settled by the delivery of asset.

Forward contract being bilateral are exposed to counter party. There is no secondary market. Contracts are highly liquid and the parties have varied clear commitment.

As a clearing house does not guarantee the contract there is a risk following from default by the counter party.

ILLUSTRATION: On 1st April Mr. L enters into a forward contract with Mr. S and agrees to purchase 1000 shares of X Ltd for a predetermined price of Rs.10 three months forward. On the fixed future date Mr. L will gave the 1000 shares and will pay the price that is Rs.10000 and Mr. S will deliver the share and receive the money. The contract is settled on maturity date. The holder of the short position delivers the asset to the holder of the long position in return for the cash amount equivalent to the delivery price. Forward are traded over the counter and not with in an exchange. Lack of liquidity and counter party default risks are main Drawback of forward contract.

FUTURES:

A financial future is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell a standard quantity of a specific asset at a future date at a price agreed between the parties through an open outcry on the floor of an organized futures exchange. The underlying asset could as well be a commodity such as gold, crude oil, stock market index, individual stocks, interest rates, etc. the futures contracts are standardized in terms of quantity of underlying, quality of underlying, the date and month of delivery, the units of the price quotation and minimum change in price and location of settlement. In short, futures contract is an exchange traded version of usual forward contract. There are, significant difference between the two and the same can be appreciated the characteristics of futures. Commodity to index futures, it tends to become quasi-gambling. Futures or futures contracts are transferable specific delivery forward contracts. They are agreements between two counterparties that fix the terms of an exchange, or that lock in the price today of an exchange, which will take place between them at some fixed future date. They are highly standardized contracts between the sellers or writers or shorts and the buyers or longs which obligate the former to deliver, and the latter to receive, the given assets in specified quantities, of specified grades, at fixed times in future at contracted prices. The period of contract (deferment) may be several months; it normally varies between three to 21 months abroad. Depending on the underlying assets, one can talk of (a) commodity futures and (b) financial futures; stock index futures, interest rates futures and currency futures are the examples of the latter. While the stock index futures are traded on the basis of different share price indices rather than on any individual share, interest rates futures are written on the basis of interest rates or price indices of fixed

interest securities such as treasury bills and bonds, industrial bonds (debentures), commercial paper, certificates of deposits and mortgage loans. Example: a former who is growing corn, say the month running is April and corn is likely the harvest in the month of July. There is uncertainty about price you will receive for the corn. In the year of low supply or scarcity of corn, he might obtain a relatively high price especially if you are not in a hurry. In the year of oversupply of corn, you may have to dispose at lower prices. In the later case, you are exposed to a great deal of risk. On the other hand, consider a merchant who has an ongoing requirement for corn. In the year of oversupply, he could fetch the corn at a competitive rate. But, in the ear of scarcity, he is exposed to price risk, as the prices may be highly exorbitant. Among financial futures, the first to emerge ware currency futures 1972 in USA followed soon by interest rate futures. Stock index futures and options first emerged in the year 1982. The prime objective of using futures market is to manage price risk. The largest futures exchanges in the world are the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) and Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT).

Definition of Futures

A futures contract can be defined as an agreement to buy and sell a standard quality of a specific instrument at a predetermined future date and at a price agreed between the parties through open outcry on the floor of an organized futures exchange. Futures are considered to be a better when compared to forward because of the following reasons: 1. Standard volume 2. Liquidity 3. Counterparty guarantee by exchange 4. Intermediate cash flows

Organized exchanges: Futures are traded on organized exchanges with a designated physical location where trading takes place. This provides a ready liquid market. Standardization Amount of the commodity to be delivered and the maturity date are standardized by the exchange on which the contract is traded.

Clearing House: On the trading floor of the future exchange, a future contract is agreed upon between two parties A and B is replaced by the two contract one between A and the clearing house and the other between the B and the clearing house. The exchange interposes itself in every deal as a buyer to every seller and as a seller to every buyer. This guarantees all the transactions routed through the exchange. The clearing house protects itself from the counterparty default from imposing margin requirements on traders. The clearing house may subsidiary of the exchange itself or an independent corporation. Margins: Only members of exchange can trade in futures on the exchange. A sub-set of exchange members are clearing members i.e. members of the clearing house when the clearing house is a subsidiary of the exchange. Every transaction is thus between an exchange member and the exchange clearing house. Since the clearing house assumes the credit risk in futures transactions, it demands a performance bond in the form of margin to be deposited with the clearing house by each member, who enters into the futures commitment. The amount of margin is fixed by the exchange and it has to be complied with. The compliance could be in the form of cash or securities such as treasury bills etc.

Market to market: At the end of the trading session, all outstanding contracts are reprised by the clearing corporation the settlement price of that session. Margin accounts of those, who made losses, are debited and those who gained are credited. Example: A trader Shyam bought on 2nd December, 2002 single stock futures contract of NSE on ACC at Rs.162, expiry date being 26th December, 2002. Suppose next day, the price on the futures contract on ACC increases and at the end of the trading session on 3rd December the settlement price is Rs.163. It means, Shyam the trader who bought futures on ACC made a profit of Rs.1 (as 163-162=1 and obviously, someone with the corresponding short position lost a matching amount). This gain is credited to the margin amount of Shyam and contract is reprised at Rs.163. Shyam can immediately withdraw this gain. Suppose the reverse happens, the loss is debited to margin account and a demand is made on Shyam to make good the loss is debited to the margin account by a fresh credit. Trading process: Futures contracts are traded by a system of open-outcry on the trading floor of a centralized and regulated exchange. The exchange member can alone take part in the trading. Members, who trade for their own account, are called as Floor traders and who trade on behalf of others, are called as Floor brokers while those, who trade for both are known as Dual traders.

