2008 HFT - HFT Championship 01 FINISHED.

doc (Question #1) [HS] The Dirichlet series with the values of this function as coefficients evaluates to zeta of s minus one over zeta of s, while summing it over the divisors of any integer gives the integer itself. The sum of it and the sum of the divisors of an integer n is equal to 2n if and only if n is prime, and it is multiplicative for relatively prime integers. It is the order of the group of units of Z mod Z n, meaning that any unit taken to this power is one, as implied by Euler's theorem. FTP, name this arithmetic function first defined by Euler, which for an integer n is the number of integers less than n that are coprime to n. ANSWER: Euler totient function (or Euler phi function) 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 01 FINISHED.doc (Question #3) [HS] This battle was presaged by an encounter on Pigeon Mountain in the Battle of Davis' Cross Roads and by Leonidas Polk's refusal to attack Thomas Crittenden. Benjamin Cheatham's division reinforced the winning commander of this battle, while the losing side retreated to the Lafayette Road. James Longstreet exploited a gap in the Union line, forcing William Rosencrans to retreat, while George Thomas earned the epithet the Rock of this place. Occurring shortly after the Battle of Chattanooga, this was, FTP, what 1863 victory for Confederate forces under Braxton Bragg fought in northwestern Georgia? ANSWER: Battle of Chickamauga 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 01 FINISHED.doc (Question #4) [HS] Some historians believe he faked an appendectomy to avoid flying on the Kashmir Princess, a plane blown up en route to the Bandung Conference. John Foster Dulles refused to shake his hand at the Geneva Conference, but Henry Kissinger later atoned for the slight. He was the target of the Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius campaign, but remained in power and supported the Four Modernizations after administering China throughout the Cultural Revolution. FTP, identify this comrade who served Mao as China's premier and longtime foreign minister. ANSWER: Zhou Enlai 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 01 FINISHED.doc (Question #6) [HS] Its symmetry group is a ten-dimensional noncompact Lie [LEE] group called the Poincare group. The triangle inequality is reversed when operating on it, since if you consider it as a vector space, its inner product is not positive-definite. Instead, it has a signature with one unit vector of different sign from the others, meaning that any orthonormal basis of this space has one vector of different sign, and that vector is called the timelike component. Vectors are analogously called lightlike if their inner product with themselves is zero. FTP, identify this four-dimensional manifold named for a German mathematician, the setting for Einstein's theory of special relativity. ANSWER: Minkowski space 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 01 FINISHED.doc (Question #11) [HS] He explored class stratification in Americanism and Fordism and argued that Marxism was not deterministic in The Revolution against Das Kapital, but is better known for rewriting Machiavelli in The Modern Prince. Publication of his influential essay on the Southern Question preceded his incarceration, during which he contrasted the traditional intelligentsia with an organic one and explained the persistence of the capitalist system with his theory of cultural hegemony. FTP, name this Italian Communist social theorist who wrote the Prison Notebooks. ANSWER: Antonio Gramsci 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 01 FINISHED.doc (Question #12) [HS]

A secret deal between two of its leaders was allegedly reached at the Granita restaurant in Islington in 1994. Keir Hardie served as its first chairman, while its leader Jim Callaghan warned in 1978 that his opponents would be left waiting at the church, but the so-called Winter of Discontent eroded its support. The Zinoviev letter hurt the first member of it to become prime minister, Ramsay MacDonald, and its other leaders included Harold Wilson and Clement Atlee, who succeeded Winston Churchill. FTP, identify this party of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. ANSWER: Labour Party 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 01 FINISHED.doc (Question #13) [HS] The Vilsmeier reaction achieves the same effect as this reaction by proceeding through an iminium intermediate. It is replaced by the Gatterman-Koch reaction with carbon monoxide, and a two-step process beginning with it replaces a related reaction that, unless the starting material is tertiary, will lead to rearrangement. Moreover, that related reaction generates a more reactive product, leading to polyalkylation, so instead this reaction is followed by Clemmensen or Wolff-Kishner reduction. FTP, identify this reaction, catalyzed by Lewis acids like aluminum trichloride, a substitution reaction that links a terminal carbonyl compound to a benzene ring. ANSWER: Friedel-Crafts acylation 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 01 FINISHED.doc (Question #16) [HS] Henri Pirenne analyzed trade patterns in this geographic feature to form his namesake thesis, while Janet Abu-Lughod discussed its continuity in many of her works, following on the research of the leader of the Annales School, who wrote about the world of it in the age of Philip II. In addition to appearing in the works of Ferdinand Braudel, this body of water saw the British navy chase the Goeben at the beginning of World War I and the Holy League defeat the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Lepanto. FTP, identify this sea once dominated by the Roman Empire. ANSWER: Mediterranean Sea 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 01 FINISHED.doc (Question #18) [HS] This hormone is a common treatment for Paget's disease, but under ordinary circumstances, it plays a minimal role in the homeostasis of the ion with which it is most often associated. In many animals, it is secreted in the ultimobranchial body, but in humans it is created by the C cells of the thyroid. It promotes the mineralization of skeletal bone and can act as a mild appetite suppressant. FTP, name this endocrine hormone, antagonist to parathyroid hormone, that in cases of hypercalcemia is used to reduce blood calcium levels. ANSWER: calcitonin 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 02 FINISHED.doc (Question #1) [HS] He successfully convinced Antonio Bucareli y Urza to fire Pedro Fages, a military commander who fought several wars against the Apache, and the governor Felipe de Neve tried to bring him under temporal authority by temporarily banning him from performing sacraments. The most famous of the men who traveled El Camino Real, he built the mission to which the swallows return annually at San Juan Capistrano as well as those at Carmel and Monterrey. FTP, identify this Franciscan friar who founded a series of missions up and down California. ANSWER: Junpero Serra 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 02 FINISHED.doc (Question #2) [HS] These objects may be described as perfect Lambertians, and one law about these objects predicts the ultraviolet catastrophe. Another law concerning these entities explains the

