TRNG I HC XY DNG KHOA SAU I HC

BI TP MN : C N G N G H I P H A X Y D N G GVHD: HVTH: Lp: GS.TSKH Ng Th Thi Nguyn Vit Phong MSSV: 1009132 Cao hc kin trc 2010

H Ni, thng 10/2011

MT S PHNG PHP THI CNG MI TRONG XY DNG HIN I 1.Phng php thi cng Topdown( t trn xung )
Cng ngh thi cng Top-down (t trn xung), ting Anh l Top-down construction method, l cng ngh thi cng phn ngm ca cng trnh nh, theo phng php t trn xung, khc vi phng php truyn thng: thi cng t di ln. Trong cng ngh thi cng Top-down ngi ta c th ng thi va thi cng cc tng ngm (bn di ct 0,00 (ct 0,00 tc l cao mt nn hon thin ca tng trt cng trnh nh, c l ct khng)) v mng ca cng trnh, va thi cng mt s hu hn cc tng nh, thuc phn thn, bn trn ct khng (trn mt t Cng ngh thi cng chnh Trong cng ngh Top-down, cc tng hm c thi cng bng cch thi cng phn tng vy bng h cc barrette xung quanh nh (sau ny phn trn nh ca tng vy dng lm tng bao ca ton b cc tng hm) v h cc khoan nhi (nm di chn cc mng ct) bn trong mt bng nh. Tng vy thi cng theo cng ngh cc nhi b tng ti ct mt t t nhin hoc ct tng trt (ct khng). Trong trng hp h tng vy c thi cng ti mt t t nhin thp hn ct nn tng trt th, thay v thi cng Top-down ngay t tng trt, c th bt u thi cng top-down t mt nn tng hm th nht (sn tng hm u tin), bn di mt t. Khi , tng hm th nht c thi cng bng phng php t di ln (bottom-up) truyn thng, phn tng vy trn nh c nhim v nh h tng c gi thnh h o. Trng hp ny cng c th gi l bn Top-down hay "S mi" topdown (semi-top-down). Ring cc cc khoan nhi b tng nm di mng ct pha trong mt bng nh th khng thi cng ti mt t m ch ti ngang ct mng (khng tnh phn b tng u cc nhi, phi ty b i sau ny) (Xem thm bi Cng ngh thi cng cc nhi b tng). Phn trn chu lc tt, ngay bn di mng ca cc cc nhi ny c t sn cc ct thp bng thp hnh, ch di ln trn ti ct khng (ct nn ngay ti mt t). Cc ct thp hnh ny, l tr cc tng nh hnh thnh trong khi thi cng Top-down, nn n phi c tnh ton chu c tt c cc tng nh, m c hon thnh trc khi thi cng xong phn ngm (gm tt c cc tng hm cng thm mt s hu hn cc tng thuc phn thn nh trc). Tip theo o rnh trn mt t (lm khun dm), dng ngay mt t lm khun hoc mt phn ca khun c dm v sn b tng ct thp ti ct khng. Khi b tng sn ct khng phi cha li phn sn khu thang b ln xung tng ngm, (cng kt hp vi thang my) ly li o t v a t ln khi thi cng tng hm. Sn ny phi c lin kt chc vi cc ct thp hnh lm tr ch sn nu trn, v lin kt chc vi h tng vy (tng vy l gi chu lc vnh vin ca sn b tng ny). Sau khi b tng dm, sn ti ct khng t cng tho d khun c, ngi ta tin hnh cho my o chui qua cc l thang ch sn nu trn, xung o t tng hm ngay bn di sn ct khng. sau li tin hnh b tng sn tng hm ny, ngay trn mt t va o, tng t thi cng nh sn ti ct khng, ri tin hnh lp ghp ct thp ct tng hm, lp khun ct tng hm v b tng chng. C lm nh cch thi cng tng hm u tin ny, vi cc tng hm bn di. Ring tng hm cui cng thay v b tng sn th tin hnh thi cng kt cu mng v i mng.

ng thi vi vic thi cng mi tng hm th trn mt t ngi ta vn c th thi cng mt hay vi tng nh thuc phn thn nh bnh thng. Sau khi thi cng xong ht cc kt cu ca tng hm ngi ta mi thi cng h thng thang b v thang my ln xung tng hm.

Thi cng Topdown phn ngm ta nh Vincom 2 ti ph on Trn Nghip qun Hai B Trng H Ni.

ng thi vi phn ngm, hai tng di thuc phn thn ca ta nh ny cng ang c thi cng.

2. Phng php Bottom Up ( t di ln ) trong thi cng xy dng nh c tng hm

Cng ngh thi cng tng hm tri qua thi gian c nhng bc tin kh r rt. Ban u khi lm tng hm th chng ta ch n gin l o mt h o h su bng chiu cao tng hm m chng ta cn lm, nhng chng c nhc im l din tch o p qu ln, khng thi cng c su, khng kh thi lm cho vic XD tng hm. V mu cht ca vn thi cng tng hm l chng ta phi gii quyt cc vn v h mng su, y l mt vic v cng phc tp, i hi ngi k s thit k cng nh thi cng phi c nhiu kinh nghim. V mt k nguyn xy dng tng hm ra i, chnh l s ra i ca "Tng chn t" (Diaphgram wall), n gii quyt gn nh trn vn nhng vn ca chng ta v h mng su. Tht ra tng chn t chnh l vic ghp ni cc cc barret thnh mt dy lin tc. Bottom Up vn thi cng tng hm nh phng php Top Down, nhng c 1 ci khc l trong khi thi cng tng hm th vn thi cng kt cu bn trn. Mt con s thc t d hnh dung, thng thng tc xy dng bn trn gp 1,5 ln tc xy dng bn di. C ngha l nu lm c 3 tng hm th bn trn l c 5 tng; 6 tng hm th bn trn hon thnh 10 tng. Cng nh phng php Top Down, cng vic u tin l tin hnh thi cng h thng tng vy Barret, v y chnh l thit b thi cng tng vy quen thuc