A buyer of traders in terms of negotiated price and the member of contracts acquire a long position while the seller requires short positions. Owing to losses, if the margin account falls below a certain level viz., maintenance margin, the trader is served with a margin sell and the trader has to deposit the required money to bring the margin back to maintenance level within the specific time. If the trader fails to do so, his position to be liquidated immediately, so as to limit the losses, the exchange or the broker may have to incur, to almost a days price change. In future market, actual derivatives are very uncommon as most of the contract is extinguished by entering into a matching contract in the opposite direction. However those, who have not liquidated their contracts by the end of the declared last trading day, are obliged to make or accept delivery. Clearing house: A clearing house is an institution which clears all the transactions under taken by a futures exchange. Members who execute trade on the exchange floor are: 1. Floor brokers 2. Floor traders

Floor brokers This broker will execute the orders on others account. They are normally selfemployed individual members of the exchange. Floor traders These traders execute the trading on their own account. Some floor traders may also execute the orders of the account of others. This mechanism is known as dual trading. Spreads: The difference between two futures price is referred to as spread. For the same underlying good, if there are two different prices on two different expiration dates, the underlying spread is referred to as intra commodity spread (also known as a time spread) if the trade between two futures prices for two different, but related commodities, such as corn oil futures and cottonseed oil futures. It is referred to as inter commodity spread'. If the price difference is between two markets for the same commodity, it is known as inter market spread US Exchanges: 1. 3 month Eurodollar (CME) 2. 90 days T-bill (CME) 3. 1 month LIBOR (CME) Foreign Exchanges:

1. 3 month Euro yen TIFFE, Japan 2. 3 month Sterling LIFFE, UK 3. 90 day Bank Bill Sydney Futures Exchange, Australia 4. 3 month Eurodollar LIFFE, UK 5. 3 month Euro mark MATIF, France 6. 3 month HIBOR Hong Kong Futures Exchange 7. 3 month Euro Yen SIMEX, Singapore Strip and stack hedging strategies: There are two popular hedging strategies on the futures contract, which are used by investors who like to insure the surety of their earnings for a longer period of time. One of the strategies is called the stack hedging and other is the strip hedging. 1. Strip hedging: Strip hedging implies buying various futures contracts with different delivery times, which are matching the investors risk exposure dates. The basic risk is less in this strategy. 2. Stack hedging: stack hedging implies buying various futures contracts which are concentrated in the nearby delivery months. While the basic risk is more in this strategy, the liquidity position is far superior to the strip hedging.

OPTIONS An option gives its owner the right to buy or sell an underlying asset at a future date. This can be done at the price specified in the option contract. But one can use it only if the option contract price is favorable to him. If the price trend is unfavorable, he need not exercise the option. Instead he can go and buy or sell the asset in the market at a price

better than the option contract price. This means an option holder has a right but not the obligation to exercise the contract. Options are first traded in 1973 on an organized exchange and are now traded on exchanges, by banks and financial institutions. The underlying asset in options includes stocks, stock indices, foreign currencies, debt instruments, commodities and future contracts. Options are available on many traditional products such as equities, stock indices commodities and foreign exchange interest rates, etc. foreign exchange markets are particularly suited to the use of options as they have traditionally been very volatile. The holder of an option has the right, but not obligation, to buy or sell the underlying asset at the fixed rate (strike price) on a date in the future. The quantity of underlying asset, rate and date are all predetermined. Unlike under a forward contract or futures contract where the holder is obliged to buy or sell the underlying asset, the option gives the buyer of the contract or buyer has a right to do something and he does not have to necessarily exercise that right. As against this the writer or seller of the option is obligated upon to honor the commitments as per the terms of the contract should the buyer exercise it. Obviously, a buyer has to pay a cost, usually referred to as premium to acquire such a right. SEBI has permitted option trading in Indian capital market securities in the year 2001; both buy way of trading in stock options and also index options. Options are currently traded on the Mumbai stock exchange (BSE) and National Stock Exchange (NSE). Like

trading in stocks, options trading are regulated by SEBI. These exchanges seek to provide competitive, liquid and orderly markets for the purpose and sale of standardized options. Options are an important element of investing in markets, serving a function of managing risk and generating income. Unlike the most other types of investments today, options provide a unique set of benefits. Not only does option trading provide a chip a defective means of hedging ones portfolio against adverse and unexpected price fluctuations, but it also offers a tremendous speculative dimension to trading. GENERAL FEATURES OF OPTIONS Options are traded both on exchanges and in the over-the-counter market. There are two basic types of options. A call option gives the holder the right to buy the underlying asset by a certain date for a certain price. A put option gives the holder the right to sell the underlying asset by a certain date in the contract is known as the expiration date or maturity. American options can be exercised at any time up to the expiration date. European options can be exercised only on the expiration date itself. Most of the options that are traded on exchanges are American. In the exchange-traded equity options market, one contract is usually an agreement to buy or sell 100 shares. European options are generally easier to analyze than American option are frequently deduced from those of its European counterpart. It should be emphasized that an option gives the holder the right to do something. The holder does not have to exercise this right. This is what distinguishes options from forwards and futures, where the holder is obligated to buy or sell the underlying asset. Note

that whereas it costs nothing to enter into a forward or futures contract, there is a cost to acquiring an option. In options markets, the exercise (strike or striking) price means the price at which the option holder can buy and/or sell the underlying asset. If the current price of the underlying asset exceeds the exercise price of a call option, the call is said to be in the money. Similarly, if the current piece of the underlying asset is less than the exercise price of a call option, it is said to be out of the money. The near the money call options are those whose exercise price is slightly greater than current market price of the asset. Premium is the price paid by the buyer to the seller of the option, whether put or call. A call option when it is written against the asset owned by the option writer is called a covered option, and the one written without owning the asset is called naked option. Option contract illustrated: On March 1, 2003, A sells a call option (right to buy) on INFOSYS to B for a price of say Rs. 300. Now B has the right to approach A on march 31, 2003 and he buy 1 share of INFOSYS at Rs. 5000. Here: B may find it worthwhile to exercise his right to buy only if INFOSYS Ltd. trades above Rs. 5000. If B exercises his option, A has to necessary sell B one share of INFOSYS. At Rs. 5000 on March 31, 2003. So if the price INFOSYS goes above Rs. 5000 B may exercise this option, or else the option, or else the option may lapse. Then B loses the original option price of Rs. 300 and A as gained it.

