LOVELY PROFESIONAL UNIVERSITY

Submitted as a part of course curriculum for

Minor PROJECT
Under the Guidance of
Ms. Swati Goel

Lecturer LHST
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara

Developed and submitted by

Shekhar (A3801A01)
(Bachelor of Computer Application)

3nd year As a part of 6th semester major project

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound sense of gratitude and respect to all those who helped me during this project. First and foremost I also express my heartfelt thanks to Ms.swati Goel for giving me an opportunity to undertake this project and providing me crucial feedback that influenced me an opportunity to undertake the project work in this esteemed concern. Without his guidance I have not been able to complete my work successfully. Finaaly I would like to extend my profound thanks to all my esteemed colleagues and friends at college level.

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CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that this project has been undertaken under my guidance as a part of 6th semester trainin of BCA 3rd year from lovely professional university. This project is original to the best of my knowledge. he possesses good conduct and has successfully completed the training/project work. I wish him grand success in his future life.

Date: 01-08-2009

Project Coordinator Ms. Swati Goel

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PROJECT ON

Scientific calculator

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Table of Contents
Sr. No. 1. 2. Topics Introduction and Objective System Analysis (i) Identification Of Need (ii) Preliminary Investigation Feasibility Study (i) Technical Feasibility (ii) Economical Feasibility (iii) Operational Feasibility Software Engineering Paradigm Applied Software and Hardware Requirement Specification System Design Coding Validation checks Implementation and maintenance (i) Testing (Testing Techniques and Testing Strategies) System Security measures Cost Estimation of The Project Reports PERT Chart, GANTT Chart Future Scope Of The Project Bibliography Page No.

3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

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1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE

INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT I have made the scientific calculator in c graphics. I have made attempt to make all the operations which an scientific calculator is consist of. There are certain fields like addition, substraction, division, trigonometric functions, log, etc. calculator is use for daily calculations which is consist of the all the airthemetic operations. .

OBJECTIVE OF THE SYSTEM The objectives of the new system are: Greater speed of processing Accurate calculation. Faster speed of calculating the complex values. Reduced calculation. User friendly .

Designed system is used to reduce the calculation time.

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2. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
(i) IDENTIFICATION OF NEED (ii) PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

SYSTEM ANALYSIS System analysis is an important activity that takes place when new information system is being built or existing ones are changed. Its most crucial role is in defining user requirements. System analysis, often called business system analysis to emphasize its business emphasis, is needed in the first instance to clearly identify what is the possible and how a new system will work. This includes gathering the necessary data and developing models for the new systems. There are many constraints imposed on analyst and many people to satisfy. A system analyst must spend a lot of time talking to users and finding out how they use system.

Two of the steps are:

Identification of need Preliminary investigation

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(i) Identification of need

Problems with the current systemThis software should remove all the problems generally faced in manual calculations. Some of the problems are categories as follows: 1. calculations of large number of values is difficult. 2. time consumption is more for calculating. 3. complex calculation. 4. inaccurate results.

In order to cope up with the above-mentioned problems, this software has to be designed and developed to computerize the calculation of the values. We deal with large number of calculations in our daily life, so it is nessery to make a software which can save our time.

(ii) Preliminary investigation Preliminary investigation is one of the activities of system development life cycle. It is the first step in the system development life cycle, which determines the feasibility of the system. The purpose of preliminary investigation is to evaluate project requests. Preliminary investigation is collecting the information that helps committee members to evaluate the merits of the project request and make an informed judgment about the feasibility of the proposed project.

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Analysts working on the preliminary investigation should accomplish the following objectives: Clarify and understand the project requests. Determine the size of the project. Assess costs and benefits of alternative approaches. Determine the technical and operational feasibility of alternative approaches. Report the finding to management, with recommendations outlining the acceptance or rejection of the proposal. ABOUT THE CALCULATOR A scientific calculator is a type of electronic calculator, usually but not always handheld, designed to calculate problems in science (especially physics), engineering, and mathematics. They have almost completely replaced slide rules in almost all traditional applications, and are widely used in both education and professional settings. In certain contexts such as higher education, scientific calculators have been superseded by graphing calculators, which offer a superset of scientific calculator functionality along with the ability to graph input data and write and store programs for the device. There is also some overlap with the financial calculator market. Conducting the preliminary investigation The data that the analysts collect during preliminary investigation are gathered through these preliminary methods. 1.Reviewing organisation documents-The analysts conducting the investigation first learn the organisation involved in, or affected by the project. Analysts can get some details by examining organisation charts and studying written operating procedures.