C th d dng nhn ra y chnh ch ch gia lng thp, c mt ming mp mu trng. Tc dng ca n l g vy? y l mt gii php rt hay ca cc KS ngi Nga, n l gii php lin kt gia sn tng hm v tng vy. Thng thng nhng v tr chng ta t thp sn bn trong, khi thi cng sn th chng ta p b phn b tng tng vy ra, b qut thp ra, ni vi ct thp sn v b tng. Nhng bin php ny c mt nhc im l vic b thp ra v nh vy s nh hng ti cng ca thp rt nhiu. khc phc tnh trng th ngi ta li ngh ra mt phng php khc l c ton b, khi thi cng sn th chng ta khoan tng vy, a thp sn vo l khoan , phun sika hay b tng cng cao cng vi ph gia trng n vo. Hay hn phng php ban u nhng n li kh khn trong thi cng, v khoan tng vy m ko thp vo trong tng i kh. Chnh v vy m cc KS ngi Nga dng ming mp (xp) , khi thi cng tng barret th chng ta c BT bnh thng, khi lm sn thi ti v tr chng ta moi ming xp ra, th l chng ta c ch lun thp vo lin kt vi tng vy ri. Rt n gin m hiu qu phi khng cc bn. BT chn v phi l BT c cng cao hn, v phi km ph gia trng n. iu cn nhn mnh y l "si ch " xuyn sut trong sut qu trnh xy dng tng hm bng PP Top Down hay Bottom Up, l h thng ct chng (king post). N c thi cng cng lc vi cc khoan nhi. n c cm vo cc khoan nhi 1 on, n c tc dng l ct chng tm cho cc sn tng hm ca chng ta trong qu trnh thi cng, v lc thi cng sn tng hm, chng ta cha th lm ct cho chng c, tt c phi nh cc ct chng tm ny gnh ht

Cu to bn trong King Post, y ngi ta dng ng thp nhi B tng lm ct chng tm, ngoi ra chng ta cng c th dng thp hnh, ty thuc vo ti trng m King Post phi chu C th thy rt r l ng thp c ni v lng thp ca cc khoan nhi mt on, y chnh l on ngm ca King Post trong cc khoan nhi. King post c h xung, v ang c treo trn trn ng vch ca cc khoan nhi

Sau khi thi cng xong h thng ct chng tm, th bt u thi cng sn tng hm, sn ny ngay trn mt t m ko cn dng copha. y chnh l u im, v chng ta thi cng sn m khng cn dng copha v gio chng, tit kim c chi ph rt nhiu, m cn nhanh na. Nhng cc bn phi lu rng, do chng ta dng mt t lm copha cho sn nn chng ta phi m nn t tht tt, to cho n mt mt phng, trnh hin tng khi Bt th t b tri st, dn n cht lng b mt BT sn ca chng ta km. V mt iu na, l khng nn dng copha trong trng hp ny, ch nn lt giy cho mt y thi, copha ch lm thnh cho sn, ch khng nn lm cho y, v va hao tn m li sai nguyn tc an ton, nu dng vn cho copha y, khi chng ta o xung pha di, copha ny s rt xung u cng nhn, gy ra tai nn rt nguy him.

3.Thi cng sn khng s dng cp pha/cp pha bay (Flying formwork)

c im cng ngh- Trnh t thi cng: mt lp b tng dy 50-60mm km lp thp di ca sn cho cc sn ti khu vc kho bi ca cng trng

Lp dng cp pha dm ca sn cng trnh (Nu c) v b sung h chng tng cng (Nu cn). Cu cc bn sn y lp dng ln thnh vn khun dm/ c ct, vch b tng qua cc mc cu c t sn trong cc sn. Lp dng lp thp trn v cc h thng k thut khc ti cng trng hon thin lp b tng trn ti cng trng Mt s cng trnh s dng cng ngh thi cng sn khng s dng cp pha/cp pha bay (Flying formwork)

Chung c 151A Nguyn c Cnh cao 21 tng; s 151A Nguyn c Cnh- Tng MaiHong Mai- H Ni; do Lin danh Cng ty XDCTGT 118 v cty CP u t h tng kinh doanh th lm ch u t. Khch sn Phng ng; s 26- 28 Trn Ph- Tp. Nha Trang; do Cng ty Du lch a c ng Hi lm ch u t.

3. Phng php thi cng cng ngh d ng lc

Phng php thi cng ca d ng lc gm 4 giai on 1. Cng tc chun b 2. Cng tc lp t cp 3. Cng tc ko cng cp 4. Cng tc bm va Giai on 1: Cng tc chun b y l cng on ban u ca phng php thi cng d ng lc. Vt t gm c cc loi cp d ng lc 7 si, h u neo ko v h u neo cht ph hp theo tiu chun ca BS 4447, cc ct thp gia cng cho u neo, thanh , ng gen. Giai on 2: Cng tc lp t cp gm 3 bc Bc 1: u tin lp t u neo sng, neo ca u neo sng c gn vi khun neo bng km buc. ui ca neo c gn vi u neo sng, sau neo v khun neo c c nh vo vn khun thnh ca dm sn. Bc 2: To ng cp, to u neo cht v lp t ng cp Trc tin ct nhng si cp trong ng cp, t chng nm st vo nhau trn nn cng khng

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 b bm t v lun vo ng ghen to ng cp. Tip theo to u neo cht cho ng cp t nhng si cp tha ra khi ng gen, sau nng cc ng cp gia cng sn ln v tr cn lp t. Cng on tip theo l ri v lp t ng cp, lp t u neo cht v lp t chn chng cho ng cp. Bc 3: Lp van bm va, vi bm va v hon thin trc khi b tng V tr lin kt ca cc vi bm va v van bm va c c nh bng km buc. Giai on 3: Cng tc ko cng cp Thc hin vic ko cng cp bng cc thit b kch thy lc, my bm thy lc, kch ko cng, ng ni thy lc v ng h o p v ch c ko cng cp khi b tng t n cng yu cu. Giai on 4: Cng tc bm va Va bm c trn cng vi cng vi cc ph gia cho vo my trn va v dng li lc loi b nhng tp cht bn trong va. Sau va c bm vo cc ng gen qua van bm va ti u neo cht hoc u neo sng, khi thy va chy ra van bm va cui ng cp c ngha l ton b ng cp c bm y, ta s ng van bm va ti ming bm.