Basic Terms used in Option Trading Explained:

Option premium or option price:

The buyer pays to the seller (sometimes called the writer) of the option, a fee for acquiring the right to say or sell the underlying, known as premium. It represents the maximum that can be lost by the buyer and the maximum profit available to the seller of the option. In the above transaction Rs. 300 is called is the option price or option premium. In the trading of the options, the holder (buyer) of the options is enjoying the right to buy/sell while the writer (seller) is obliged to sell/buy depending of the action of the holder.

Exercise Price or Strike Price:

Exercise:

If the option buyer decides to take delivery of the underlying asset say Example, foreign exchange, the most notify the seller of his decision by exercising his right to delivery. This exercise is effectively the collection of option and the resultant creation of foreign exchange transaction, value spot. Options that are not exercised expire worthless.

Strike:

It is also known as the strike or striking price. This is determined rate of exchange at which the underlying asset is to be exchanged the option is exercisable.

Strike is usually chosen at a level close the current spot or forward rate (if available as in the case of forex-market) of the underlying asset or at any reasonable level as perceived by the parties. Rs. 5000 is the exercise price or strike price in the above example. The strike price is the price at which an option can be exercised. For instance, assume that you hold a European option on INFOSYS Company for one share. The strike price is fixed at Rs. 5000 and the expiration date is 31st march 2003. If the prevailing market price is say Rs. 5500, then you can exercise your option on the 31st march and buy one share of INFOSYS for Rs. 5000.

Expiration Date: In illustration referred above March 31st, 2003 is the expiration date i.e. the date on which the option expires. Option quoted in exchange includes the date and the month on which the option can exercise. This is called the expiration date. Contract cycle: The period over which the contract trades. The futures and option contract at NSE have one month, two months and three months expiry cycles. The contracts expire on the last Tuesday of the corresponding month.

Basis:

Basis is defined as the future price minus the spot price. In most of the times basis shall be positive, which reflect that futures price normally exceeds spot price. Covered & Naked Calls: A call option position that is covered by an opposite position in the underlying instrument (Example shares, commodities etc.) is called a covered call. Writing covered calls involves writing call options when the shares that might have to be delivered (if position holder exercises his right to buy), are already owned. E.g. writer writes a call on Reliance and at the same time holds share of Reliance so that if the call is exercised by the buyer, he can deliver the stock. Covered calls are far less risky than naked calls (where is no opposite position in the underlying), since the most can happen is that the investor is required to sell shares already owned at below their market value. When a physical delivery uncovered/naked call is assigned a exercise, the writer will have to purchase the underlying asset to meet his call obligation and his loss will be the excess of the purchase price over the exercise price of the call reduced by the premium received for writing the call. Intrinsic Value of Option: The intrinsic value of an option is defined as the amount by which an option is in the money or the immediate exercise value of the option when the underlying position is marked-to-market.

For a call option: Intrinsic value = Spot price-Strike price For a put option: Intrinsic value = Strike price-Spot price

The intrinsic value of an option must be a positive number or 0. if cant be negative. Option Holder: He is the one who buys an option, which can be a call or a put option. He enjoys the right to buy or sell the underlying asset at a specified price on or before specified time. Cash-Settled Options: This gives the owner the right to receive a cash payment based on the difference between a determined value of the underlying at the time of exercise and the fixed exercise price of the option, Nifty options shall be cash settled. Example: a bought Nifty November call at a strike price of 1400. On expiration of November options, the expiration level was 1430. The cash settlement will be 30 per Nifty and for one contract, Rs.6000 (that is, 30x200, is the minimum contract size). Cash settled options are those where, on exercise the buyers is paid the difference between stock price and exercise price (call) or between exercise price and stock price (put). Delivery settles options are those where the buyer takes delivery of undertaking (calls) or offers delivery of the undertaking (puts). CALL OPTION & PUT OPTION

Call Option: A call option gives the right but not the obligation to buy the underlying asset at a

specific price. Since the initial cash flow to buy the option is comparatively small, investor bullish on the asset (can be a stock or any other asset for that matter) can use call option to

maximize the returns by buying into the product. Further, even in the case of the asset moving the other way, the maximum loss for the investor is only the premium he has paid. Example: an investor buys one European call option on Infosys at the strike price of Rs. 5000 at a premium of Rs. 300. if the market price of Infosys on the day of expiry is more than Rs. 5000, the option will be exercised. The investors will earn profits once the share price crosses Rs. 5300, (strike price + premium i.e. 5000+300). Suppose stock price is Rs. 5800, the option will be exercised and the investor will buy 1 share of Infosys from the seller of the option at Rs. 5000 and sell it in the market at Rs. 5800 making a profit of Rs. 500 [(spot price strike price )-premium]. In another scenario, if at the time of expiry stock price falls below Rs. 5000 say suppose it touches Rs. 4800, the buyer of the call option will choose not to exercise to his option. In this case the investor losses the premium (Rs. 300), paid which should be the profit earned by the seller of the call option. Example: Shyam, purchase a call option on ACC at a strike of R. 150 exercisable on December 26th 2004 by paying the specified premium to the seller. On 26th December 2004 Shyam observes that the price of ACC in the cash market is Rs. 155. The option is than obviously, worth exercising therefore, Shyam exercise the option and demands for delivery of ACC shares. Excluding the premium, paid upfront by Shyam, the pay off from the option is: Spot price of ACC = Rs. 155.00

Exercise price of ACC = Rs. 150.00

Pay off

= Rs.