utility of infrared sensors because it predicts that an object's temperature is two point nine millimeters Kelvin divided by the wavelength at which it radiates the most, which can be modeled by a curve named for Planck. Besides the Rayleigh-Jeans law and Wien's law, a better-known equation predicts that the radiant flux of a black body is proportional to the fourth power of its temperature. FTP, identify these objects that absorb all incident light. ANSWER: black body 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 02 FINISHED.doc (Question #4) [HS] It began at Lashio and crossed its only international boundary at Wanting, just 120 miles into its 700-mile course to Kunming. It was linked to Assam after the Ledo Road was constructed under the command of Joseph Stillwell, but when it was first rendered inaccessible, American pilots had to fly supplies over the Himalayas to reach Yunnan. Constructed in 1938, it crossed the Salween and Irrawaddy Rivers and allowed the Allies to transport weapons to Chiang Kai-shek. FTP, identify this World War II-era road that supplied China from its namesake country. ANSWER: Burma Road 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 02 FINISHED.doc (Question #6) [HS] He discussed The Role of Civil Disobedience in the Duty and Obligation section of his most famous work and studied allocations of economic goods to theorize that inequalities are justified only when they benefit the most disadvantaged, which he termed the difference principle. He reasoned that society would agree on this principle if no one knew his social status, a thought experiment he called original position. His work was criticized in Anarchy, State, and Utopia by his Harvard colleague Robert Nozick. FTP, name this author of A Theory of Justice. ANSWER: John Rawls 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 02 FINISHED.doc (Question #8) [HS] This work's forward says its author experiences the tragedy of the modern world in an especially acute manner, while its preface claims the author should be taken seriously because of his knowledge of ituika, or ritual transfer of power, as well as land law. Its functionalist argument that a people can preserve aspects of culture it finds valuable is used to defend female genital mutilation. Dedicated to the dispossessed youth of Africa with a forward by Bronislaw Malinowski, this is, FTP, what anthropological study of the Kikuyu by Mau Mau leader Jomo Kenyatta? ANSWER: Facing Mount Kenya 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 02 FINISHED.doc (Question #9) [HS] Lord Minto and Ranjit Singh negotiated an 1846 treaty named for this city that ceded land west of the Ravi River. A more famous event in this city followed the assassination of Habibullah Khan and led to the Hunter Commission, called by Edwin Montagu despite Michael O'Dwyer's reassurances that all was well. It was also the location of Operation Bluestar, which led to the assassination of Indira Gandhi. Reginald Dyer fired on an unarmed group of people in, FTP, what Indian city home to the Golden Temple, the holiest city of Sikhism. ANSWER: Amritsar 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 02 FINISHED.doc (Question #10) [HS] A "clamped nuclear" one is employed by the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Liouville's theorem demonstrates that it is the Noether charge corresponding to time translation invariance, and in quantum mechanics, it is a Hermitian, and therefore its eigenvectors generate a basis for its Hilbert space. Any smooth real-valued function on a

symplectic space defines one, leading to an alternate derivation of the system that uses it, which often employs the Poisson bracket. FTP, identify this quantity, namesake of a reformulation of classical mechanics, which represents a system's total energy and is the Legendre transform of the Lagrangian. ANSWER: Hamiltonian mechanics 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 02 FINISHED.doc (Question #14) [HS] In high dosages, it drives four fifths of prostate cancer cells to apoptosis and can freeze the remaining testosterone-dependent ones in the G0 phase. TRPV1 appears to be this alkaloid's only receptor. It downregulates the production of a certain tachykinin derivative, the neurotransmitter and neuromodulator substance P, whose activation stimulates vomiting and which may be involved in fibromyalgia. Like tarantula venom, it induces inflammation without causing actual chemical burn. FTP, name this substance measured by the Scoville scale, famously produced by many chili peppers. ANSWER: capsaicin 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 02 FINISHED.doc (Question #16) [HS] This city's harbors of Lechaeum and Kenchrae were connected by a stone ramp called the Diolkos. This city once ruled by Psammetichus founded a colony that later violated the Thirty Years Peace to give its navy to Athens, and that colony enjoyed a rocky relationship with this city. Diaeus tried to defend this city against Lucius Mummius, who sacked it during the Achaean War, when the Romans looted it. The Peloponnesian War began in part because of Corfu's enmity toward this city. FTP, identify this Greek city-state located on a namesake isthmus. ANSWER: Corinth 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 02 FINISHED.doc (Question #19) [HS] He got William Conyers, disguised as Robin of Redesdale, to start a rebellion, for which he and the Duke of Clarence soon declared their support. He was upset over the marriage of the king to Elizabeth Woodville, a commoner, and he defected at the Battle of Edgecote Moor. He gained de facto power after the Battle of Towton, which occurred shortly after he had lost his royal captive at the Second Battle of St. Albans, but was later killed at the Battle of Barnet. At first an ally of the Yorkist king Edward IV, he later turned on him. FTP, identify this so-called Kingmaker who meddled in the Wars of the Roses from his position as Earl of Warwick. ANSWER: Richard Neville (accept Earl of Warwick before it is mentioned; prompt on Kingmaker before it is mentioned) 2008 HFT - HFT Championship 02 FINISHED.doc (Question #20) [HS] One form of this process was pioneered by Kris Matyjaszewski (mat uh SHEF ski) and uses redox equilibria, commonly between copper (I) and copper (II) bromide, to control its rate. This process is carried out on alpha-olefins using compounds like triethylaluminum, called Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Another is carried out between the iso and the resin blend, which combines provide isocyanate and hydroxyl which react to form a urethane bond. FTP, identify this process, often carried out with a radical mechanism with initiation, extension, and termination steps, which links monomers into long chains. ANSWER: polymerization 2008 HFT - HFT Round 01.doc (Question #1) [HS] William Jennings Bryan sent Reginald Del Valle to this country to check up on Henry Lane Wilson, the American ambassador, who was involved with rebels who overthrew President Francisco Madero. When the government of this country, where Venustiano Carranza