5. Cng ngh xy dng mi bng tm 3D

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Hin nay, cng ngh xy dng nh s dng tm panel-3D tng, sn, trn, cu thang...bt u c ngi xy dng quan tm v cht lng vt tri, kh nng tit kim thi gian thi cng nhanh hn so vi thi cng bng cc vt liu truyn thng. NGHIN CU HON THIN CNG NGH V SN XUT TH NGHIM NH 3D - NHATICO KS. L NH NG TS. NGUYN VN CHNH TS. V XUN HO X nghip cu kin lp sn ti c nghim thu, nh gi ti Hi ng Khoa hc thnh ph H Ch Minh nm 2003. ot gii Nh Gii thng Sng to k thut TP H Ch Minh nm 2003, Gii Ba Gii thng Sng to Khoa hc Cng ngh Vit Nam (VIFOTEC) lnh vc Cng ngh vt liu mi nm 2003.
1. NI DUNG C BN CA CNG TRNH:

ti t ra c nhng gii php kh thi, p ng nhu cu nh cho ngi c thu nhp thp thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh thnh khc. im mi: Tm b tng nh c sn xut trn nn vt liu mi l va b tng nh c gia cng ct si (Si x da hoc si tng hp) to ra nhng tm tng lp ghp c vi nhau, ln u tin c p dng vo sn xut Vit Nam gm hai loi: - Tm tng TBK (b tng nh ct si t da) - Tm b tng 3D chu lc c sn (b tng nh ct si tng hp). im sng to: - Cng trnh do cc Nh khoa hc ca i hc Bch khoa nghin cu thnh cng, ln u tin c trin khai. - Chi ph u t thp, ton b thit b hon ton c sn xut trong nc. - T chc sn xut cng nghip ti nh my, cng c th sn xut ngay ti cng trng xy dng. - Qui trnh sn xut s dng 100% nguyn vt liu trong nc. - ng dng hiu qu vo thc t, ph hp vi iu kin x hi, c th trng chp nhn. ngha v mt cng ngh: - Cc tm b tng nh to c s linh hot trong thit k, a dng v mu m nh .

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- Lp dng nhanh, khng cn nhiu th tay ngh cao, khng s dng thit b chuyn dng. - Vi c tnh cch m, cch nhit ca loi vt liu mi lm cho nh thng thong l u th hn hn so vi xy dng c in. c bit pht huy u th nh khi thi cng nh trn nn t yu, khng chn. 2. HIU QU TRN CC MT KINH T - X HI: * V kinh t Kh nng pht trin ph bin do cng ngh n gin vi chi ph u t thp. - Gi nh r hn t 8% n 15% do tit kim c chi ph lm mng v nhn cng. - Tn thu do s dng si x da ngn khng tiu chun xut khu, tng thu nhp cho ngi nng dn trng da. Cc cng trnh thc hin dng nh BK - NHATICO s dng tm tng TBK Nm 2002 GI TR (TRIU NG) TT TN CNG TRNH CH U T A IM QUY M (M2) DNG NH BKNHATICO PHNG PHP C IN 42 HIU QU (TRIU NG)

Nh mu BKNHATICO Nh cng nhn thu nhp thp CNT Nh lu tr trn nn t t Nh lu tr cng nhn

XN NHATICO Cty Lm Vin & Cty CPDV a c Si Gn B Trng Th Hi

P. Long Bnh, Q.9, TP. HCM Phng Linh Trung, Qun Th c

02 cn 35 = 64 10 cn = 2.860 3.536 m2

2.965

105

P. Hip Bnh 10 cn Chnh, = 300 74 Qun Th m2 c

80

+ Trt: 360 m2 + Gc: 144 m2 Cng

BQL CN XN NHATICO

P. Long Bnh, Q.9, TPHCM

24 cn = 504 357 m2

370,8

13,8

131,8

13

Nm 2003 GI TR (TRIU NG) TT TN CNG TRNH CH U T A IM QUY M (M2) DNG NH BKNHATICO PHNG PHP C IN HIU QU (TRIU NG)

Nh Chin s cnh st

Tng cc cnh st B Cng an Cty CPDV & XD Nh Kim Sn B Nguyn Th Hng Cty TNHH Vn Phc

Qun 9

01 cn = 64 80 m2 12 cn = 576 m2 10 cn = 210 m2

73

Nh tm c (gc vn p)

P13, B. Thnh, TPHCM P. Ph Thun, Q.7, TPHCM H. Nhn Trch, Tnh ng Nai P. Tam a, Qun 9

412

460

48

Nh cho thu (gc vn p)

151

157,5

6,5

Nh cho Cng nhn thu (Modul mu)

03 cn = 33 54 m2

40,5

7,5

Nh trn t ngp nc Nh tnh ngha

H dn

02 cn 01 cn 113 cn = 5.088 m2

50

55

Din Bn Tre chnh sch BQL u t XD khu th mi Th Thim P. An Li ng, Qun 2, TP. HCM

Nh tm c Th Thim

3.821

4.177

356

Cng Thc hin 06 thng u nm 2004 a - Dng nh BK-NHATICO s dng tm tng TBK. TT TN CNG CH A QUY GI TR (TRIU NG)

432

HIU

14

TRNH

U T

IM

M (M2) 160 phng = 5.760 m2

DNG NH 3DNHATICO KT HP

PHNG PHP C IN

QU (TRIU NG)

Nh Cng v Gia Ngha

S Xy dng Tnh aklak

Th trn a Ngha, Tnh akNng

4.985

5.200

215

b - Kt hp dng nh 3D-NHATICO vi tm tng TBK. y l m hnh kt hp dng nh 3D v tm tng TBK thi cng trn nn t cc yu nh sau: - Tng trt: S dng tm tng 3D chu lc c sn ti nh my c ch n hin trng lin kt theo phng php ni t; Sn s dng tm Panel 3D li thp ti ch to lin kt ton khi. - Tng lu: Vch s dng tm tng TBK GI TR (TRIU NG) TT TN CNG TRNH CH U T A IM QUY M (M2) DNG NH BKNHATICO PH. PHP C IN HIU QU (TRIU NG)

Nh cho sinh vin

Trng C BC Cng ngh & QTDN

P. Tn Ph, Q.7, TP. HCM

20 phng = 514,50 m2

546

617

71

* V x hi - L mt m hnh in hnh khai thng tim nng cht xm khoa hc k thut t n v nghin cu to ra sn phm mi c tnh cnh tranh cao. - Gii quyt nhu cu nh cho ngi thu nhp thp, nh cho cng nhn thu cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut. - Gp phn bo v mi trng v c th thay th hon ton gch t nung trong xy dng nh . Tnh hnh trin khai v trin vng: Tm b tng nh s dng va b tng nh ct si tng hp v ct si x da lm tm tng lp dng 02 dng nh: Nh 3D-NHATICO v Nh BK-NHATICO. ti "Nghin cu hon thin cng ngh v sn xut th nghim nh 3D-NHATICO" mang tnh thit thc, gi thnh r gp phn phc v nhu cu v nh cho ngi c thu nhp va v thp, c bit l nh trn vng t yu