5.00

The net gain under this call option is: Pay off = Rs. 5.00

Less: Premium = Rs. 1.00 Net gain = Rs.4.00

On the other hand if the price of ACC on the maturity dates of the option is Rs.143, the option has finished out of the money and thus it becomes worthless. The payoff is zero. Therefore, Shyam will not exercise the option and he goes to the cash market and purchase ACC shares @ Rs. 145.

Illustration 1: An investor buys one European call option on one share of Reliance petroleum at a premium of Rs. 2 per share on 31st July. Then strike price is Rs. 60 and the contract matures on 30th September. The pay off for the investor by the basis of fluctuating spot prices at any time is shown by the pay off table (table 1). It may be clear on the graph that even in the worst case scenario; the investor would only lose a maximum of Rs. 2 per share, which he/she had paid for the premium. The upside to it has an unlimited profits opportunity.

On the other hand the seller of the call option has a payoff chart completely reverse of the call option buyer. The maximum loss that he can have is unlimited though the buyer would make a profit of Rs. 2 per share on the premium payment.

Payoff from Call Buying/long (Rs) S 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Xt 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 C 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Payoff 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Net Profit -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

A European call option gives the following payoff to the investor. Max (S-Xt, 0). The seller gets a payoff of: max (S-Xt, 0) or min (Xt-S, 0).

Notes: S Xt C - Stock price - Exercise price at time t - European Call option premium

Payoff Max (S-Xt, 0) Payoff from Call Buying/long Net profit - Payoff minus C

Exercising the Call Option and its implications for the buyer and the seller: The Call Option gives the buyer a right to buy the requisite shares on a specific price. This puts the seller under the obligation to sell the shares on that specific price. The Call buyer exercises his option only when he/she felt it is profitable. This process is called exercising the option. The implications for a buyer are that it is his/her decision whether to exercise the option or not. In case the investor expects prices to rise for above the strike price in the future then he/she would surely be interested in buying call options. On the other hand, if the seller feels that his shares are not giving to perform any better in the future, a premium can be charged and returns from the selling the call option can be used to make up for the desired returns.

Put Option:

A Put Option is the reverse of the Call Option. It gives the holder the right to sell an asset at the predetermined price. When a put option is exercised, the holder/buyer of the option sells the underlined asset and the writer/seller of the option has to accept it at the pre-specified strike price. Example: an investor buying one European put option on Reliance at the strike price of Rs. 300, at a premium of Rs. 25. If the market price of Reliance, on the day of expiry is less than RS.300, the option can be exercised as it is in the money. The investors Break-even point is Rs. 275 (strike price premium paid) i.e., investors make earn profit if the market falls below Rs. 275. suppose stock price is Rs. 260, the buyer of the put option immediately

buys Reliance share in the market @ Rs. 260 and exercises his option selling the Reliance share at Rs. 300 to the option writer thus making a net profit of Rs. 15 [(strike price spot price) premium paid]. In other scenario, if at the time of expiry, market price of the Reliance is Rs. 320, the buyer of the put option will choose not to exercise his option to sell a share can sell in the market at a higher rate. In this case the investor losses the premium paid (i.e. Rs. 25), which shall be the profit earned by the seller of the put option. Example: Shyam, a stock market investor buys a put option from NSE for selling BPCL shares at the strike price of Rs. 230, expiry date being 26th December, 2002. -If BPCL trades at Rs. 225 on 26th December, Shyam would exercise the option. He will deliver the BPCL shares and demand for the payment @ Rs. 230 the pay off under the put option is: Strike price = Rs. 230.00 5.0

Current price = Rs. 225.00 In the money = Rs. In otherwise means that excluding upfront premium, by exercising the put option, Shyam realizes the gain of Rs. 5 per share. On the other hand if the price of the BPCL shares at the maturity is Rs. 240, Shyam will not exercise the option since, he can sell the same in the cash market at a price higher than the strike price of the option. Thus the put option becomes worthless.

Illustration 2: An investor buys one European put option on one share of Reliance petroleum at a premium of Rs.2 per share on 31st July. The strike price is Rs.60 and the contract matures on 30th September. The pay off table shows the fluctuations of net profit with a change in spot price. Payoff from put buying/long (Rs.) S 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 XT 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 P 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 PAYOFF 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 NET PROFIT 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2

The payoff for the put buyer is: max (Xt-S, 0) The payoff for the put writer is: max (Xt-S, 0)

Options Classifications: In the money These result in a positive cash flow towards the investor. At the money These result in a zero cash flow to the investor. Out of money These result in a negative cash flow for the investor. Naked options: These are options which are not combined with an offsetting contract to cover the existing positions.

Covered options: These are options contract in which the shares are already owned by the investor (in case of the covered call option) and in case of the option is exercised then the offsetting of the deal can be done by selling these shares held. Options pricing Prices of the options are commonly depending upon six factors. Unlike futures will derived there prices primarily form prices from the undertaking. Options prices are far more complex. The table below helps understanding the effect of each these factors and gives the broad picture of option pricing keeping all other factors constant. The table presents the case of the European as well as American options. Effect of increase in the relevant parameter on Option Prices:

European Options Buying Parameters Spot price (S) Strike price (Xt) Time to expiration (T) Volatility Risk free interest rates Dividends (D) Call ? Put ? ?

American Options Buying Call ? Put ?