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2.Gathering information by asking questions- Interviewing is the most commonly used techniques in analysis. It is always necessary first to approach someone and ask them what their problems are, and later to discuss with them the result of your analysis. .3.Questionnaires- Questionnaires provides an alternative to interviews for finding out information about a system. Questionnaires are made up of questions about information sought by analyst. The questionnaire is then send to the user, and the analyst analyzes the replies. 4.Electronic data gathering- electronic communication systems are increasingly being used to gather information. Thus it is possible to use electronic mail to broadcast a question to a number of users in an organisation to obtain their viewpoint on a particular issue. 5. Interviews- Interview allows the analysts to learn more about the nature of the project request and reason of submitting it. Interviews should provide details that further explain the project and show whether assistance is merited economically, operationally or technically. One of the most important points about interviewing is that what question you need to ask. It is often convenient to make a distinction between three kinds of question that is Open questions Closed question Probes

Open questions are general question that establish a persons view point on a particular subject. Thus there might be a question such that

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1. 2.

What do you think of calculator in your type of work? How relevant is the calculator forecast to your activity?

3.Project Feasibility
(i) Technical feasibility (ii) Operational feasibility (iii) Economic feasibility

Feasibility study
Preliminary investigation examine project feasibility, the likelihood the system will be useful to the organisation. Feasibility is said to be determination of whether the project is worth doing or not. The process followed in making this determination is called feasibility study. This type of study determines if a project can and should be taken. Once it has been determined that the project is feasible, the analysts can go ahead and prepare the project specification which finalizes project requirements. Different types of feasibility: 1. Technical feasibility 2. Operational feasibility 3. Economic feasibility

Technical feasibility
Technical feasibility is concerned with specifying equipment and software that will successfully satisfy the user requirement. The technical needs of the system may vary but might include: The facility to respond with in time. Accurate calculation.

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Ability to solve complex equations with in no time.

.In technical feasibility, the configuration of the system is given more importance than the actual make of the hardware. The configuration should give the complete picture about the system requirements: How many workstations are required? How these units are interconnected so that they can operate and communicate smoothly? What speeds of input and output should be achieved at particular quality of printing? Specific software and hardware products can then be evaluated keeping in view with the logical needs.

Economical feasibility
Economic analysis or cost/benefit analysis is most frequently used technique for evaluating the effectiveness of a proposed system. It is procedure to determine the benefits and savings that are expected from the proposed system and compare them with costs. If the benefit outweigh the costs, a decision is taken to design and implement the system. Otherwise, further justification or alternative in the proposed system will have to be made if it is to have a chance of being approved. This is an on going effort that improves in accuracy at each phase of system life cycle.

Operational feasibility
Operational feasibility covers two aspects. One technical performance aspect and the other is the acceptance within the organization. The points to be considered are: What changes will be brought with the system? What organizational are disturbed? What new skills will be required? Do the existing staff members have these skills? If not, can they be trained in the due course of time?

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Operational feasibility determines how the proposed system will fit in with the current operations and what, if any, job reconstructing and retraining may be needed to implement the system. The evaluation must then determine the general attitude and skills of existing personnel and whether any such reconstructing of jobs will be acceptable to the current users.

4. Software engineering paradigm applied

Software engineering paradigm applied
To solve actual problems in an industry setting, a software engineer or a team of Engineers must incorporate a development strategy that encompasses the process, methods, and tools layers. This strategy is often referred to as a process model or a software-engineering paradigm. A process model or a software engineering is chosen based on the nature of the project and application, the methods and tools to be used, and the controls and deliverables that are required. There are so many software paradigms: Linear sequential modal ( water fall modal)Some times called the classical life cycle or the water fall model, the linear sequential model suggests a systematic, sequential approach to software development that begins at the system level and progresses through analysis, design, coding, testing and support.

Prototyping modal -

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Prototyping paradigm begins with requirements gathering. Developer and the customer meet and define the overall objective of the software, identify whatever requirements, and outlines areas where furtherdefinition is mandatory. A quick design then occurs. The quick design leads to the construction of prototype. The prototype is evaluated by the customer/user and use to refine requirement of the software to be developed. The RAD modal. Rapid application development modal is a high-speed adaptation of the linear sequential model in which rapid development is achieved by using component-based construction. In my project linear sequential modal is used (waterfall modal) involved steps given below: System /information engineering and modeling. Because software is always part of a larger system (or business), work begins by establishing requirements for all system elements and then allocating some subset of these requirements to software. This system view is essential when software must interact with other elements such as hardware, people, and databases. System engineering and analysis encompass requirements gathering at the system level with a small amount of top level design and analysis. Information engineering encompasses requirements gathering at the strategic business level and at the business area level. Software requirements analysis. The requirements gathering process is intensified and focused specifically on software. To understand the nature of the program(s) to be built, software engineer (analyst) must understand the information domain for the software, as well as required function, behavior, performance, and interface.

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Requirements for both the system and the software are documented and reviewed with the customer. Design. Software design is actually a multi step process that focuses on four distinct attributes of a program: data structure, software architecture, interface

representations, and procedural detail. The design process translates requirements into a representation of the software that can be assessed for quality before coding begins. Like requirements, the design is documented and becomes part of the software configuration. Code generation. The design must be translated into a machine code. The code Generation step performs thin task. If design is performed in a detailed manner, code generation can be accomplished mechanistically. Testing. Once code has been generated, program testing begins. The testing process focuses on the logical internals of the software, ensuring that all statements have been tested, and on the functional externals; that is, conducting tests to uncover errors and ensure that defined input will produce actual results that agree with required results. Support. Software will undoubtedly undergo changes after it is delivered to the Customer. Changes will occur because errors have been encountered, because the software must be adapted to accommodate changes in its external environment, or because the customer requires functional or performance enhancements. Software support/maintenance reapplies each of the preceding phases to an existing program rather than a new one. Linear sequential modal (waterfall modal)

Analysis

Design

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Code

Test

5. Software and Hardware requirement specification

Software and hardware requirement specification
Software requirement Hardware requirement

C graphics C compiler

Pentium Processor With at least 256 MB RAM 40 GB Hard Disk

6. System design
Major system design activitiesSeveral development activities are carried out during structured design. They are designdesign of the calculator

code:- #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dos.h> #include<graphics.h> int initmouse(); void showptr(); void openwindow();
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void closewindow(); void hideptr(); void getmousepos(int *,int*,int*); void restrictptr(int,int,int,int); int button,x,y,x1,y1,x2,y2,s; long double num=0,get,num1=0,result=0; long double addnum(int); char opr; int a,b,r,s,i1,count,c,sq,newnum=1,d=0; union REGS i,o; void main() { int driver=DETECT,mode,i; int q,p[12]; char input; char *inpu[4][4]={"1","2","3","4", "5","6","7","8", "9","0","+","-" , "*","/","clr","="};

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char inp[4][4]={'1','2','3','4', '5','6','7','8', '9','0','+','-' , '*','/','l','='}; initgraph(&driver,&mode,"c:\\tc\\bgi"); for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { setcolor(9); //clearviewport(); circle(50,0+i,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=50;i=i+1) {

//clearviewport(); circle(50+i,100-i,10); delay(3); }

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for(i=0;i<=50;i=i+1) { //clearviewport(); circle(100+i,50+i,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { //clearviewport(); circle(150,100-i,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { setcolor(6); //clearviewport(); circle(200,0+i,10); delay(3); }

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for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { //clearviewport(); circle(200+i,0,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { //clearviewport(); circle(200+i,50,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { //clearviewport(); circle(200+i,100,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1)

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{ setcolor(2); //clearviewport(); circle(350,0+i,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { //clearviewport(); circle(350+i,100,10); delay(3); } //creating c for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { setcolor(10); //clearviewport(); circle(100,150+i,10); delay(3);

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} settextstyle(0,0,0); for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { //clearviewport(); circle(100+i,150,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { //clearviewport(); circle(100+i,250,10); delay(3); } //creating o for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { setcolor(5); //clearviewport();

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circle(250,150+i,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { //clearviewport(); circle(250+i,250,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { //clearviewport(); circle(250+i,150,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { //clearviewport(); circle(350,250-i,10);

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delay(3); } //creating m for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { setcolor(1 ); //clearviewport(); circle(400,150+i,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=50;i=i+1) { //clearviewport(); circle(400+i,150+i,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=50;i=i+1) {

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//clearviewport(); circle(450+i,200-i,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { //clearviewport(); circle(500,150+i,10); delay(3); } //creating e for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { setcolor(12); //clearviewport(); circle(550,150+i,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1)

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{ //clearviewport(); circle(550+i,150,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { //clearviewport(); circle(550+i,250,10); delay(3); } for(i=0;i<=100;i=i+1) { //clearviewport(); circle(550+i,200,10); delay(3); }

if(initmouse()==0)

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{ printf("not"); getch(); exit(0); } openwindow(); getch(); cleardevice(); setfillstyle(CLOSE_DOT_FILL,10); bar(260,82,450,320); bar(430,70,450,320); setfillstyle(1,GREEN); bar(236,82,432,300); setcolor(GREEN); rectangle(238,50,430,80); rectangle(237,49,431,81); rectangle(236,48,432,82); c=240; d=100;

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s=0; for(a=0;a<4;a++) { c=240; for(b=0;b<4;b++) { setfillstyle(1,RED); bar(c,d,c+40,d+40); setcolor(YELLOW); outtextxy(c+10,d+14,inpu[a][b]); c+=50; } d+=50; } showptr(); num=0; gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",num); count=0;

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while(!kbhit()) { outtextxy(30,20,"Press any key to exit.."); i1=0; c=240; d=100; rectangle(0,0,638,478); getmousepos(&button,&x,&y); for(a=0;a<4;a++) { c=240; for(b=0;b<4;b++) { if((x>=c&&x<=c+40)&&(y>=d&&y<=d+40)) { if((button&1)==1) { while((button&1)==1) {

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setcolor(11); rectangle(c,d,c+40,d+40); rectangle(c-1,d-1,c+41,d+41); rectangle(c-2,d-2,c+42,d+42); break; } delay(100); setcolor(GREEN); rectangle(c,d,c+40,d+40); rectangle(c-1,d-1,c+41,d+41); rectangle(c-2,d-2,c+42,d+42); input=inp[a][b]; switch(input) { case '1': get=addnum(1); gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",get); break;

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case '2': get=addnum(2); gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",get); break; case '3': get=addnum(3); gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",get); break; case '4': get=addnum(4); gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",get); break; case '5': get=addnum(5); gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",get);

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break; case '6': get=addnum(6); gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",get); break; case '7': get=addnum(7); gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",get); break; case '8': get=addnum(8); gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",get); break; case '9': get=addnum(9); gotoxy(36,5);

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printf("%18.1Lf",get); break; case '0': get=addnum(0); gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",get); break; case '+': num1=num; num=0; opr='+'; gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",num); break; case '-': num1=num; num=0; opr='-'; gotoxy(36,5);

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printf("%18.1Lf",num); break; case '*': num1=num; num=0; opr='*'; gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",num); break; case '/': num1=num; num=0; opr='/'; gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",num); break; case 'l': num=0; num1=0;

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result=0; count=0; gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",num); break; case '=': switch(opr) { case '+': if(count<1) { result=num+num1; } else { result=result+num; } gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",result);

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count+=1; break; case '-': if(count<1) { result=num1-num; } else { result=result-num; } gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",result); count+=1; break; case '*': if(count<1) { result=num1*num;

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} else { result=result*num; } gotoxy(36,5); printf("%18.1Lf",result); count+=1; break; case '/': if(count<1) { result=num1/num; } else { result=result/num; } gotoxy(36,5);

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printf("%18.1Lf",result); count+=1; break; } } } } c+=50; } d+=50; } setcolor(YELLOW); delay(150); } getch(); closewindow(); getch(); } long double addnum(int getnum)

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{ num=num*10+getnum; return(num); } int initmouse() { i.x.ax=0; int86(0x33,&i,&o); return(o.x.ax); } void showptr() { i.x.ax=1; int86(0x33,&i,&o); } void hideptr() { i.x.ax=2; int86(0x33,&i,&o);

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} void restrictptr(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2) { i.x.ax=7; o.x.cx=x1; o.x.dx=x2; int86(0x33,&i,&o); i.x.ax=8; o.x.cx=y1; o.x.dx=y2; int86(0x33,&i,&o); } void getmousepos(int *button,int *x,int *y) { i.x.ax=3; int86(0x33,&i,&o); *button=o.x.bx; *x=o.x.cx; *y=o.x.dx;

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} void openwindow() { int aa,bb,cc,dd,maxx,maxy,i=10; maxx=getmaxx(); maxy=getmaxy(); rectangle(0,0,maxx,maxy); aa=250; bb=400; cc=260; for(dd=250;dd<350;dd+=20) { setfillstyle(1,2); bar(dd,bb,cc,bb+10); cc+=20; } aa=250; bb=400; cc=260;

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while(!kbhit()) { setcolor(i);

if((aa==350)&&(cc==360)) { aa=250; cc=260; break; } else { setcolor(10); rectangle(aa,bb,cc,bb+10); rectangle(aa-1,bb-1,cc+1,bb+11); } delay(300); setcolor(BLACK); rectangle(aa,bb,cc,bb+10);

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rectangle(aa-1,bb-1,cc+1,bb+11); aa+=20; cc+=20; }

} void closewindow() { int i,j,k; cleardevice(); rectangle(0,0,638,478); k=0; while(!kbhit()) { setcolor(k); settextstyle(5,0,8); outtextxy(100,200,"THANK YOU"); line(90,300,600,300); delay(200);

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k++; } }
7 CONTEXT LEVEL DIAGRAM FOR BUSINESS MANAGEMENTMENT SYSTEM Screen of calculator
Division

Addition

Substraction

SEE FEEDBACK

Trigonometric functions

Tangent

Sin

Cos

Log

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Data Flow Diagram for the software system

Trigonometric functions User Screen

Performing the calculation eg 2+2=4

wrong values Right values

Reenter the values

Accepted
Result

Airthmatic functions

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Addition substracti on Division Sin Multiply

Cos

8. Validation checks
Various validation checks are used For example

Valid data should be entered in the calculator.

Like numeric data should be entered for the numeric field.

9. Implementation and Maintenance

(i) Testing (testing techniques and testing strategies)
Software is tested from two different perspectives: Internal program logic is exercised using white box test case design techniques.

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Software requirements are exercised using black box test case design techniques. In both cases, the intend is to find the maximum number of errors with the minimum amount of effort and time.

White box testingUsing white box testing methods, the software engineer can derive test cases that 1. Guarantee that all independent paths within a module have been exercised at least once. During testing project is tested in various ways all the different paths are tested. System is checked for all situations, which can occur. Exercise all logical decisions on their true and false side. . 2. Execute all loops at their boundaries and within their operational bounds. 3. Exercise internal data structures to ensure their validity. Each of these reasons provides an argument for conducting white box test.

Black box testingBlack box testing focuses on the functional requirements of the software that is black box testing enable a software engineer to derive sets of input conditions that will fully exercise all functional requirements for a program. Black box testing is a complementary approach that is likely to uncover a different class of errors. Black box testing attempts to find errors in the following categories1. Incorrect or missing functions. System is checked for all the function defined in the coding are working properly.

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2. Errors in data structures or external data base access. System is checked that at the time of running the software all the functions are available and working properly.

10. System security measures

No security mesures

11. Cost estimation of the project

Estimating involves evaluating the amount and complexity of work to be done in each task. This information is used to determine the resources needed to complete the work. Estimates will depend on the type of work carried out in the task. Most software estimates take into account the organisation experience related to the type of task. This can be where: Existing software is used. Previous experience exists. Similar experience exists. Totally new development.

Approach to software cost estimation1. Decomposition techniques take a divide and conquer approach to software project estimation. 2. Empirical method can be used to complement decomposition technique and offer a potentially valuable estimation approach in their own right. 3. Automated estimation tools implement one or more decomposition techniques or empirical models.

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Each of above software cost estimation options is only good as historical data used to seed the estimate. In my project I have used empirical estimation model as COCOMO MODEL for software cost estimation. COCOMO Model- COnstructive COst Model is one of the most widely used models in the industry. COCOMO II is the hierarchy of estimation models. The COCOMO II application composition model uses object points which is an indirect software measure that is computed using counts of the number of 1. Screens(at user interface) 2. Reports, and 3. Components likely to be required to build the application.

12. Reports
No reports .

13. Pert chart

Program evaluation and review technique (pert) is a project scheduling method that is applied to software development. Pert provide quantitative tool that allow the software planner to Determine the critical path-the chain of tasks that determines the duration of the project; Establish most likely time estimates for individual tasks by applying statistical models; and Calculate boundary times that defines a time window for a particular task.

Pert chart for project-

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Preliminary Investigation 1 2 Data collection

4 2 Analysis

5 2 Design

6 Coding

7 Testing

8 User Manual

14. FUTURE SCOPE OF THE APPLICATION

Modern scientific calculators generally have many more features than a standard four or five-function calculator, and the feature set differs between manufacturers and models; however, the defining features of a scientific calculator include:

logarithmic functions, using both base 10 and base e trigonometric functions (some including hyperbolic trigonometry) exponential functions and roots beyond the square root quick access to constants such as pi and e

In addition, high-end scientific calculators will include:

hexadecimal, binary, and octal calculations, including basic Boolean math complex numbers fractions statistics and probability calculations programmability see Programmable calculator equation solving calculus conversion of units physical constants

15. Bibliography
1. C graphics. 2. C compiler.

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3. Software Engineering .

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