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(nn t khng n nh) p ng nhu cu v nh cho ngi thu nhp thp v nh cng nhn cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, cc d n nh Ti nh C, d n nh Tm C... Hin nay, x nghip NHATICO ang tip tc trin khai thc hin thi cng cc cng trnh sau: TT TN CNG TRNH Nh cho B i Bin phng, Tnh i v Cng An Tnh akNng CH U T B i Bin phng, Tnh i v Cng An Tnh akNng UBND Phng Hip Bnh Chnh, Th c Cty TNHH DV TM Ba L Xanh A IM QUY M (M2) GI TR (TRIU NG)

01

Th trn Gia 05 cn = Ngha, Tnh 2.880 m2 akNng

2.000

02

Vn phng tm cho UBND Phng Hip Bnh Chnh, Th c

Phng Hip Bnh Chnh, Th c

84 m2

62

03

Khu nh Ngh dng xanh cho Cng nhn

Phan Thit

970,43 m2

1.064,6

V mt s cng trnh khc ang xc tin nh: a - Khu nh tm c - Phng Phc Long B - Qun 9 do Cng ty Qun l v Pht trin th Qun 9 lm ch u t vi quy m: 84 cn, tr gi gn 3 t ng. b - Khu nh cho cng nhn thu ti x Tn Nht - Bnh Chnh do Cng ty Kinh doanh Pht trin nh qun Tn Bnh lm ch u t vi tng din tch: 13.217 m2 XD, tr gi trn 10 t ng. c - Hin x nghip ang trin khai thm nh, kho st th trng c phng n kinh doanh ph hp nhm trin khai dng nh ny ti th trng pha Bc, c bit l nh ti nh c cho thu in Sn La ca Tnh Sn La, Lai Chu. y l th trng y trin vng, c kh nng trin khai d n nh vi quy m ln, n nh v lu di ph hp pht trin dng vt liu mi ny trong thi cng nh dn dng. 3. KIN NGH: Qua hn 2 nm trin khai ti "Nghin cu hon thin Cng ngh v Sn xut th nghim Nh 3D-NHATICO" ng dng vo thc t thi cng nh , c bit nh cho ngi thu nhp thp, c nhng kh khn sau: - X nghip NHATICO l mt doanh nghip nh nc, va c phc hi v cng c li, ngun ti chnh cn nhiu kh khn, iu kin qung b thng hiu, chi ph qung co sn phm, tip th, khai thc th trng... khng th thc hin c v khng c ngun kinh ph. - Hu ht vn u t, vn kinh doanh u phi vay vn Ngn hng thng mi, trong iu kin trin khai thi cng dng cng ngh vt liu mi ny phn ln tp trung vo cc d n, chng

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trnh nh s dng vn ngn sch, thng thanh ton rt chm nn X nghip gp nhiu kh khn v vn, ng thi gim hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh (do phi tr li ngn hng). - Do y l loi cng ngh vt liu mi nn cn c thi gian khch hng kim chng cht lng sn phm (hin nay khch hng c thi quen xy dng nh theo phng php c in s dng gch t nung xy dng). y chnh l hn ch v vic pht trin sn lng trong nhng nm u tin trin khai sn phm mi ra th trng, iu ny nh hng ti vic gim gi thnh sn phm (do cha khai thc ht cng sut my mc thit b hin nay mi ch s dng 50%) v vic u t nng cao cht lng sn phm gp nhiu kh khn. - Vic s dng tm b tng nh lp dng nh , y l dng cng ngh vt liu mi thi cng nh ln u tin c trin khai trong nc cha c trong h thng tiu chun k thut, cht lng xy dng Vit Nam nn trong qu trnh trin khai vo thc t gp nhiu kh khn, hn ch v th tc php l c bit l cc d n, chng trnh nh s dng vn ngn sch. T nhng kh khn trn; X nghip NHATICO xin kin ngh n cc c quan qun l nh nc nh sau: 1. H tr kinh ph trin khai cc d n m hnh mu din hnh v nh cho ngi thu nhp thp, ti nh c, cm tuyn chng l... ca nh nc ng dng loi vt liu mi ny vi quy m khong 3 t ng n 5 t ng. 2. Ch nh thu hoc gi thiu cc n v c nhu cu ca cc tnh thnh trong nc v: D n nh cho ngi thu nhp thp, Nh ti nh c, Nh tm c... cho X nghip trin khai m hnh nh s dng loi cng ngh vt liu mi ny. 3. Kin ngh: - B Khoa hc v Cng ngh, Lin hip cc Hi Khoa hc v K thut Vit Nam... h tr gip x nghip gii thiu cng ngh sn xut vt liu mi ny n cc a phng, n v trong c nc x nghip c iu kin chuyn giao v ph bin cng ngh sn xut loi vt liu mi ny ra phm vi ton quc. - B Xy dng h tr gip trong vic xy dng cc tiu chun k thut xy dng cho dng cng ngh mi ny.
Ngun: www.Vifotec.com.vn

TM XY DNG 3D

Tm c kt cu ba chiu, hnh thnh bi cc li thp an vo nhau v kp vo gia l tm mp (EPS). Sn tm 3D c ch to t thp ko ngui, ng knh t 2 - 3,8mm; mt li l 52 x 50mm (xem nh minh ha). Ton b thp c m km trnh g st. Khi gn vo cng trnh s t va xi mng ln cc mt tm 3D ny. Tm 3D c th dng lm tng, sn, cu thang, mi, vngv c 4 loi vi dy khc nhau la cho thch hp. B rng tm 1,2m; chiu di ty chn t 2,5 - 6m. Ty mc ch s dng m

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c th t trt cc mt ngoi hay kt cu ni bng va xi mng ct mc 75 - 100, b tng - 1 x 2 mc 200 - 300 hoc b tng mi mc 150 - 200 Mt m2 tng bng tm 3D dy 10cm hon thin nng 85 - 90kg (tng gch truyn thng 160 190kg), sn dy 10cm nng 150kg (sn b tng truyn thng nng 230kg). Nh vy cng trnh bng tm 3D ch nng bng khong 60% so vi cng trnh tng t xy bng vt liu truyn thng. Do tm 3D thch hp khi thi cng trn nn t yu, ci to nh c vi chi ph gia c mng ti thiu, thun tin thi cng vng su, xa, trong hm hoc a ln cao. V chi ph, c th gim 10 20% chi ph thi cng phn th v rt ngn 30% thi gian thi cng, tit kim chi ph nhn cng, cppha, cy chng. Cc c tnh k thut vt tri STT CH TIU C L 1 2 3 4 5 Trng lng bn thn TR S VT <90 kg/m2 <120 GHI CH Vch VD5 hon thin 2 mt