-Favorable -Unfavorable

Spot price:

In case of a Call Option the payoff for the buyer is Max (Xt-S, 0) therefore, more the spot price more the payoff and it are favorable for the buyer. It is the other way round for the seller; more the spot price higher is the chances of his going into a loss. In case of the Put Option, the payoff for the buyer is Max (Xt-S, 0) therefore, more the spot price more the chances of going into the loss. It is reverse for the put writing.

LOT SIZES OF CONTRACTS: Symbol Nifty CNX IT BANK NIFTY Market Lot 100 100 100

Underlying S&P CNX Nifty CNX IT Bank Nifty

Derivatives on Individual Securities: Underlying ABB Ltd. Associated cement Co. Ltd Allahabad Bank Alok Industries Ltd. Andhra Bank Arvind Mills Ltd. Ashok Leyland Ltd. Aurobindo Pharma Ltd. Bajaj Auto Ltd. Bank Of Baroda Bank of India Bharat Electronics Ltd. Bharti Tele-Ventures Ltd. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. Ballarpur Industries Ltd. Bongaigaon Refinery Ltd. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. Canara Bank Century Textiles Ltd. Symbol ABB ACC ALBK ALOKTEXT ANDHRABANK ARVINDMILL ASHOKLEY AUROPHARMA BAJAJAUTO BANKBARODA BANKINDIA BEL BHARTI BHEL BILT BONGAIREFN BPCL CANBK CENTURYTEX Market Lot 100 375 2450 3350 2300 4300 4775 350 100 1400 1900 275 1000 150 1900 4500 1100 1600 425

CESC Ltd. Chambal fertilizers Ltd. Chennai Petroleum Corp Ltd. Cipla Ltd. Colgate Palmolive (I) Ltd. Corporation Bank Cummins India Ltd. Dabur India Ltd. Divis Laboratories Ltd. Dr. Reddys Laboratories Ltd. Escorts India ltd. Essar Oil Ltd. Federal Bank Ltd. GAIL (INDIA) Ltd. Great Eastern Shipping Co.Ltd. GlaxoSmithKline Pharma Ltd. Gujarat Narmada Fertilizer Co. Ltd. Grasim Industries Ltd. Gujarat Ambuja Cement Ltd. HCL Technologies Ltd Housing Development Finance Corporation Ltd. HDFC Bank Ltd. Hero Honda Motors Ltd. Hindalco Industries Ltd. Hindustan Lever Ltd. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. ICICI Bank Ltd. I-FLEX Solutions Ltd. Industrial Development Bank Of India Ltd. Infrastructure Development Finance Co. Ltd. IFCI Ltd. Indian Hotels Co.Ltd. India Cements Ltd. Indusind Bank Ltd. Infosys Technologies Ltd. Indian Petrochemicals Corp. Ltd Indian Over Seas Bank Indian Oil Corp Ltd. ITC Ltd.

CESC CHAMBALFERT CHENNPETRO CIPLA COLGATE CORPBANK CUMMINSIND DABUR DIVISLAB DRREDDY ESCORTS ESSAROIL FEDERALBNK GAIL GESHIPPING GLAXO GNFC GRASIM GUJAMBCEM HCLTCH HDFC HDFCBANK HEROHONDA HINDALCO HINDLEVER HINDPETRO ICICIBANK I-FLEX IDBI IDFC IFCI INDHOTEL INDIACEM INDUSINDBK INFOSYSTCH IPCL IOB IOC ITC

550 6900 900 1250 525 1200 950 2700 250 400 2400 5650 1300 750 600 300 2950 175 2062 650 150 200 400 1595 1000 1300 350 150 2400 2950 7875 1750 1450 3850 200 1100 2950 600 1125

IVRCL Infrastructure & Projects Ltd. J & K Bank Ltd. Jet Airways (INDIA) Ltd. Jindal Steel & Power Ltd. Jaiprakash HyDro-Power Ltd. Jindal Stainless Ltd. The Karnataka Bank Ltd. LIC Housing Finance Ltd. MahinDra & MahinDra Ltd. Maharashtra Seamless Ltd. Marti Udyog Ltd. Matrix Laboratories Ltd. Mphasis BFL Ltd. Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. Nagarjuna Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd. National Aluminum Co. Ltd. NDTV Ltd. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd. Nicolas Piramal India Ltd. National Thermal Power Corp. Ltd. Oil & Natural Gas Corp. Ltd. Orchid Chemicals Ltd. Oriental Bank Of Commerce Patni Computer System Ltd. Punjab National Bank Punjab Lloyd Ltd. Polaris Software Lab Ltd. Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. Reliance Energy Ltd. Reliance Capital Ltd. Reliance Industries Ltd. Satyam Computer Services Ltd. State Bank Of India Shipping Corporation Of India Ltd. Siemens Ltd. SRF Ltd. Strides Arcolab Ltd. Sterlite Industries (I) Ltd. Sun Pharmaceuticals India Ltd. Suzlon Energy Ltd.

IVRCLINFRA J&KBANK JETAIRWAYS JINDALSTEL JPHYDRO JSTAINLESS KTKBANK LICHSGFIN M&M MAHSEAMLES MARUTI MATRIXLABS MPHASISBFL MRPL MTNL NAGARFERT NATIONALUM NDTV NEYVELILIG NICOLASPIR NTPC ONGC ORCHIDCHEM ORIENTBANK PATNI PNB PUNJLLOYD POLARIS RANBAXY REL RELCAPITAL RELIANCE SATYAMCOMP SBIN SCI SIEMENS SRF STAR STER SUNPHARMA SUZLON

500 300 400 125 6250 2000 1250 1700 625 600 400 1250 800 8920 1600 14000 1150 1100 5900 1045 1625 225 1050 1200 650 600 1500 1400 800 550 550 150 600 250 1600 375 1500 850 875 225 200

Syndicate Bank Tata Chemicals Ltd. Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. Tata Motors Ltd. Tata Power Co. Ltd Tata Steel Ltd. Tata Tea Ltd. Titan Industries Ltd. TVS Motor Company Ltd. Union Bank Of India UTI Bank Ltd. Vijaya Bank Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd. Wipro Ltd. Wockhardt Ltd.