overthrew Victoriano Huerta, received the Zimmerman Telegram, Woodrow Wilson was already involved there, having sent John Pershing to capture Pancho Villa after Villa's raid on New Mexico. FTP, name this country that lost a more famous war with the United States in 1848. ANSWER: Mexico 2008 HFT - HFT Round 01.doc (Question #2) [HS] The protein clathrin regulates this property in cells, and molecules that partially have this property may form micelles. Surfactants exploit it to promote emulsions, and soaps and detergents take advantage of it to carry away otherwise insoluble dirt. Although important when forming bonds, it may also be calculated as a net quantity across a molecule by taking the sum of the molecule's dipoles. Resulting in partial positive and negative charges, this is, FTP, what term denoting the uneven distribution of charge across a molecule, as with water but not oxygen gas? ANSWER: polarity (accept word forms such as polar) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 01.doc (Question #5) [HS] Important theorists of this discipline included Lewis Binford, who championed the scientific, hypothesis-based New type of it. Controversy over a book criticizing Israeli practitioners of it, Facts on the Ground, nearly cost Nadia Abu El-Haj tenure at Columbia University. It was practiced by Lawrence Stager at Ashkelon, while a German practitioner who tried to find evidence for the historicity of the Iliad and the Odyssey was Heinrich Schliemann. FTP, identify this discipline also performed by Howard Carter when he discovered King Tut's tomb. ANSWER: archaeology 2008 HFT - HFT Round 01.doc (Question #6) [HS] He took advantage of Mathias Rust's landing a plane near his residence to fire the defense minister who opposed his policies, which were originally called uskoreniye. He also replaced longtime foreign minister Andrei Gromyko with Eduard Shevardnadze, restructured Aeroflot, reversed the New Economic Policy, banned vodka, and shook up the bureaucracy after he failed to get reliable information about Chernobyl. FTP, identify this port wine-stained politician best known for advocating glasnost and perestroika as the final leader of the Soviet Union. ANSWER: Mikhail Gorbachev 2008 HFT - HFT Round 01.doc (Question #8) [HS] A linear transformation has this property if it preserves the inner product, and the functions sine and cosine have this property with respect to the Lesbesgue measure. This type of matrix is a unitary matrix with all entries real, and the Gram-Schmidt process can take a set of vectors and produce another set that is both this and normal, a special kind of basis. This is also the relationship between two vectors with a dot product of zero and two lines whose slopes are negative reciprocals. FTP, identify this property possessed by the diagonals of a rhombus and the sides of a square. ANSWER: orthogonal (accept perpendicular after the phrase dot product) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 01.doc (Question #9) [HS] This city gained great trading wealth because of its Sunda Kalapa port at the mouth of the Ciliwung River long before Jan Pieterszoon Coen saved its colonial buildings from destruction and renamed it Batavia. Nationalist forces moved their capital from it to Yogyakarta when it was recaptured by the Dutch following World War II, but in 1949 it became the seat of an independent government led by Mohammad Hatta and Sukarno. It

was later Suharto's capital and is now home to Susilo Yudhoyono. FTP, identify this city on Java, the capital of Indonesia. ANSWER: Jakarta 2008 HFT - HFT Round 01.doc (Question #11) [HS] Its central type typically requires apoptosis, while the transcription of relevant proteins in the thymus is initiated by AIRE. TCR-alpha and light chain receptor editing happens in some cases; in others, nave cells in the absence of costimulation merely display anergy. In the absence of its acquired form, transplant rejection may occur; its induced form is used to treat allergies so the immune system will stop responding to the presence of an antigen. FTP, identify this characteristic that can be built up over time by someone who frequently consumes drugs, poison, or alcohol. ANSWER: immune tolerance 2008 HFT - HFT Round 01.doc (Question #12) [HS] William Shepherd fired at participants in it before Benjamin Lincoln's militia took control. It began with an impassioned meeting at Conkey's Tavern and found support in Pelham and Amherst, where farmers were angry at a regressive capitation tax and the inability to pay their debts. It was defeated at Petersham after its leaders failed in Springfield to prevent the Massachusetts Supreme Court from meeting. George Washington saw evidence of the need for a strong central government in, FTP, what 1786 rebellion by farmers in western Massachusetts? ANSWER: Shays' Rebellion 2008 HFT - HFT Round 01.doc (Question #13) [HS] A form of this concept arising from the conflation of quality with quantity was paired with time in Henri Bergson's doctoral thesis, while Thomas Hobbes thought that form of it as absurd as accidents of bread in cheese and defined it as one's last appetite or aversion preceding action. Another thinker argued that knowledge exists to serve it, since Schopenhauer believed The World consists of it and Representation. The Wanderer and His Shadow introduced and The Gay Science explained another kind of, FTP, what term that Nietzsche paired with to power? ANSWER: will (accept free will before the word serve) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 01.doc (Question #17) [HS] This leader was sometimes advised by the English sailor William Adams. He took the lands of the Imagawa Clan and received the Kanto Provinces in return for defeating the Hojo Clan. His Komaki campaign led to victory at Nagakute, and his attack on daimyos allied with Mitsunari led to victory at Sekigahara; eventually, he besieged and killed Hideyori in Osaka Castle. This ally of Oda Nobunaga gave his name to a period that lasted until 1863 and saw the expulsion of all foreigners. FTP, identify this Japanese military leader who founded a namesake shogunate. ANSWER: Tokugawa Ieyasu (accept either) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 01.doc (Question #18) [HS] The four factor formula is used to gauge the sustainability of this process in an infinite medium, and this process occurred underground at Oklo, Gabon, around two billion years ago. In that case, water seeping through the ore slowed down neutrons, making them more likely to be absorbed, but now beryllium is often used as a neutron reflector in order to lower the necessary supercritical mass. FTP, name this physical process where the nucleus of a large atom is split into two pieces by a neutron, releasing more neutrons and sometimes causing a chain reaction.

ANSWER: nuclear fission (do not accept fusion) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 02.doc (Question #1) [HS] They may be linked in a reaction that uses protecting groups like the acetal TBS and the carbamate Boc to carry out a specific DCC coupling. They can be produced by a reaction that forms and then hydrolyzes a nitrile using potassium cyanide and ammonia, which is named for Adolph Strecker. An uncommon one uses selenium in the place of sulfur, while another is most often found in beta sheets, since its cyclic sidechain allows for sharp turns. FTP, identify these products of the process of translation, which are the monomers of proteins. ANSWER: amino acids 2008 HFT - HFT Round 02.doc (Question #2) [HS] One of this polity's last emperors was Tunka Manin, whose demise triggered the rise of the Sosso people to fight against the successors of Abu Bakr ibn Umar. Arab traders had frequented the mosque in the al-Ghaba quarter of its capital, Koumbi Saleh, but the Almoravids justified conquering it by invoking jihad. Known to the Sondike people as Wagadou, its more famous name was later appropriated by Kwame Nkrumah when the Gold Coast became independent. FTP, identify this African trading empire that gave its name to the country with capital at Accra. ANSWER: Ghana Empire (accept Wagadou Empire before it is mentioned) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 02.doc (Question #5) [HS] Based in part on the work of Kurt Goldstein and Henry Murray, it was first proposed in A Theory of Human Motivation and was expanded upon in 1970's Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences. It begins with the D category, which is further divided into safety, social, and physiological categories, the last and most basic of which includes eating and sleeping. Once these are satisfied, an individual can move to growth needs with the goal of becoming self-transcendent. FTP, name this psychological hierarchy that popularized the term self-actualization. ANSWER: Maslow's hierarchy of needs 2008 HFT - HFT Round 02.doc (Question #6) [HS] Among the groups of them were the Perlo Group and the Cambridge Five, which included Guy Burgess, a homosexual alcoholic British diplomat discovered by the Verona Project. Burgess lived with a more successful one, Kim Philby, and others included those in the Golos Ring. Evidence incriminating one was hidden in a pumpkin by Whittaker Chambers, while Klaus Fuchs did jail time and two were executed after the crime of the century. These people all belong to, FTP, what Cold War category that included Alger Hiss and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg? ANSWER: spies for the Soviet Union (accept all reasonable equivalents, including Communist spies, but don't accept Russian spies and prompt on just spies) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 02.doc (Question #7) [HS] The 09 revision of this language revised the meaning of the keyword auto, and assembly may be inlined using blocks marked by two underscores and a-s-m. Template metaprogramming in it has been proved Turing complete, which, along with operator overloading, is leveraged by its Standard Template Library. Classes might choose to declare a friend method that returns an (O-stream) reference to overload the less-than-lessthan operator for output. Using objects like (C-in) and (C-out) for input and output, this is, FTP, what programming language that added objects and classes to its predecessor and was developed by Bjarne Stroustrop?

