Aim: Study of Global Positioning System (GPS) Instruments:(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix)

(x) (xi) Principle:GPS Base Sensor Model No. SR 510 GPS Rover Sensor Model No. SR 510 Antenna Antenna Transfer Cable Terminal Battery Tripod Roving Pole Base (Tribrach) Antenna Pole Stud Height Hook

Global Positioning System gives the location of the GPS Base or GPS Rover Antenna point in term of Geodetic Co-ordinates or Cartesian Co-ordinates with the help of satellites signals orbiting the earth in different orbits. The system works on three basic segments: (i) (ii) (iii) (i) Space Segment Control Segment User Segment Space Segment:- Space Segment contains 28 Satellites Orbiting in 6 orbits with 12 hours orbit period. All the Satellites are more than 22000 km far from earth surface. Satellites have atomic clocks which measure the time very precisely in the fraction of 10- 9 sec; The atomic clocks control the GPS signals which have frequency of 10.23 MHz very accurately. Frequencies are modulated in two codes:(a) Precision code:For defense purpose (b) Coarse Acquisition code:- For Civilian Control Segment:- The control segment has a Master control station located near Colorado Springs in the US and a number of tracking stations around the world. The control system has following functions:(a) Monitoring the satellite transmission continuously and accurately, (b) Positioning the satellite for next 1 hour, based on extrapolation of their path, (c) Updating the navigation message periodically, and (d) Calibrating the satellite clocks.

(ii)

(iii)

User Segment:The user segment comprises of the total user community who observe and record the transmissions of the GPS satellite and obtain the receivers antenna position, velocity and time by using solution algorithms. The receiver receives the satellite signals and obtain its real time position for navigation purpose or more accurate for geodetic surveying by observing over a certain time.

Thus, simultaneous working of all three segments, a coded messages (signals) transmitted by satellites reach to the receiver with respect to time gapping. The speed of the signal (radio waves) is constant as C i.e 3 x 108 m/s: Distance is being measured by signal in between user receiver and satellite by following ways:Distance = time x speed or D = TC where T = Time taken by signal from satellite to Receiver. C = speed of the signal as 3 x 108 m/s

By getting the distances with respect to minimum four nos. of satellite and intersecting all distance arcs, an unique point will be determine on earths surface that is receivers station. Since all the bodies as satellites and earth are moving the navigated data has some error. To minimizes this error observation time should be more as preferably 1 hour and the data should be processed with a processing software (Ski Pro) to minimizes the ambiguities. Observation:- There are two basic classification of GPS Data observation:(i) (ii) GPS field work which gives navigated point position of receiver station. GPS Data downloading and processing which gives the accurate position value in mm accuracy.

Working steps for GPS field work:(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Set the tripod, tribrach , Antenna carrier, Antenna, Antenna cable, GPS Sensor, Terminal, battery etc. at the survey station. Switch on the Terminal (wait up to main menu) Click on survey as F1 Press F1 as New Job. Job Name :Creator :Description:-

(v) (vi)

Press F1 as Cont Press F1 as Survey Enter Configuration set Job name Coordinate system -

(vii)

Press F1 as Cont

Enter Point I D : Antenna Height: (viii) Wait upto GDOP < 8 (ix) Press F1 as Occupy Data will be stored in sensor Uses of other functions keys as:Satellite status: as example F7 : Satellite No. 21 18 07 15 22 06 Orientation Elevation 72 48 38 32 38 28 Azimuth 27 324 110 327 298 186

F3: Sky Status F4: Health Status F8: F9: Stop & go Indication Position Status: as Example Lat: 230 48 58.89493N Long: 860 2625.70666 E E Height: 195.008 m F2: Cartesian Coordinate as X = 362801.443m Y = 5827169.694m Z = 2559635.307m HDOP = 1.4 VDOP = 2.2 F10: (ix) (x) (xi) (xii) (xiii) Press Press Press Press Battery and Memory Status F1 : as stop F1 : as store ESC (To terminate the survey work) OK Switch off From Terminal.