SYNDIBANK TATACHEM TCS TATAMOTORS TATAPOWER TATASTEEL TATATEA TITAN TVSMOTOR UNIONBANK UTIBANK VIJAYABANK VSNL WIPRO WOCKPHARMA

3800 1350 250 412 400 675 275 411 2950 2100 450 6900 525 600 600

LOT SIZES OF SELECTED COMPANIES FOR ANALYSIS

CODE DRREDDY

LOT SIZE 400

COMPANY NAME Dr.Reddy`s Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Infosys Technologies Ltd.

INFOSYSTCH

200

The following tables explain about the trades that took place in futures and options between 05/05/2008 and 10/06/2008. The table has various columns, which explains various factors involves in derivatives trading.

Date the day on which trading took place Closing premium premium for the day Open interest No. of Options that did not get exercised

Traded quantity No. of futures and options traded on that day N.O.C No. of contacts traded on that day Closing price the price of the futures at the end of the trading day

CHAPTER-IV DATA ANALYSIS

Futures of INFOSYS Date 05-May-09 06-May-09 07-May-09 08-May-09 09-May-09 12-May-09 13-May-09 14-May-09 15-May-09 16-May-09 20-May-09 21-May-09 22-May-09 23-May-09 26-May-09 27-May-09 28-May-09 29-May-09 30-May-09 02-June-09 03-June-09 04-June-09 05-June-09 06-June-09 09-June-09 10-June-09 OPEN Rs. 1755 1754.95 1829.95 1795 1748 1800 1765 1760 1811 1874 1840 1860 1835 1800 1785.3 1857 1877 1880 1890 1946 1955 1900 1890 1990 1946 1900 HIGH Rs. 1780 1833 1839.9 1795 1772 1800 1794 1808.9 1877.6 1895.1 1884.5 1885 1835 1800 1856 1869.9 1900 1900 1950 2021 1955 1921.5 1990 2019.5 1970.8 1911 LOW Rs. 1750 1725 1795 1736.4 1721 1689.9 1704.9 1725.2 1811 1842 1833.1 1807.75 1835 1800 1771 1836.3 1877 1880 1871 1943 1885.7 1855.8 1890 1980.35 1892.2 1799 CLOSE Rs. 1761.7 1782.5 1816.55 1762.75 1731.05 1762.8 1725.8 1800.4 1861.85 1852.45 1863.3 1885 1835 1800 1849.5 1847.45 1896 1900 1983.9 1951.95 1928.2 1874.75 1983.95 1983.35 1912.9 1854.25 N.O.C. 6577 12076 12420 10606 9547 15560 10675 16253 15243 12720 10210 5637 12139 10634 19275 19252 14500 14738 16334 13914 13456 10158 12770 8646 161 13052

Futures of DRREDDY Date 05-May-09 06-May-09 07-May-09 08-May-09 09-May-09 12-May-09 13-May-09 14-May-09 15-May-09 16-May-09 20-May-09 21-May-09 22-May-09 23-May-09 26-May-09 27-May-09 28-May-09 29-May-09 30-May-09 02-June-09 03-June-09 04-June-09 05-June-09 06-June-09 09-June-09 10-June-09 OPEN Rs. 625 638.9 644 649 649 628 626 620 655.1 653 644 630 643 679.4 675.95 685 688.2 685.5 697 714.4 705.5 692.2 674.9 701.1 670 695 HIGH Rs. 639 653.95 651.4 657.7 649 638.8 636.4 679 655.1 664.8 656.4 665 689.5 694 705.8 692.9 691 703.9 697 724.45 715.45 710 707.3 707.8 711 695 LOW Rs. 625 637.05 635.45 636.2 628.5 620 620.3 620 651.1 648.5 633.5 630 642.5 669 675.95 677.5 675.5 674.85 697 697.05 683.25 664 672 689.1 670 695 CLOSE Rs. 637.1 648.05 648 655.7 631.5 635.25 624.15 672.45 651.1 652.8 641.75 657.6 681.95 677.5 682.5 686.9 683.63 679.75 6967 713.6 697.3 669.83 699.20 693.4 690.05 695 N.O.C. 364 553 335 558 498 3669 455 1472 1260 758 1590 1328 2742 2275 1150 2264 1599 1911 1956 1763 1395 984 1324 744 1342 1249

PUT OPTIONS OF INFOSYS Options Date 05-May-09 06-May-09 07-May-09 08-May-09 09-May-09 12-May-09 13-May-09 14-May-09 15-May-09 16-May-09 20-May-09 21-May-09 22-May-09 23-May-09 26-May-09 27-May-09 28-May-09 29-May-09 30-May-09 02-June-09 03-June-09 04-June-09 05-June-09 06-June-09 09-June-09 10-June-09 PA 1650 C. N.C P 26. 23 35 24. 30 35 18 37 20 32 26 29 20. 40 55 29. 28 95 12. 49 25 5.9 30 5 6 1 3.5 4 2.8 3 2.5 3 2.2 2 1.5 12 1.1 4 1.1 0 0.2 6 5 20 0 3.9 14 1 14 0 14 0 14 0 14 0 14 0 14 0 PA 1680 C.P N.C 38.2 31.55 20.55 25.5 36.9 36.1 32 15.8 8.5 5.05 4 4 4 2.5 2 1.1 1.1 0.3 221.4 221.4 221.4 221.4 221.4 221.4 221.4 125.03 2 14 5 4 2 10 11 4 12 2 3 0 0 1 1 6 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PA 1740 C.P N.C 57 46.65 31.5 51 63.3 40.85 61.65 22.45 14.45 9.05 6.35 6.7 8.45 8.5 4.0 1.55 0.65 0.2 223.5 223.5 223.5 223.5 223.5 223.5 223.5 221.4 15 31 151 133 34 45 41 39 163 21 10 14 28 23 15 19 10 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PA 1770 C.P N.C 75 79 79 30 30 62 84.7 40.05 19.95 16 10.1 10.1 10.1 29 6 5.79 5.75 0.25 13 20 20.6 26 19.35 18 21.6 244.4 1 1 0 1 0 4 3 2 14 6 1 0 0 9 11 3 0 1 1 56 8 7 355 90 22 0 PA 1800 C.P N.C 99 58.65 61.9 82.1 103 115 110 52 29 25.6 18.4 14.2 19.7 25.35 19.9 9.35 1.1 0.2 26.85 20.25 24.75 38.4 20.45 18.25 25.16 262 1 4 70 72 8 1 127 93 329 119 69 50 69 138 36 44 41 35 46 100 48 43 77 26 176 0

CALL OPTIONS OF INFOSYS

Options Date 05-May-09 06-May-09 07-May-09 08-May-09 09-May-09 12-May-09 13-May-09 14-May-09 15-May-09 16-May-09 20-May-09 21-May-09 22-May-09 23-May-09 26-May-09 27-May-09 28-May-09 29-May-09 30-May-09 02-June-09 03-June-08 04-June-08 CA 1650 C.P 144. 5 179 198. 5 1985 198. 5 149 110. 05 110. 5 110. 5 110. 5 110. 5 110. 5 110. 05 110. 05 264. 05 301 301 301 N.C 10 1 10 0 0 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CA 1680 C.P 122.3 149 163.5 124 87 125 100 148 211.9 5 211.9 5 211.9 5 211.9 5 160.1 190 229.5 229.5 249.9 168.5 5 168.5 5 168.5 5 CA 1710 N.C 10 13 14 12 2 6 1 1 14 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 C.P 97 122.1 5 141.2 5 100 87 110 72.35 137 185.2 171.2 171.2 180 139.9 120.5 175 170.7 199.8 199.8 236.5 5 461.1 461.1 461.1 CA 1740 N.C 19 20 1 1 3 4 5 3 25 1 0 1 0 6 13 12 29 0 0 0 0 0 C.P 71.9 104.65 114 81.85 62.2 75.95 56.7 98.75 153.85 133 169.95 139.9 104.1 85 145.35 141.6 172.15 172.15 233.4 169.65 169.65 169.65 CA 1770 N .C 9 6 8 8 4 5 3 3 4 2 4 8 3 8 6 9 1 1 7 1 0 2 2 5 9 2 1 5 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 C.P 56.25 83.55 95 81.85 48.2 63.4 43.5 77 123 110 150 119.9 5 67.5 67.45 115.8 5 112.5 145 145 211.0 5 160.4 5 160.4 5 160.4 5 N. C 12 25 10 53 1 17 64 27 53 36 9 4 1 26 15 16 2 3 0 0 0 0 0

05-June-08 06-June-08 09-June-08 10-June-08

301 307 307 307

0 0 0 0

168.5 5 168.5 5 168.5 5 168.5 5

0 0 0 0

160 160 160 160

1 0 0 0

169.65 169.65 169.65 169.65

0 0 0 0

160.4 5 160.4 5 160.4 5 160.4 5

0 0 0 0

C.P. = Close Premium N.C. = Number of Contracts

The following table of net payoffs explains the profit/loss of option Holder/writer of INFOSYS TECH for the month of 5-May to 10-June, 2008.

Writers (Gains/ Loss) Buyers (Gain/ Loss) Premium

21990

13550

-2210

-11810

-2810

-21990

-13550

2210

2810

26.55

38.2

57

75

99

Strike Price Spot Price

1650 1785.95

1680 1785.95

1740 1785.95

1770 1785.95

1800 1785.95

Writers (Gains/ Loss) Buyers (Gain/ Loss) Premium Strike Price Spot Price

1720 -1720 144.55 1650 1785.95

3470 -3470 123.5 1680 1785.95

10210 -10210 97.0 1740 1785.95

11190 -11190 71.9 1770 1785.95

-1440 1440 56.25 1800 1785.95

Put options of DR.REDDY`S Options Date 05-May-09 06-May-09 07-May-09 08-May-09 09-May-09 12-May-09 13-May-09 14-May-09 15-May-09 16-May-09 20-May-09 PA 560 C.P N.C 47.0 5 35.2 5 37.0 5 47.0 5 47.0 5 47.0 5 35.2 5 35.2 5 35.2 5 35.2 5 35.2 5 12 91 15 31 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 PA 580 C. N.C P 57 2 57 57 57 57 44. 3 44. 3 44. 3 44. 3 44. 3 44. 3 5 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 PA 600 C.P N.C 67.95 54.5 67.95 67.95 67.95 54.5 54.5 54.5 54.5 54.5 54.5 11 16 52 51 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 PA 620 C.P N.C 79.9 65.8 79.0 79.0 79.9 65.8 65.8 65.8 65.8 65.8 65.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PA 640 C.P N. C 92.75 0 78.15 92.75 92.75 92.75 78.15 78.15 78.15 78.15 78.15 78.15 0 1 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 0