ANSWER: C++ (pronounced C Plus Plus) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 02.doc (Question #9) [HS] It may be reformulated to suggest that the piezometric head is equal to the opposite of the velocity head plus a constant, which is in turn equal to a term for elevation and one for pressure. Resulting in the Venturi effect, its basic form applies when the divergence of velocity is zero, a condition called isochoric. It states that the sum of pressure with specific kinetic and potential energy is constant, meaning fast-moving fluids exert less force in directions perpendicular to their flow. FTP, identify this effect partly responsible for lift generated by airfoils. ANSWER: Bernoulli's principle 2008 HFT - HFT Round 02.doc (Question #11) [HS] When the Civil War broke out, Albert Sidney Johnston was commanding federal troops in this state and declined to lead a conspiracy for it to secede. This state was home to violent labor leader Dennis Kearney, whose nativism inspired the Alien Land Act and an ordinance later overturned in Yick Wo v. Hopkins. One of this state's first two senators, nicknamed the Pathfinder, was the first Republican nominee for president, John C. Fremont. Once home to the Bear Flag Republic, this is, FTP, what state that saw a famous gold rush starting in 1848? ANSWER: California 2008 HFT - HFT Round 02.doc (Question #12) [HS] Chitin may be used for one form of this, and another, when followed by a transfer to polyvinylidene fluoride and mass spectrometry, is referred to as far-Eastern blotting. The fast protein form often relies on histidine tags, and the size exclusion type is often used to calculate the polydispersity of a synthesized polymer. Another kind uses either packed or capillary columns for a stationary phase, through which a gaseous analyte flows. FTP, name this analytical technique whose best-known variety is the paper form often used to separate the pigments of a pen's ink. ANSWER: chromatography 2008 HFT - HFT Round 02.doc (Question #13) [HS] At Harvard, he introduced his student Gertrude Stein to stream of consciousness, a term he coined. To explain his theory that physiological stimuli cause emotions, rather than the reverse, he surmised that one might a bear because one runs from it. In one of his books, he argued that the meaning of knowledge depends on the practical use to its believer, a concept he adapted from Charles Sanders Peirce. FTP, name this 20th-century American philosopher and psychologist who wrote Varieties of Religious Experience and Pragmatism. ANSWER: William James 2008 HFT - HFT Round 02.doc (Question #20) [HS] Britain agreed to subsidize Maria Theresa's government as part of the 1743 treaty of this city that allied Britain with Austria and Sardinia. This city had given its name to an 1122 agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V that ended the investiture controversy. At a later congress in this city, Johann Eck cross-examined a monk whose safe passage had been arranged by Frederick III of Saxony and who was declared a heretic by Charles V. FTP, identify this German city whose 1521 Diet denounced Martin Luther. ANSWER: Worms

2008 HFT - HFT Round 03.doc (Question #3) [HS] This politician bribed journalists with the Reptiles Fund and blamed followers of a certain religion for poisoning a lion in his country's zoo. With the support of the National Liberals, he supported the May Laws, banned the Jesuits, and broke off relations with the Vatican as part of the Kulturkampf. His earlier successes included the conquests of Schleswig and Holstein and the defeat, after his publication of the Ems Dispatch, of Napoleon III, which led to Wilhelm I being proclaimed Kaiser. FTP, identify this Iron Chancellor who masterminded Germany's unification. ANSWER: Otto von Bismarck 2008 HFT - HFT Round 03.doc (Question #4) [HS] Many of these exist for substances with multiple polymorphs, such as silver iodide and aluminum silicate, and helium-4 has two of them, called lambda ones, because of superfluidity. If a substance has n solid phases, it will have n choose three of these. Gibbs's phase rule states that there exist one fewer degrees of freedom under this condition than the number of components in the mixture. One aspect of it for water is the second reference point of the Kelvin scale. FTP, name this pressure and temperature at which one may isolate all of a substance's three phases. ANSWER: triple point 2008 HFT - HFT Round 03.doc (Question #7) [HS] Richard Olney claimed that it gave him the right to mediate a dispute over territory west of the Essequibo River, Argentine President Lus Mara Drago extended it when he condemned the use of force to collect debt, J. Reuben Clark's memorandum on it was a forerunner of the Good Neighbor Policy, and Theodore Roosevelt's corollary to it declared the United States' right to intervene in Latin America. FTP, identify this policy written by John Quincy Adams opposing European intervention in the Western Hemisphere, which was named for our fifth president. ANSWER: Monroe Doctrine 2008 HFT - HFT Round 03.doc (Question #8) [HS] This country's Cross River state boasts the richest diversity of butterfly species in the world, while its Enugu state became the center of a breakaway region in 1967 led by Emeka Ojukwu. This country's Kano and Kaduna states saw religious violence as Muslims tried to institute shari'a, but the most recent violence has centered on its Delta state on the Bight of Benin, where some foreign oil workers have been kidnapped. Africa's leading oil producer and most populous country, this is, FTP, what country whose capital moved in 1991 from Lagos to Abuja? ANSWER: Nigeria 2008 HFT - HFT Round 03.doc (Question #9) [HS] Epperson v. Arkansas struck down a state law forbidding this activity, while Edwards v. Aguillard invalidated mandates that it be given only equal time. In 2005, John Jones ruled that a Dover, Pennsylvania, requirement to present an alternative to it violated the Establishment Clause. Weeks after the Butler Act outlawed it, a football coach committed this act, resulting in litigation that saw William Jennings Bryan, a self-described expert on the Bible, cross-examined by Clarence Darrow. FTP, name this crime at the center of the 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial. ANSWER: teaching evolution in public schools (accept clear knowledge equivalents) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 03.doc (Question #11) [HS]

It provides a map to any Lie group from its corresponding Lie algebra. Its matrix form may be used to give solutions to systems of linear differential equations, while for the reals it is the unique Lebesgue measurable function f that satisfies f(x+y) = f(x) f(y). Its MacLaurin coefficients are equal to one, and it is the only function that is its own derivative. Euler's identity shows that its value at pi i is negative one, while its inverse is the natural logarithm. FTP, name this function whose value at positive integers is the product of several copies of Euler's constant. ANSWER: exponential function (accecpt y = e to the x after reals is read) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 03.doc (Question #12) [HS] This dynasty was defeated in the War of 27 Years and in the Battle of Karnal, while one of its rulers fled Sher Shah. Its last emperor, who went by the name Zafar, died in exile in Rangoon in 1862, five years after his deposition. This dynasty, one of whose rulers was tutored by Bairam Khan, was first established after the Battle of Panipat, but Humayun could not consolidate its territories, a task that fell to Akbar the Great. Also including Shah Jahan, who oversaw construction of the Taj Mahal, this is, FTP, what Muslim dynasty founded by Babur that long ruled India? ANSWER: Mughal Dynasty (or Gurakani; prompt on Timurid before the word Panipat) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 03.doc (Question #13) [HS] D. Hoyos recently argued that these conflicts were unplanned rather than the result of imperialism or a desire for revenge. The first escalated from a conflict between Hiero II and Mamertines and was followed by the Mercenary War, while the second saw Hasrudubal killed at the Battle of Metaurus River. The third was supported by Cato the Elder and ended with a victory for Scipio Africanus. Featuring the battles of Cannae and Zama and Hannibal's elephants' march over the Alps, this was, FTP, what series of wars in which Rome defeated and destroyed Carthage? ANSWER: Punic Wars (accept First and Second Punic Wars before third is read because Hoyos wrote about the first two; otherwise do not accept any particular Punic War) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 03.doc (Question #14) [HS] A cubic polymorph of this mineral, cristobalite, forms metastable spheres that, when hydrated, form opal. One stone made of this mineral and moganite is monoclinic and has a characteristic waxy luster and is called chalcedony. Another form of this mineral, citrine, is generated upon heating a stone with iron and aluminum impurities that give it a purple color, amethyst. FTP, identify this mineral commonly found along with gold, a silicon dioxide crystal defining Mohs hardness seven and known for its rose and milky varieties. ANSWER: quartz 2008 HFT - HFT Round 03.doc (Question #16) [HS] The Bunsen-Roscoe law, or reciprocity theorem, explains this effect but cannot explain why both its positive and negative kinds can occur in the same tissue. Null nph1 mutants of Arabidopsis do not display it. Etiolation occurs when this phenomenon cannot operate, resulting in characteristically thin, yellow stems. Certain hormones activate proton pumps on one side of a cell, leading to a pH decrease that weakens the cell wall, and this phenomenon is driven by turgor in that direction. FTP, name this tendency of plants to grow toward or away from a light source. ANSWER: phototropism (accept heliotropism before light source) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 03.doc (Question #17) [HS] Marx generators use a large number of these connected in series by spark gap switches to generate a high voltage. One of their components has an electrolytic variety, which soaks

that component in liquid electrolyte but is not suitable for high frequency operation. One of these appears with a resistor, a switch, and a DC source in charging circuits. FTP, name this type of circuit element that uses a dielectric to store energy between a pair of conducting plates and whose strength is measured as the ratio of charge and induced voltage. ANSWER: capacitor 2008 HFT - HFT Round 03.doc (Question #19) [HS] This thinker who called Jakob Fries the ringleader of the hosts of superficiality was repopularized by Wilhelm Dilthey. Being, Essence, and Comprehension form the basis for one of his works, while in another work he used his idea of sublation, or aufhebung, to explain the relationship between master and slave. Most famous for a work outlining the path from consciousness to absolute knowledge, this is, FTP, what German author of Lectures on the Philosophy of History, Science of Logic, and The Phenomenology of Spirit who discussed the dialectic? ANSWER: Georg Hegel 2008 HFT - HFT Round 04.doc (Question #2) [HS] The Marquis of Santa Cruz first proposed it and Charles Blount and Thomas Gerard planned how to respond to it. It was first seen from St. Michael's Mount by men under Howard of Effingham. Under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia and blessed by Pope Sixtus V, who allowed it to be funded with crusade taxes, its first engagement came at Gravelines. The forces arrayed against it were inspired by the Tilbury Speech and included commanders such as John Hawkins and Francis Drake. FTP, identify this force that tried disastrously to invade England in 1588. ANSWER: Spanish Armada (accept Invincible Armada from someone with a flair for the ironic) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 04.doc (Question #4) [HS] One method for determining this is named for Faber and Jackson and suggests that luminosity is roughly proportional to sigma to the fourth. An analogous operation on spiral galaxies calculates it by determining the velocity width, called the Tully-Fisher relation. Alternatively, it may be found by looking at nearby type Ia supernovae or at the object's recession velocity. Its namesake modulus relates the difference between the absolute and apparent magnitudes to this quantity. FTP, identify this quantity that can be measured in astronomical units. ANSWER: distance (accept modifiers like interstellar, etc.) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 04.doc (Question #7) [HS] The Mukaiyama reaction uses one of these, titanium tetrachloride, and asymmetric ones allow for diastereoselective aldol formation. Their strength is generally positively correlated to charge density, and zinc can act as either an oxygen or a carbon bound one in enolates. Carbenium, like the best known example, is called a Lobe-LUMO one, and they are classified, like their counterparts, as hard or soft. They include boron trifluoride because of its unfilled p orbital, but they also trivially include H+. FTP, name these compounds defined as electron acceptors. ANSWER: Lewis acid 2008 HFT - HFT Round 04.doc (Question #8) [HS] The writer Richard Brautigan wrote a treatise advocating its abolition, while Keynes wrote about an illusion of this, which leads to lagging nominal prices and its multiplier is the reciprocal of the reserve ratio. When two forms are available, that which is worse

dominates, according to Gresham's Law; that principle explains the dominance of the fiat type of this, in contrast to the commodity form, since its value tends constantly to diminish. FTP, name this economic concept that stores value and facilitates commerce by changing hands when people buy things. ANSWER: money (or currency) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 04.doc (Question #10) [HS] Shusako Endo's novels discuss the persecution of this religion, which was banned during the Edo Period. Its Vietnamese followers included South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem, whose government was protested by self-immolating monks. Koreans Kim DaeJung and Syngman Rhee also practiced this religion, which experienced a conversion boom in Korea in the 1980s. Its most famous Asian follower was Hong Xiuquan, who led the Taiping Rebellion. FTP, name this religion brought to Asia by missionaries like Matteo Ricci and Francis Xavier. ANSWER: Christianity (accept Roman Catholicism before the mention of Syngman Rhee, who was a Methodist) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 04.doc (Question #12) [HS] The Wahlund effect implies that this condition does not hold overall, since the emergence of subpopulations suppresses heterozygotes. It may be generalized using a multinomial expansion to an arbitrary power, though working with its simplest case requires squaring a binomial whose terms sum to one. The occurrence of inbreeding, as well as small sample size, assortative mating, mutation, or natural selection, cause deviations from its predictions. FTP, name this null hypothesis that predicts that, across generations, allele frequencies will remain the same. ANSWER: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 2008 HFT - HFT Round 04.doc (Question #13) [HS] Some suggest that this man was inspired by a conversation with Alexander Von Humboldt on Mt. Vesuvius. He later supported a constitutional convention at Ocaa, but issued the Organic Decree of Dictatorship when it failed. His most famous publication was the Cartegena Manifesto, and he was victorious in the Battles of Carabobo, Pichincha, and Boyac. Assisted by Antonio Jos de Sucre, he secured the independence of a mountainous country named for him. FTP, name this Liberator also responsible for the independence of Colombia and Venezuela. ANSWER: Simn Bolvar 2008 HFT - HFT Round 04.doc (Question #14) [HS] Because of social isolation, Walpiri women have a better command of one kind of these than Walpiri men. Tab, dez, and sig are the three features of the notational system developed by William Stokoe, who showed that they contain minimal pairs. The one that developed spontaneously in a Nicaraguan school is an isolate, and that indigenous to Martha's Vineyard has now died out. The Israeli one achieves prosody by incorporating facial expressions, while the Thai one is a creole with ASL. Koko the gorilla was taught, FTP, what kind of language used by the deaf? ANSWER: sign languages 2008 HFT - HFT Round 04.doc (Question #18) [HS] Exotic ones include a composite of two hyperons as well as glueballs. The dissimilar masses of the rho and pi varieties suggest the masses of these particles do not correlate to the masses of their components. The generators of the group that governs their interactions are one-half times the eight Gell-Mann matrices. That group, SU(3), describes quantum

chromodynamics, so called because the bosons that hold them together transmit color charge. Typically composed of two or three quarks, these are, FTP, what class of subatomic particles that includes the J/psi particle, the neutron, and the proton. ANSWER: hadrons 2008 HFT - HFT Round 04.doc (Question #20) [HS] John Patterson said of them that when you golooking for trouble, you usually find it, while the judge at their trial turned his back when their lawyer spoke. One told Robert Kennedy that if we cooled off any more, we'd be in a deep freeze, and the beating of Jim Zwerg convinced Kennedy to dispatch federal marshals to protect them. Kennedy's intercession also forced Greyhound to transport them after a bombing, but most never reached New Orleans. FTP, identify this group that protested segregation in 1961 by traveling through the South on buses. ANSWER: Freedom Riders 2008 HFT - HFT Round 05.doc (Question #2) [HS] Gondar became the capital of this country after its unification by King Fasilides. Its later rulers included Theodore II, who committed suicide after a British invasion, and Lij Yasu, who was deposed after converting to Islam. It abrogated the Treaty of Ucciali and defeated a force led by Oreste Baratieri in its Tigray Region at the Battle of Adawa. Its commander at Adawa, Emperor Menelik II, was a cousin of Ras Tafari, who became emperor under the name Haile Selassie. FTP, identify this landlocked East African country with capital at Addis Ababa. ANSWER: Ethiopia 2008 HFT - HFT Round 05.doc (Question #3) [HS] It has a discrete analog in the Stolz-Cesaro theorem, which holds that the limit of the ratio of the difference between consecutive terms of two sequences is equal to the limit of the ratio of the terms. It is usually proved using the extended mean value theorem, and this statement holds only when one of the functions it describes does not change from positive to negative infinitely many times. It fails on the limit of x divided by the square root of xsquared plus one as x goes to infinity. FTP, identify this method that uses derivatives to compute indeterminate limits. ANSWER: L'Hopital's rule (or Bernoulli's rule) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 05.doc (Question #5) [HS] This work proposes that curators can personate madmen, children, and hallucinations, and its 46th chapter says that the savages of America have knowledge but not philosophy while musing on the struggle between darkness and knowledge. It dismisses imagination as nothing but decaying sense in its Of Man section, which calls life nasty, brutish, and short, and it denies the right to rebel against the social contract, which replaces the state of nature with rule by an absolute monarch. FTP, identify this treatise named for a sea monster by Thomas Hobbes. ANSWER: The Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil 2008 HFT - HFT Round 05.doc (Question #6) [HS] This country's forces won the 1920 Battle of Maysalun, but were targeted in a 1925-1927 revolt against its possession of territory promised to it by Mark Sykes. It signed the 1962 Evian agreements, which accepted the independence of a country led by Ahmed Ben Bella that it had conquered in 1930. This country's earlier defeats in the Middle East included the

Battle of the Nile, won by Horatio Nelson, and the 1954 Battle of Algiers. FTP, identify this country that colonized Syria, Morocco, Lebanon, and Algeria. ANSWER: France 2008 HFT - HFT Round 05.doc (Question #7) [HS] One type of this process is referred to as differential scanning [this] and is commonly used to find a substance's glass transition temperature. A more common type of this technique operates at constant volume with high-pressure pure oxygen and is ignited with an electric charge, which is reflected by a change in the surrounding water. In addition to the bomb form, simple ones typically contain a liquid in a good insulator, which is heated by a burning substance. FTP, identify this process of measuring the heat content of a given mass of fuel. ANSWER: calorimetry (accept word forms such as calorimeter) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 05.doc (Question #11) [HS] This organism features class II transposons called P elements, which cause a form of temperature-dependent sterility in its offspring called hybrid dysgenesis. Its blastoderm stage is a syncytium, allowing rapid uptake of injected DNA. Its salivary glands have giant polytene chromosomes formed from repeated endoreplication. Common mutations in this organism include antennapedia, though it is most associated with sepia eyes or vestigial wings. The two-week life cycle and sequenced genome make, FTP, what insect also called the fruit fly a great model organism? ANSWER: Drosophila melanogaster (prompt on fruit fly before it is mentioned) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 05.doc (Question #13) [HS] that Senator's allies, but broke it and caused the resignation of Thomas Platt and Roscoe Conkling. Earlier, he had been the winning lawyer in Ex Parte Milligan, which ruled suspension of habeas corpus unconstitutional. His administration became embroiled in the Star Route scandal shortly after he defeated W.S. Hancock. FTP, name this Half-Breed who refused to give a job to Charles Guiteau, resulting in his 1881 assassination. ANSWER: James Abram Garfield 2008 HFT - HFT Round 05.doc (Question #14) [HS] The swinging variety is only integrable when the stationary element is three times as massive; otherwise, the motion it exhibits is chaotic. In the simplest case, the acceleration of the system is equal to g times the difference of the masses over the sum of the masses; similarly, the tension in the string connecting the two masses is equal to g times twice the product of the masses over their sum. Invented by its namesake to prove Newton's laws, this is, FTP, what simple apparatus that consists of two or more masses connected by a massless string on frictionless pulleys? ANSWER: Atwood's machine 2008 HFT - HFT Round 05.doc (Question #18) [HS] One took two months to spread across Spain in the summer of 1391, while the first occurred in France and Germany in 1096 and was part of the First Crusade. This term, which means violent outbreak, was first applied to one in 1821 that followed the death of an Orthodox patriarch, and it passed into English after a series of them organized by the Okhrana secret police after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II. Occurring most violently in Odessa, they also raged during the Russian Revolution. FTP, identify this Russian term for a massacre of Jewish civilians. ANSWER: pogrom

2008 HFT - HFT Round 05.doc (Question #19) [HS] One paper postulates that this process explains the coronae of Venus, which are thought to arise from mantle plumes. This process typically results in the nearby development of back-arc basins, and it delaminates the lithosphere that enters the asthenosphere. Large igneous provinces, usually made of flood basalt, make one component of this process too buoyant, leading to the creation of fold mountains or volcanic island arcs. Involving at least one oceanic plate, this is, FTP, what process by which one tectonic plate slips under another? ANSWER: subduction 2008 HFT - HFT Round 06.doc (Question #2) [HS] He tried to suppress all records of his marriage to Ida Dalser and fabricated heroic war injuries to cover up his treatment for neurosyphillis, but he did write for Avanti! He became prime minister after organizing a massive labor demonstration that threatened King Victor Emmanuel III, signed the Lateran Treaty with the Vatican, meddled in the Spanish Civil War, commanded his paramilitary blackshirts, invaded Ethiopia, and coined the phrase axis after signing a treaty with Adolf Hitler. FTP, identify this Fascist leader of Italy during World War II. ANSWER: Benito Mussolini 2008 HFT - HFT Round 06.doc (Question #3) [HS] Deep eutectic ones incorporate quaternary ammonium salts, while a theta one allows polymers to behave as ideal chains. Systems of several of them assume properties most similar to their more polar component, so common combinations include nine parts hexanes to one part ethyl acetate. Many organic reactions are accelerated by the use of polar aprotic ones, and the properties of these partially control the nature of colligative properties. When water acts as one of these, reagents are called aqueous. FTP, identify these substances paired with solute in a solution. ANSWER: solvent 2008 HFT - HFT Round 06.doc (Question #6) [HS] Structurally, this compound contains a pyrimidine ring and a thiazole ring, so sulfate preservatives usually break it down. Dietary deficiency in this compound can result in Wernicke's encephalopathy and another disorder with two forms, one of which is sometimes called endemic neuritis and weakens capillary walls, while the other causes nerve damage and partial paralysis. Clinically detected by the level of transketolase activity in red blood cells, this compound prevents both the wet and dry forms of beriberi. FTP, name this essential vitamin also called B1. ANSWER: thymine (accept vitamin B1 before it is mentioned) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 06.doc (Question #7) [HS] This empire won at Ridanieh, but lost at Vaslui. Its admirals included one nicknamed Red Beard, the nemesis of Andrea Dorea. The Auspicious Incident preceded its reforms, including the Tanzimat and a constitution reiterating its ruler's claim to spiritual authority over followers of his religion. The target of rebellions by Ypsilanti and Skanderbeg, it levied the devshirmeh, a tax paid in Christian babies. Its decline was the subject of the Congress of Berlin, where it was called the Sick Man of Europe. FTP, name this loser of World War I based in Istanbul. ANSWER: Ottoman Empire (prompt on the Sublime Porte or the Turk or the Great Turk or Turkey) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 06.doc (Question #11) [HS]

This philosopher attacked Christianity in Of Natural Characters and inquired about the disease of the learned in A Kind of History of My Life. One of his works concerns conversations between Pamphilus and Cleanthes, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, and he wrote an authoritative text that was standard until the time of Macaulay, History of England. This author also wrote Of Miracles and a work influenced by Addison, Essays Moral and Political. The figure responsible for awaking Kant from his dogmatic slumber, this is, FTP, what Scottish empiricist who wrote Treatise of Human Nature and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding? ANSWER: David Hume 2008 HFT - HFT Round 06.doc (Question #12) [HS] One painting shows her eating a sandwich and needlessly wearing both goggles and a glass shield, while a different poster usually associated with her, modeled on Geraldine Doyle, depicts her in a red and white polka-dot bandana. That poster, designed by J. Howard Miller, appeared before the 1943 song that popularized the name of a Michigan woman who worked at the Willow Run Aircraft Factory making B-24 and B-29 bombers. Flexing her muscle under the slogan We can do it, this is, FTP, what iconic female who contributed to the war effort on the home front? ANSWER: Rosie the Riveter 2008 HFT - HFT Round 06.doc (Question #13) [HS] The Hubble type is a result inherent to the expansion of the universe, while velocitydependent forms of this force cause harmonic oscillators to be called damped and are commonly proportional to speed squared at high speeds and for thin fluids. One such form is responsible for objects having a terminal velocity they cannot exceed. Typically dissipating energy as heat, it is most commonly divided into static and kinetic forms, both of which are proportional to the magnitude of the normal force. FTP, identify this force which opposes the motion of an object. ANSWER: friction 2008 HFT - HFT Round 06.doc (Question #17) [HS] During the reign of this husband of Mary of Modena, a zealous judge named Jeffreys sentenced many people to death or exile to Barbados in an event known as the Bloody Assizes, which was in reaction to a rebellion against this king led by the Duke of Monmouth. A political controversy ensued when he dropped an important object into the Thames, but Parliament ruled that the Royal Seal was not needed since this man's escape constituted an abdication. FTP, name this Catholic monarch replaced by William and Mary in the Glorious Revolution. ANSWER: James II (or James VII) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 06.doc (Question #18) [HS] The Chaitin constant omega is the probability that a randomly chosen one of these halts, while the busy beaver function is defined as the maximum number of 1's that one of these can print. Equivalent to a push-down automata with two stacks, the thesis of Church and its namesake states that any possible computation can be performed with this device. It consists of an initially empty tape, list of possible states, and finite set of instructions corresponding to different internal states. FTP, name this theoretical model of computer proposed to model all possible computations. ANSWER: Turing machine 2008 HFT - HFT Round 06.doc (Question #19) [HS]