7 8 9

Sn VD10 hon thin 2 mt Nh hai mt c lp thp cng Chu ng t >7.5 o Richter cao Thc t Homestead, Florida, Chu gi bo >300 km/h Hoa K Tm VD5 trt va 2 mt dy Gi tr truyn nhit > 0.65 Kcal/h 2.5cm Tm VD5 trt va 2 mt dy Ch s gim m >40 dB.500kHz 2.5cm Tm VD5 trt va 2 mt dy >1 2.5cm Cc hn chu la nhit t=1000 gi oC >2 Tm VD5 trt va 2 mt dy 4.0cm Chng kin, mi mt >50 nm Tp mp khng b kin, mi mt H thng li thp cng Chng nt cao, phn b u Khng thm

Kh nng cch m: Rw= 42 - 55 dB ng dng :

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6.Phng php o kn trong thi cng xy dng v kh nng ng dng ti H Ni v TP H Ch Minh

Bi bo trnh by cc phng php o kn trong thi cng cc cng trnh ngm nh phng php m truyn thng, phng php o hm mi ca o (NATM), khin o (SM), phng php khoan o (TBM), kch y (Pipe-Jacking) v kh nng p dng thi cng cc cng trnh ngm th Vit nam, ch yu cho thnh ph H Ni v H ch Minh. Kt lun v kin ngh. I. CC PHNG PHP THI CNG HM THEO PHNG PHP O KN 1. Cc vn chung. Hm v cc khng gian ngm ngy cng c vai trquan trng trong mt h thng giao thng hin i. Hu ht cc khu vc th trn th gii u phi i mt vi nhiu vn ln, c bit l giao thng. Kt cu h tng c nhn chung l li thi, khng cn p ng c nhu cu i li v vn chuyn khng ngng gia tng. Trong bi cnh th khng gian giao thng theo hng trn cao v theo hng i ngm trong lng t mt ln na li c khm ph. Hn na, cng trnh hm c nhng u th vt tri so vi cc loi hnh giao thng khc nh s i li nhanh chng, tin li, v an ton cao, nht l trong trng hp thin tai, chin s. C th ni giao thng ngm l xu th pht trin tt yu ca mt nn kinh t hin i ca th gii. T trc n nay cc yu t v a cht, c th l cc iu kin a cht ca khi nn lun ng vai tr ch yu trong vic quyt nh tnh kh thi chung ca mt d n hm. Bi vy, trnh k thut trc y ch cho php xy dng cc hm ngn. Ngy nay nh nhng tin b v KHCN ngi ta c th xy dng c hm bt k ni no khi cn thit hoc c ch nh lm. Nhiu nm li y, nhng li ch v chnh tr v c bit l v mi trng tr thnh nhng yu t thit yu, v trong mt s trng hp, c tm quan trng khng km so vi cc yu t v k thut v a cht. Vic lin kt cng trnh hm vi cc mng li giao thng hin c cng l mt yu t c tnh quyt nh. Do nhng rng buc ny m cc cng trnh hm thng phi b tr trn cc tuyn ng i qua khu vc a tng c cu trc khng phi l l tng, l cc khu vc th ln, thng nm cc vng chu th (a tng mm yu). Mc du hin nay nhng kha cnh v a cht c xem l th yu v c k vng l c th gii quyt c vi cng ngh hin c; song trn thc t, vic o hm trong t mm yu vn l mt thch nan gii i vi gii xy dng hm, bi v lun c nhng ri ro kh lng. Hin c rt nhiu phng php o hm, c th tm chia thnh 3 nhm nh sau: Phng php o

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v lp (o h), o kn, phng php hm dm (khi thi cng hm trong nc. Mi phng php u c nhng u v nhc im nht nh v tu tng iu kin a cht, hin trng, kh nng cng ngh c th m c th vn dng hp l. Cc phn loi phng php thi cng cng trnh ngm c nhiu; ngoi cch phn chia theo nhm nh trn, ngi ta c th phn loi theo nhiu tiu ch khc nhau. xy dng cng trnh ngm, cc vn k thut khc nhau c pht trin: K thut o ph (bc tch) t ; K thut c v lp t cc loi v chng; S phn bc, phn tng o trn gng. Trn c s ca cc k thut , cng c nhiu tc gi a ra cc cch phn loi khc nhau. Nhn chung, c th lit k mt s cch sau y: a. Cch phn loi theo k thut ph, bc tch t b.Theo phng php thi cng v phn tng hay bc c. Cch phn loi theo s o v cch chng gi phn tch tip theo, c th a ra cch phn loi cc phng php o hm kn theo thut ng thng c s dng Vit nam nh sau: a) Phng php khoan n truyn thng v NATM. b) Phng php Khin o (SM). c) Phng php khoan o (TBM). d) Phng php kch y (pipe jacking). e) Cc phng php c bit (Phng php lm lnh, Phng php n p,) 2. Phng php khoan n truyn thng v NATM Phng php thi cng cng trnh ngm truyn thng hay cn gi l phng php m c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc xy dng hm v cng trnh ngm do kh nng p dng cho nhiu loi cng trnh ngm khc nhau nh hm giao thng, thu in, tng ngm, vi nhng hnh dng v kch thc hnh hc phc tp, v xy dng trong t bt k. Cc bc thi cng c th c m t trn hnh v 1 sau y: trong cc phng php thi cng hm truyn thng trong cc loi t khc nhau khi cha c cc phng tin thi cng c gii v trong nhiu trng hp khc Cc cng on c bn ca cc phng php thi cng theo truyn thng (PPTC theo TT)v NATM c bn l nh nhau, s khc nhau ch l vn tn dng ti a kh nng mang ti ca khi t bao quanh hm, y cng l hn ch ln ca NATM v ch c t c cng nht nh no mi c kh nng ny. Cng t m cc phng php thit k kt cu v hm c nhng im khc nhau rt c bn: trong PPTC theo TT, kt cu v hm ch yu c tnh theo ti trng cho trc, vi cc m hnh nn ph thng: nn bin dng cc b Wincle, nn bin dng ton b theo bn khng gian n hi.vi cc s tnh thng c a v h thanh lm vic trong mi trng n hi hay phi n hi. Trong khi trong NATM cc xut v cc phng php thit k v hm cha tht cht ch, kh kim sot. Phng php thi cng theo truyn thng l phng php lu i nht, c lch s pht trin cng vi lch s pht trin ca ngnh m v t c nhng thnh cng ng k trong th k 20. Thnh cng ln nht ca phng php khoan n chnh l s ra i v pht trin ca phng php thi cng hm mi ca o NATM, ra i trong nhng nm 60 ca th k 20 v nhanh chng tr thnh mt tro lu trong lnh vc xy dng hm v cng trnh ngm ca hu ht cc quc gia trn th gii v cho n nay vn cha mt tnh thi s do cc li ch ca n mang li. NATM kt hp dng cc bulng neo v b tng phun-ch yu dng lm kt cu chng trong thi cng (v hm s cp) v sau ny l mt b phn cu thnh ca v chu lc trong khai thc (v hm th cp) khi o hm trong cng, ang c ng dng trong thi cng hm th, sau gn 4 thp nin pht trin lin tc v c c kt, t ti hon thin ng tin cy. Do vy ch ng ca n c m bo trong gii chuyn mn hm. Phng php ny c tnh u vit v n c tnh kinh t tri hn so vi cng ngh khin o, song vi iu kin l s chuyn dch ca t hu qu ca cc bin php phng nc khng phi l mt nguyn

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nhn gy quan ngi v mi trng. NATM (hnh 3, hnh 4) cng vi h thng trit l ca n gp phn vo s hiu bit v kh nng p dng to ln ca con ngi khi xy dng khng gian ngm vi cc nguyn tc c bn nht nh sau: Khi t xung quanh l thnh phn mang ti chnh v kh nng chu ti ca n phi c duy tr bng cch khng lm xo trn khi . Sc chu ti ca khi phi c bo tn bng cch s dng cc thnh phn chng b sung. V hm phi c mng v nu cn gia cng b sung th phi dng li thp, v chng thp v neo ch khng phi bng cch tng chiu dy v hm. D thy rng PPTC theo TT vi cc hv 1, 2 v 3 l s la chn cho cng trnh bt k, song vn tin s kh khc phc c, cn NATM ch kinh t v ph hp vi c cng nht nh, vi t yu, s la chn cn ang trong qu trnh tm ti, pht trin. 3. Phng php o hm bng c gii ho (TBM v SM) Tr hn v tui i, song hnh vi NATM l s pht trin mnh m ca phng php thi cng hm c gii. Cng v nhp pht trin ca phng php o hm c gii ho ngy nay a n vic ITA quyt nh t chc Phin hp M rng ti Hi ngh Toronto dnh trn vn cho chuyn ny. S nguyn l o hm cho cc phng php TBM, SM (Khin), hay TBM Mini v kch y (Pipe-Jacking) v c bn l nh nhau Nhng thit b c gii ho o t lm hm kh a dng, k t loi my xc c trang b rng xi, cc thit b thu lc v cc my o hm a hnh (roadheaders) cho n cc TBM c cu to khc nhau. Ngy nay, TBM l phng php o hm ph bin nht. Loi thit b a dng Roadheader kh hu ch nhiu trng hp khi s dng TBM khng c hiu qu v mt chi ph. V c bn phng php TBM v SM c rt nhiu im ging nhau, s khc nhau vi cc t hp o hin i ch cu to b phn cng tc( o ph t - khoan o; t tng chnh ca TBM) v cu to v bo v (v chng- khin; t tng chnh ca phng php khin). Mc du c nhiu loi phng tin k thut ang thnh hnh, song TBM, hay SM v sau ny c Kch y (Pipe-Jacking hay mini khin), thit b chuyn dng, c th c gii ho c ton b cc khu: o, chng , thi cng o hm v chuyn vn t thi, c cng nhn l mt trong nhng t ph quan trng v cng ngh thi cng hm. K thut o hm bng khin (SM), mt bin th ca TBM c pht trin theo mt chiu hng m vic ng dng hin nay cho php thi cng an ton ngay c trong iu kin t rt mm yu, c ngm nc nh cc loi t trm tch chng hn. Khi thi cng s c hin tng ln b mt ng k trong cc trng hp m dy tng t ph l nh. Tuy nhin bng bin php dng va phun c kim sot tt chn lp vo khe hng sau v hm (backfill) th vn c th kim ch ln mc nh, v trnh c nhng phng hi nghim trng i vi cc cng trnh ln cn. Chu k cng tc (chu k khoan n khi ph bng khoan n) c trng ca cc phng php ny c bn nh nhau. Trong cng ngh o hm dng khin th lp v hm c thi cng bng cch lp ghp cc cu kin (segments) ch sn. Mt s lng no y cc cu kin c sn trong mt cng xng s c vn chuyn v tp kt tm thi mt kho bi gn cng trng. m bo c c mt khng gian nh vy khng phi l d dng, thm ch trong mt giai on tm thi, mt khu vc c mt cng trnh dy c. i vi cc v hm thi cng bng cu kin lp ghp, nhng phng php thit k khc nhau, c ngh dng cho cc iu kin t ai v nc ngm khc nhau, u m bo c cng c l ca lp v hu ht cc trng hp. Kh nng phng nc (water-

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stopping) ca v hm c m bo bng cch dng cc vt liu hn, m v trm kn khe ni gia cc mnh cu kin. Tuy nhin vic lm kn nc lu di kh khn hn; nu tht cn thit th phi dng n lp o th cp (secondary), i khi cn phi c gia cng thm bng cc li ct thp. Mt s nh gi v phng php lm v hm lp ghp cho rng gi thnh ca cc mnh cu kin l cao, ngoi ra cn c th phi lm thm lp o th cp, v cc chi ph v vn chuyn cu kin v thu sn bi, nn vic thi cng l tn km. Trong thp nin va qua, gii php thay th v hm lp ghp ni trn l cng ngh b tng v hm theo kiu p y (extruded concrete lining- ECL) c pht trin chu u, c bit l c. y l k thut thi cng v hm bng cch bm y b tng thng hoc b tng ct si thp vo khe hng gia b mt hang o v vn khun bn trong hm. Tuy nhin nu xt n loi t nn l qu ri lng v cc tc ng c th v a chn, th vic s dng loi thp thanh lm ct cho b tng v hm c cho l cn thit, y chnh l mt bin th ca phng php ECL ang c trin khai Nht Bn. Trong mi trng hp, nh s p y b tng m v l thuyt, vic s dng phng php ECL c kh nng gim c ln t nn, do vy m loi b c yu cu v cc cng vic lm thm chng hn nh bm va chn lp. Thit ngh ECL l mt phng php trin vng v cui cng l c tnh kinh t, mc du n i hi trang b (instalations) chuyn dng y b tng, cng nh l phi c vn khun bn trong m kh m dng li c. Ngoi ra ngi ta thy l khng c thit b o hm vn nng i vi loi t mm yu. Thit b v cc b phn cu thnh (components) ca n phi ph hp vi cc iu kin a cht c th. Mt khc, chnh nhng pht trin v mt k thut ca thit b hin c mi cho php thi cng hm theo c gii ho, thm ch trong cc loi t rt kh o. 4. Phng php kch y (pipe jacking) Phng php kch y (hnh 10) l mt k thut o ngm c s dng cho cc cng trnh ngm ch yu loi ng ng k thut, thi cng bng cch y cc on ng c chiu di nht nh vi ng knh gii hn. Phng php ny c s dng ch yu cho cc ng hm c ng knh nh t chiu su khng ln lm v xy dng ti nhng ni m phng php o h khng thch hp. Phng php kch y- v bn cht, l phng php h ging ngang. Cng c s nh nhau cng c th gi n l phng php khin o mini. Bn cht phng php l v chng tubin kn c lp t vng n tip vng kia trong khoang chuyn dng cch xa gng hm. Cng trong khoang , ngi ta thc hin kch p v chng vo gng hm theo tin trnh o t. gim ma st v chng vi khi t, khng gian pha sau tubin c bm va st. Trn c s cc phng php v ang pht trin n nay cho thy rng khi tit din thi cng nh c th s dng gii php nn p t (phng php nn xuyn qua) v khi tit din thi cng ln hn phi s dng gii php tch bc t (phng php khoan qua hoc o qua). Qu trnh thi cng c kt hp vi vic ci to tnh cht lm vic ca t (gim lc ma st gia thnh ng v t ) bng cc dung dch khng ma st tng kh nng p y ca cc on ng (chi tit v phng php kch y c th tham kho ti cc ti liu chuyn su). C th th c cc c im chnh cu kch y l gi thnh tng i r hn so vi khin o hay TBM, khng lm gin on giao thng, khng gy ln b mt v vn tc o ln. Ngoi nhng phng php c bn trn ra, cn c cc phng php c bit khc nh: Phng php lm lnh, Phng php n p, Ging chm hi p, o vt, Phun va, chng c p dng ch yu nh l cc bin php khc phc khi hm chy qua cc phay ph.

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II. nh gi kh nng p dng cc phng php trn trong xy dng cc cng trnh ngm th. 1. S b v c im a cht cng trnh: Cc th ca Vit Nam hu ht nm trong vng ng bng, cc vng duyn hi c c im a cht l ng bng, trong hai ng bng ln nht l ng bng Bc B v ng bng sng Cu Long. Cn c vo ngun gc v iu kin hnh thnh cc ng bng, ng thi da vo cc ti liu thm d a cht cng trnh, s b c th nhn xt v c im chung ca cc tng t yuVit Nam nh sau: a) ng bng Bc B: ch yu l loi trm tch tam gic chu c v tam gic chu th ca ng bng sng Hng, sng Thi bnh v cc chi lu ca chng. Min ny c din tch rt rng (khong 15 000km2) v t i ni st. Vng ph sa sng Hng chim din tch rng nht trong min ny. Xt v mt a hnh a mo th y l min ng bng thuc loi bi t. Do cc iu kin a cht, a hnh nh vy nn chiu dy tng trm tch k th t ny rt dy, t vi mt n hn 100m. b) ng bng Thanh Ngh Tnh: c nhng khu vc bi t, mi mn xen k nhau. So vi ng bng Bc B, tng trm tch khng dy lm. Cc trm tch y cng rt a dng: c trm tch bi t tam gic chu, c loi trm tch bi t ven bin. c) ng bng ven bin Trung B: l ng bng mi mn bi t in hnh. Trm tch k th t y thng thy vng thung lng cc sng v thng l loi ph sa bi tch. Vng duyn hi thuc loi trm tch pht trin trn cc m ph cn dn, bi tch trong iu kin lng ng tnh. d) ng bng Nam B: c th chia thnh ba khu vc theo chiu dy lp t yu: Khu vc c dy lp t yu dy t 1 30m: bao gm cc vng ven thnh ph H Ch Minh, thng ngun sng Vm C Ty, Vm C ng, pha ty ng Thp Mi, ra quanh vng By Ni cho ti vng ven bin H Tin, Rch Gi, ra ng bc ng bng t VngTu n Bin Ho. Khu vc c lp t yu dy 5 30m phn b k cn khu vc trn v chim i b phn vng ng bng v khu trung tm ng Thp Mi. Khu vc c lp t yu dy 15 100m ch yu thuc cc tnh Vnh Long, Tr Vinh, Bn Tre ti vng duyn hi tnh Minh Hi, Tin Giang, Cn Th, Sc Trng. Ngun gc ca cc tng t yu l loi trm tch chu th (sng, bi bi, tam gic chu), trm tch b, vng vnh v u thuc vo trm tch k th t. Ngoi ra cn gp cc loi t ly, t mn s vt ven bin, than bn min rng ngp mn ... V c im cu to th cc t yu thng gm nhiu lp t to thnh v khng ng nht. min ng bng, cu to ca va t yu kh phc tp. Cc lp t yu thng nm xen k nhau hoc xen k gia cc lp t c kh nng chu lc tt hn. S lng cc lp t yu trong va t c t nht ba lp, chiu dy va t rt ln, c th hn 40m hoc ln hn. cc vng ng bng ven bin v cc vng ng bng c nhiu i ni st th cu to cc va t yu n gin hn, s lng cc lp t yu thng khng qu ba lp. Nh vy, cc th ln nc ta H Ni v TP H Ch Minh u c a tng t yu m khi trin khai cc d n hm chng ta phi gii quyt. 2. Kh nng p dng cc phng php trn trong xy dng cc cng trnh ngm th. Mt phng php thi cng hp l bao hm nhiu yu t khc nhau, v c bn l chn c phng php o, s o v s thi cng; Phng php thi cng bao gm cc cng vic c bn l trnh t o, chng hm v bc xc vn chuyn, chng cn c b tr theo mt chu trnh hp l (chu k cng tc- chu k khoan n..). Mt phng php thi cng hp l m bo: o u n v kinh t trong ton b d n, hn ch c hin tng gim bn cho khi , gim thiu cc loi nh hng c hc v mi trng cho khu dn cCc yu t c bn chi phi vic la chn phng php thi cng gm: phng thc o v chng gi; Tit din, chiu di v dc hm, cc tnh cht c l ca lin quan ti cng c o. iu kin a cht, thy vn, tin .

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Chn phng php thi cng theo loi t . Trong mi phng php thi cng c la chn cn khng nh r: phng thc o ph t , phng php chng tm v gi n nh cho khi ; phng php thot nc, loi trang thit b v tnh ng b v kh nng cung ng, phng thc v cng tc quan trc, o c. Di dy l mt v d v tnh hp l ca phng php thi cng ph thuc vo chiu di hm Phng php thi cng ph thuc theo cc i kin a cht, c im ca hm v mi trng III. Kt lun: Cc th ca nc ta cng nm trong t yu vi mt dn c dy c.Vic xy dng hm bng cc phng php o l thin rt kh kh thi do chng gy cc nh hng n cng trnh ln cn v cng tc gii phng mt bng rt phc tp. Phng php M truyn thng chc chn l rt phc tp v khng th p ng c tin t ra, phng php NATM vi t yu nh trn i hi phi c cc cng tc gia c v do s kh p ng c yu cu kinh t cng nh tin . Trong cc phng php o hm th thi cng bng c gii (TBM, SM) ang c pht trin mnh, c bit l thit b khin o hay TBM trong nn yu. y chnh l cc cng ngh o hm tin tin m c kh nng p dng rng ri trong xy dng hm v cng trnh ngm th - c bit l qua nhng ni c c im a cht tng i yu v nhng v tr khng th xy dng l thin cc o th ln ca nc ta. GS.TS. Nh Trng B mn cng trnh ngm th - i Hc Kin trc H Ni

7.Phng php mi trong xy dng cu cng ( ng dng cc ng thp )

Hin nay, vic ng dng cc ng thp ang c t ra thay th cho cc b tng ct thp RC v cc b tng c sn PC vn chim t trng ln nhng cng trnh xy dng cu cng. nc ta, nhiu nh my sn xut cc ng thp ang c xy dng, xut pht t s tha nhn ngy cng rng ri nhng li th ca loi vt liu mi ny.

u im vt tri Song song vi nhng pht trin v kinh t v cng nghip, ng dng cc ng thp ngy cng tr

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nn ph bin hn cho qu trnh pht trin th, ci thin c s h tng nh ng s, cu cng, nh v nhng cng trnh khc. Cc ng thp mang li nhiu u im vt tri so vi cc b tng bi bn v cng cao ca vt liu, t c sc chng chu cao v kh nng khng ngang ln. Trong qu trnh thi cng ng cc d dng theo phng cho v thi gian thi cng c rt ngn. Cng on lp ghp ti hin trng cng d dng hn nh hn hoc mi ni c, t c th s dng cc h cc di hn. Hn th na, vi cng vt liu cao, c th p dng lc quai ba ln, cho php cc thm nhp vo cc lp trung gian v lp cng d dng hn. Nh cng ngh chng n mn ci tin, cc cc ng thp khng gp vn g khi c s dng cho cc kt cu ngoi khi trong sut thi gian ng dng. Nh trng lng nh, qu trnh vn chuyn cc cc ng thp cng d dng hn. Trong lnh vc sn xut cc ng thp, nhng tin b vt tri v cng ngh cho php sn xut ra cc ng thp vi ng knh ngoi ln ti 2.500mm, di 90m. Theo bo co a ra ca tin s Osamu Kiyomiya (i hc Waseda - Nht Bn) th cc chuyn gia v k s cng hin thc ha nhng tin b vt tri trong cc lnh vc nh xc nh kh nng chng chu nn c bn v cc c ch ma st; pht trin cc phng php thi cng c rung, ting n thp; nhng tin b trong cng ngh thit k qua phng php phn t hu hn; tin b trong cng ngh ni hng ngang v thng ng s dng mi hn hoc mi ni c v c nhng tin b v cng ngh chng n mn Mc an ton cao khi s dng cc ng thp c ng dng rng ri. Cc tiu chun cho cc ng thp c m t trong b tiu chun JIS A5525, tiu chun cho cc vn ng thp miu t trong tiu chun JIS A5525 v nh danh phn loi tng ng l SKK cho cc ng thp v SKY cho cc vn ng thp. Cc cc ng thp c sn xut thng qua bn phng php hn xon, hn in tr, UOE v cn un. Thi cng v ng dng Thi cng cc ng thp c bn c phn thnh hai phng php l ng cc (s dng ba ng v phng php s dng ba rung) v nhng cc (gm c phng php o trong, xi mng t v phng php xoay). Nhng phng php ny c la chn khi cn nhc ti cc iu kin t thi cng, cc iu kin mi trng ngoi vi, nng lc chng chu cn thit Theo phng php s dng ba ng, th n v thi cng s dng phng tin ng cc, ba, ming m, thit b u ng. Phng php ny thng c la chn cho qu trnh thi cng cc h cc di vi ng knh ln. Bn cnh s dng ba ng, th phng php ba rung li c vn hnh theo c ch, do , cc ti trng ln t lch tm gn vo nhiu trc c xoay theo cc hng i lp vi c ch ng v, to ra cc rung ng 10 - 40 vng theo phng thng ng tc ng ln cc. u im ca phng php ny l t to ra ting n, gim chn rung v th c ng dng thi cng ti cc khu vc yu cu gim thiu ti a tc ng ti khu vc ln cn. i vi phng php o trong th c mt u im l gim thiu ting n. Nhng thit b my mc chnh c s dng bao gm thit b ng cc, thit b khoan, thit b x l u cc. Khi thi cng cc nn mng c vch ngn s dng cc vn ng thp v k lt mi s dng cc ng thp lin tc, cn thit phi ni cc cc v m bo cng, cng cng nh hiu nng ngn nc ca ton b kt cu. p ng mc tiu ny, cn phi la chn phng php tch hp cc h cc s dng mi ni P-P (ng-ng). Ngoi ra cn c mi ni P-T v L-T. V trong qu trnh thi cng nn mng dng vch ngn c ln s dng cc vn ng thp, mi ni L-T tr thnh la chn ngy cng ph bin nh kh nng chng chu lc trt ln pht sinh trong trng hp xy ra ng t. i vi cc h cc di, cc cc cn c ni ngay ti hin trng. Do , cc phng php c a ra nh hn vng, hn t ng, bn t ng hoc ton b nhn cng. Li th ca phng php ny l rt ngn thi gian thi cng trn cng trng. S dng cc ng thp c t lu ti Nht. Vi nhng tnh nng u vit v phng php thi cng m bo, cc ng thp c ng dng trong xy dng kt cu cng ti Nht Bn nh bn cng

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v chn sng, d n ng bng D ti sn bay quc t Tokyo, d n cu vnh cng Tokyo Vic thi cng cc ng thp tuy c gi thnh t hn, nhng hiu qu ca n mang tnh lu bn v mang li gi tr kinh t cao hn. Ti Vit Nam, nguyn liu s dng chnh trong vic thi cng cu cng vn l xi mng ct thp, do , ng dng cc ng thp trong thi cng cu cng ln i vi nc ta cha thc s ph bin.

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