Writers (Gains/ Loss) Buyers (Gain/ Loss) Premium Strike Price Spot Price

12772 -12772 47.02 560 638.95

780 -780 57.0 580 638.95

-11660 11600 67.95 600 638.95

-24380 24380 79.9 620 638.95

-36680 36680 92.75 640 638.95

Call options of Dr.Reddy`s Options CA 560 CA 580 Date C.P N.C C.P N.C 05-May-09 72.2 1 61.7 4 06-May-09 85.95 0 73.2 3 07-May-09 72.2 0 74.8 1 08-May-09 72.2 0 60.2 0 09-May-09 84.3 5 61.7 0 12-May-09 70.2 1 61.7 1 13-May-09 72.3 1 73.8 5 14-May-09 72.2 0 72.2 0 15-May-09 72.2 0 72.2 0 16-May-09 72.2 0 72.2 0 20-May-09 72.2 0 61.7 0

CA 600 C.P 52.4 61.7 111.4 61.75 52.4 52.4 52.4 61.7 61.75 61.75 111.4

N.C 6 11 1 36 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

CA 620 C.P 44.2 51.6 44.2 100.4 51.6 44.2 44.2 44.2 44.2 44.2 44.2

N.C 7 11 14 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0

CA 640 C.P 37.05 42.7 88.45 51.6 42.7 37.05 37.05 88.45 42.7 42.7 42.7

N.C 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 0 0

C.P. = Close Premium N.C. = Number of Contracts

The following table of net payoffs explains the profit/loss of Option holder/writer of DRREDDY for the month of 5-May to 10-June, 2008.

Writers (Gains/ Loss) Buyers (Gain/ Loss) Premium Strike Price Spot Price

-2700

5300

6180

10100

14820

2700 72.2 560 638.95

-5300 61.7 580 638.95

-6180 54.4 600 638.95

-10100 44.2 620 638.95

-14820 37.05 640 638.95

CHAPTER-V FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS

FINDINGS
As of the early day of the trading with open penetrating price with Rs.1755 for two days it is stable on the third day it shoot up to Rs.1829.95 & buyers are Bearish short it out it falls to Rs.1748 after two days. And as stood with Rs.1800 & again down by two days. For the early week it was raised in one day and falls for two days and from then it shown appositive upwards movement in future and by the month end it was settle down with Rs.1900. The future of INFOSYSTCH shown a Bullish way till the 7th of May. And in the 6th June it was Rs.1990; the highest price with number of contracts is 8646. And on 26th May the players are bullish & numbers of contracts were 19275 as highest contract with an open price Rs.1785.36 in that month. From 5th to 9th market increases open with 625 on 5th May. The market price rose from Rs.625 on first day to 9th May, were it stood at Rs.649 as high. As the player in the market with an intention to short or correct the market they showed an bearish attitude for the next 3 days, were the price fall to Rs.620. And the very next day it shoot up to Rs.655.10 & it slowly fall down for the next 3 days from then it showed the greedy to the investors and price rose to remaining days and at last fall down with Slight variations Among the open prices the price at Rs.643, the open interest stood at peak position 9,12,800. Before that from the open position & the trading is bullish & after it

reaches to 9,12,800. The very next day, the players sold the Futures as to gain. The total contract traded at this price stood 2742 which is highest for that month The Put option 1740, 1770 and 1800 were in-the-money option and the remaining i.e., 1650, 1680 was out-of-the-money. The call option 1650, 1680, 1740 & 1770 were out-of-the-money only 1800 were in-the-money. The Profit of Holder = (Strike Price - Spot Price) - Premium *200 (Lot size) in case of Put Option. The Profit of Holder = (Spot Price - Strike Price) - Premium * 200 (Lot size) in case of Call Option. If it is a profit for buyer then obviously it is a loss for the holder & Vice-versa. The Put option 600, 620, and 640 were in-the-money option and the remaining i.e., 560, and 580 were out-of-the-money. The call option 560 was out-of-the-money and only 580, 600, 620 and 640 were inthe-money. The Profit of Holder = (Strike Price-Spot Price)- Premium * 400(Lot size) in case of Put Option. The Profit of Holder = (Spot Price-Strike Price)-Premium * 400(Lot size) in case of Call Option. If it is a profit for buyer then obviously it is a loss for the holder & Vice-versa.

SUGGESTIONS
It is better to the investors to keep their money in Infosys futures. In a bearish market it is suggested to an investor to opt for Put Option in order to minimize losses. In a bullish market it is suggested to an investor to opt for Call Option in order to minimize profits. In a cash market the profit/loss is limited but where in futures and options an investor can enjoy unlimited profit/loss. It is recommended that SEBI should take measures in improving awareness about the futures and options market as it is launched very recently. It is suggested to an investor to keep in mind the time and expiry duration of futures and options contracts before trading. The lengthy the time, the risk is low and profit making. The fever time may be high risk and chances of loss making.

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
They would have taken more number of futures of Infosys in that month, so that they will be in profits. Investors should choose Infosys rather than Dr.Reddy`s. The investors in the Infosys options would have choose more number of lots in the put option. Dr.Reddy`s options of call is more profitable than the put option. The traders number or lots. The investors who are investing in the derivative market in futures and options should choose the blue chip companies whose companies past 3 quarters are in gradually increasing trend. The greed and fear of individual leads to cause of fluctuations in the stock market sometimes the external factors of economical and political mishaps. would have taken more

BIBLIOGRAPHY Text Books:1. Securities analysis & Portfolio Management, by R. Madhumati, Pearson Education 2. Investments, by Schaums, TATA McGraw-Hill. 3. International Financial Management, by P.G.Apte, TATA McGraw-Hill. 4. Financial Institutions and Markets, by L.M.Bhole, TATA McGraw-Hill. 5. Options, Futures and Other Derivatives, by John C. hull, Education. 6. Financial Management by Prasanna Chandra.

Web sites: 1. URL: http//http://www.nseindia.com/

2. URL: http//http://www.bseindia.com/

3. URL: http//http://www.economictimes.com/

4. URL: http//http://www.sharekhan.com/

5. URL: http//http://www.google.com/