Professional Documents
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Introduction to the
FEM - BOOKS
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1. Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering Analysis by Tirupathi R. Chandruipatala and Ashok R. Belagundu. Prentice Hall. 2. The Finite Element Method in Engineering by S.S.Rao, Peragamon Press, Oxford. 3. Finite Element Procedures, by Klaus Jurgen Bathi, Prentice Hall. 4. The Finite Element Method by Zienkiewicz published by Mc Graw Hill. 5. An Introduction to Finite Element Method by J.N. Reddy published by Mc Graw Hill. 6. Fundamentals of the Finite Element Method for Heat and Fluid Flow by Roland W. Lewis, Perumal Nithiarasu, Kankanhalli N. Seetharamu by John Wiley. BY: SACHIN CHATURVEDI
Basic Concepts
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The finite element method (FEM), or finite element analysis (FEA), is based on the idea of building a complicated object with simple blocks, or, dividing a complicated object into small and manageable pieces. Application of this simple idea can be found everywhere in everyday life, as well as in engineering.
BY: SACHIN CHATURVEDI
Examples
FEM Examples
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1. Introduction to FEM
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Numerical Methods:
1.1 Applications
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A diversity of specializations under the union of the mechanical engineering discipline (such as aeronautical, biomechanical, and automotive industries) commonly use integrated FEM in design and development of their products. Several modern FEM packages include specific components such as thermal, electromagnetic, fluid, and structural working environments. In a structural simulation, FEM helps tremendously in producing stiffness and strength visualizations and also in minimizing weight, materials, and costs.
Applications
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Cont
FEM allows detailed visualization of where structures bend or twist, and indicates the distribution of stresses and displacements. FEM software provides a wide range of simulation options for controlling the complexity of both modeling and analysis of a system. Similarly, the desired level of accuracy required and associated computational time requirements can be managed simultaneously to address most engineering applications. FEM allows entire designs to be constructed, refined, and optimized before the design is
manufactured.
BY: SACHIN CHATURVEDI
Applications
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Cont
This powerful design tool has significantly improved both the standard of engineering designs and the methodology of the design process in many industrial applications. The introduction of FEM has substantially decreased the time to take products from concept to the production line. It is primarily through improved initial prototype designs using FEM that testing and development have
A. Rolling
B. Forging
C. Injection Molding
Research Work On
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Academics
Industry
B. Tech
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Phd
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Journals
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Its applicability is limited to certain problems for which equilibrium or conservation law can be easily stated in terms of physical quantities one wants to obtain. In most cases, discretized elements are self-obvious in the physical sense.
2.1.2 Coordinate Transformation approach In many cases, one can introduce a local coordinate system associated with each element in addition to a global coordinate system. A local coordinate system can be defined in many cases in a self-obvious way inherent to the element itself. It is much easier to determine the stiffness matrix with respect to the local coordinate system of an element than with respect to the global coordinate system. The stiffness matrix with respect to the local coordinate system is to be transformed to that with respect to the global coordinate system before the assembly procedure. i) Vector Transformation in 2-D. ii) Transformation of stiffness matrix.
2.1.3 Direct approach for Elasticity Problem (plane stress, plane strain) In this section, we are concerned about an elastic deformation problem in twodimensional continuous media (therefore, not a discrete system).
2.1.6 Principle of Minimum Total Potential Energy There is a very important physical principle to describe a deformation process of an elastic body, namely Principle of Minimum Total Potential Energy, which can be summarized as below:
One of the historically famous approximate methods for this kind of problem is Rayleigh-Ritz Method, and the other modern method is the Finite Element method. Here we will discuss both methods with the comparison in mind. i) Rayleigh-Ritz Method: This method is very simple and easy to understand. However, it is not easy to find a family of trial functions for the entire domain satisfying the essential boundary conditions when geometry is complicated. ii) Finite Element Method: In this case, the shape functions can be found more easily than the trial functions without having to worry about satisfying the essential boundary conditions, which makes FEM much more useful than Rayleigh-Ritz Method. In this regard, the Finite Element Method is a modernized approximation method suitable for computer environment. BY: SACHIN CHATURVEDI
We will discuss the element types, shape functions and discretization in this section. It is important to be able to select an element type which is most suitable for the problem of interest, and to determine the shape functions for the chosen element type. Finally, automatic mesh generation techniques are, in practical sense, also important to finite element analysis applications. 3.1 Element Types i) One-dimensional Elements
4 Natural Coordinates
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Note that N (x, y) in our current form is represented in terms of the nodal coordinates (xi , yi ) and a global coordinate (x, y). One can have a better form in terms of so-called Natural Coordinate, in particular for triangular type of elements (or Normalized Coordinate for a quadrilateral type of elements ).
1) One-dimensional case
4 Natural Coordinates
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2) Two-dimensional case
3) Three-dimensional case
5 Normalized coordinate
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7 Exercise
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QUESTIONS
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