The above steps for both the sensors as Base Station and Rover Station. Firstly the Base Station sensor at known Station should be switched on and follow up to step No. IX Data Collection will be made in Rover sensor in following ways:(i) (ii) (iii) Static:- This process may be adopted to measure a longer baseline and time of observation should be more than 1 hour for better accuracy. Rapid Static:- This process may be adopted for base lines less than 20 km and observation time may be half an hour. Kinematics:- This process may be adopted to get a path as Road, Railway line, River side etc. For observation time at first station for few minutes and move continuously on the path Stop & Go Method:- This process may be adopted to know the surface features of the surveyed area. During observation move on the path continuously and to plot the features stay there for few seconds. Finally switch off the Rover sensor first then the Base sensor. (1) Stn. No. Satellite No. Orientation Azimuth Bearing Satellite Status Noise Ratio Quality Time Index Remarks

(iv)

Aim: GPS Data down loading, Data Processing and Conversion into National Grid/Local Grid, Instruments:(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Constructions:Method:Insert Battery in GPS Sensor Connect data transfer cable to Terminal part of sensor and other end at COMI of PC Software as Ski-Pro PC GPS Sensor Data Downloading Cable Dongle

To Get the processed GPS Data, there are four Basic steps as: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Create a folder in PC Download the data from sensor to PC Process the downloaded data in New Project Convert the processed data in National Grid/Local Grid. Create a folder from window explorer where data has to be down loaded as: start program MS ward Right click and click on New; click on Folder; Input new folder name as (GPS RAW)

Step I:-

Step II:-

Start Skipro Click on Tools

Click on Sensor Transfer Double Click on Sensor Right Click on PC Card Click on Read Content (Sensor will be switch on. Wait upto read the sensor data) Double Click on PC Card Double Click on Job Right Click on Job Name (as field data jab name) Click on Send to Click on Hard Disk (Select the folder Created in Step I where data has to be down loaded) Click on OK Point and observation OK

Data will be transferred to the folder, wait up to transferring and then close the window. Switch off the sensor, Disconnect the Cable from Base Sensor and Connect into Rover Sensor. REPEAT the above STEP II work to Download the Rover data in same folder. Step III:Data Processing Create a New Project as such: Click on Management Click on Project Right Click on Project Click on New Enter a Project Name: for Example GPSPRO Enter the location : as D:\ GPS Click on OK The new Project will be opened. Right Click on Project Click on Open Now Import the Raw data from GPSRAW to GPSPRO as such: GPSPRO

Click on Import Click on GPS raw data Select the Folder where data was downloaded as GPSRAW from Window Explorer. Click on OK Click on View Data to sea the points. If any point is not required click on deselect and click on ok. Click on General Click on Assign Click on Close. Click on Data Process (on down tools) Right click on Base Station Bar Click on SPP Right click out side the data bar Click on Process Right click out side Click on store. Click on Data Process Right Click on Base Station Data Bar Click on Reference (Data Bar will be highlighted) Right Click on 1st Rover data bar Click on Rover and make all rover bars as rover Right Click out side Click on Process (Rovers data will be processed) Verify for Ambiguity status Right click for the resolved ambiguities Rover bars and Click on Store Try to Process again for the Rover bar Whose ambiguity has not been resolved If required change the processing parameter and then process. Finally store the rover data whose ambiguity has been resolved. Deselect the bars whose ambiguity was not resolved. Step IV:Conversion in to National Grid or Local Grid

Process of Transformation from Co-ordinate system A as spheroid to Co-ordinate System B as Grid. _ Select Ellipsoid as per choice or make New Ellipsoid by Input = Send major A x ks and 1/f (Inverse falttentry) Select Project as per Choice by Creating a projection Transverse Mercator and Input False Easting False NorthingLathitudeob origin Central Meridian Scale:Make New Co-ordinate System by using above Created ellipsend and Projection. Create Co-ordinate set in Local Grid by Input Known local Grid Co-ordinate of already surveyed point (by GPS) If know points surveyed by GPS is more than 3 point then apply we can apply 3D classical transformation other more 2D, one step, step more etc. _ Click on Datum and Map Select Project Name from upper window and Co-ordinate set from lower window. Click on Match Click of Store (Input Transformation Parameter set name) e.g.: