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Overview
What is Electron Diffraction LEED & RHEED
LEED
History
RHEED
What is RHEED
Basic Principle
Basic principle
Instrumentation
Insrumentation
How to Use
Data collection
Examples
Examples
Complication in LEED
Electron Diffraction
The phenomenon associated with the interference processes which occur when electrons are scattered by atoms in crystals to form diffraction patterns. Types of Electron Diffraction:Electron diffraction
Electron Diffraction
What is LEED
Low-energy electron diffraction, is a technique for the determination of the surface structure of crystalline materials by bombardment with low energy electrons (20500eV) and observation of diffracted electrons as spots on a fluorescent screen. The pattern of spots contains information of surface structure and the spot intensity indicates reconstruction.
Fig: Schematic of a LEED
History
1924: Discovered accidentally by Davisson and Kunsman during study of electron emission from a Ni crystal.
1927: Davisson and Germer found diffraction maxima for:
nl = D sinf
where D = surface spacing, l = electron wavelength
1934: Fluorescent screen developed by Ehrenburg for data imaging. 1960: UHV technology enabled LEED of clean surfaces.
Instrumentation of LEED
A sample holder with the prepared sample An electron gun A display system, usually a hemispherical fluorescent screen on which the diffraction pattern can be observed directly A sputtering gun for cleaning the surface A number of highly transparent grids are placed in front of the screen.
Grid 1: retarding voltage (selects only elastic electrons)
a
Reciprocal-Space (i.e. spacing of diffraction spots in nm1)
2 G a
larger real-space
Phys 661 - Baski Diffraction Techniques
smaller reciprocal-space
Substrate +Adsorbate
STEPS
RHEED
What is RHEED?
In order to extract surface structural information from the diffraction of high energy electrons, therefore, the technique has to be adapted and the easiest way of doing this is to use a reflection geometry in which the electron beam is incident at a very grazing angle - it is then known as Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) RHEED theory is very similar to LEED.
Instrumentation of RHEED
A sample holder with the prepared sample. An electron gun-The electron gun generates a beam of electrons which strike the sample at a very small angle. Photo-luminescent detector screen- which collect the diffracted electrons & form the regular pattern on the screen. although modern RHEED systems have some additional parts to optimize the technique.
Figure:- The most basic setup of a RHEED system.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Range of elements
Destructive
LEED
RHEED
All
All
No, except in special cases Same as LEED. of electron-beam damage. 4-20. 2-100 .
0.1ML; atomic positions to Same as LEED. 0.1 . Typically 200; best systems 5mm Typically 0.1mm; best systems ~10mm. No; need special instruments LEEM. Analysis of surface crystallography . <75K Same as LEED. 200mm x 4mm; best systems 0.3nm x 6 nm. No. Monitoring surface structure, in-situ growth . 50k-200k.
Cost
References
Surface Characterization By D.Brune & R. Hellborg. http://philiphofmann.net/surflec3/surflec014.html http://hpcrd.lbl.gov/~meza Optimization Methods for Simulation-Based Problems in Nano Science By Juan Meza, Michel van Hove, Zhengji Zhao (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) www.wikipedia.org
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