Her research was questioned by Christophe Boesch, who recorded lower levels of violence in the Tai Forest after this woman had chronicled a war between the Kahama and Kasakela groups in the 1970s. Through her studies of such individuals as Flo, Frodo, and David Graybeard, the first to accept her presence, she observed family relationships and termite-fishing sticks, the first instances of tool-making in non-human primates. FTP, identify this biologist who worked for 45 years in Tanzania's Gombe Stream National Park studying chimpanzees. ANSWER: Jane Goodall 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #1) [HS] Scholars argued over whether this man read Pictor and Piso as well as later Annalists, and Asinius Pollio criticized this man for patavinitas, or rusticness. His work helped Flavius Josephus write The Jewish War, and he differed with Polybius on whether Hannibal could see Italy from the pass. Much of his lost work was summarized in the Periochae, and his 35 extant books cover the early republic and the Second Punic War. FTP, identify this Golden Age author of Ab Urbe Condita, a 142-volume chronicle from the founding of the city of Rome. ANSWER: Livy (or Titus Livius) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #2) [HS] Its generalized version can in general be realized as a result of the h-cobordism theorem, but, as Milnor's exotic sphere demonstrates, it only applies to piecewise linear and topological manifolds in these cases. For three-manifolds, the proof follows from the categorization given by Thurston geometrization. This proof was recently finished when the finite time extinction of the Ricci flow was established. FTP, name this recently resolved problem in mathematics which states that every simply connected three-manifold is a sphere. ANSWER: Poincar conjecture 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #5) [HS] The lack of Duffy antigens confers immunity to the vivax species of this disease. This disease can lead to intracranial pressure that often causes abnormal posturing; in severe cases, kidney failure can leak hemoglobin into the urine. Hypnozoites can overwinter, in some cases, remaining dormant in infected liver cells, though generally an infection moves quickly to erythrocytes. Individuals heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia are resistant to, FTP, this disease caused by four species of Plasmodium, spread by the Anopheles mosquito. ANSWER: malaria 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #6) [HS] Nikolai Novikov wrote a response to this man's greatest work, which he himself noted was, at 8,000 words, an outrageous encumberment on its medium. Serving under Averill Herriman, he took a one-letter pseudonym when he wrote that a certain country acted out of xenophobia and paranoia and would not be amenable to compromise because of a political system perpetually at war with democracy but out of touch with reality. FTP, identify this Deputy Chief of Mission to the U.S.S.R. who inspired the policy of containment with his 1946 Long Telegram. ANSWER: George F. Kennan (prompt on Mr. X) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #9) [HS] Experimentally, this particle may be used to calibrate the Tevatron to the detection of hadron jets, since unlike the other three particles that can decay into hadron jets, it is

discernible from the background and has a precisely known mass. This particle can decay into any fermion and its antiparticle except a top quark, which is too heavy; it is, however, heavier than an iron atom. Any lepton or quark can emit or absorb one, unlike its counterparts, whose interactions are governed by the CKM matrix. The interactions that it mediates never change flavor or any sort of charge. FTP, identify this neutral carrier of the weak nuclear force, often considered with the W+ and W. ANSWER: Z0 boson 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #11) [HS] This king let Anselm return from exile to be Archbishop of Canterbury, issued the Charter of Liberties, and seized the Royal Treasury at Winchester while his brother, whom he later imprisoned in Cardiff Castle after the Battle of Tinchebray, was on a crusade. The son of this Lion of Justice died in the White Ship disaster, which left only his daughter Matilda in line for the throne and allowed Stephen of Blois to usurp her power. FTP, identify this lamprey-crazed English monarch, the son of William the Conqueror who succeeded his brother, William II. ANSWER: Henry I (prompt on Henry) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #12) [HS] Their energies may be modeled using Marcus theory, and methods for their computation search the PES using techniques like nudged elastic band or the dimer method, trying to find saddle points on the potential. They resemble the higher-enthalpy species according to the Hammond postulate. FTP, identify these local maxima on reaction coordinate diagrams, whose energy is lowered by the action of catalysts, the point in a chemical reaction where all reacting bonds are half-formed. ANSWER: transition state 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #17) [HS] The layers of the Little Ghost, one of these, are red furthest from the center. The Rotten Egg is a proto-one, and exhibits the bipolar structure typical of others like the Butterfly. One found in Draco is called the Cat's Eye and has a concentric shell structure, suggesting it was formed by a series of regular events. Magnetic fields lead to filamentation in them, and matter bounded ones are fully plasma, while UV bounded ones possess an ionization front. FTP, identify this class of nebulae, all of which have a star in their center, composed of the hydrogen and helium ejected outer layers of red giants. ANSWER: planetary nebulae (accept nebulae before proto, prompt on nebulae after proto) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #19) [HS] This man was a rival of Arthur and Lewis Tappan, who left his organization to form their own, and he refused to support John Birney's presidential campaign, instead disavowing politics and calling the constitution a covenant with death. He said that the North should secede from the South and attacked Frederick Douglass, but did support Lincoln in the paper he published weekly from 1831 to 1865 after leaving Benjamin Lundy's Genius of Universal Emancipation to return to Boston. FTP, identify this radical abolitionist who published the Liberator. ANSWER: William Lloyd Garrison 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #20) [HS] Crawford v. Washington expanded the prohibition against this concept when it conflicts with the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. Ohio v. Roberts included indicia of reliability in a two-pronged test for it, and Davis v. Washington ruled that 911 calls are

exempt. Present sense impressions about a condition, excited utterances at a startling event, and last words are exceptions to its eponymous rule. FTP, identify this type of evidence not generally allowed in common-law courts in which one person testifies about what someone else has said. ANSWER: hearsay evidence 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07.doc (Question #1) [HS] He pardoned the youth who killed him with a crossbow during his campaign against French King Philip II. He also came into conflict with Leopold V, whose men recognized him despite his pilgrim's disguise by his insistence on eating roast chicken. He had thrown Leopold's flag off the walls of Acre, a city he had reconquered in 1191, and Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI demanded a ransom equal to the amount he had raised in the Saladin Tithe, which had funded his expedition to the Holy Land. FTP, identify this English crusader king nicknamed Lionheart. ANSWER: Richard I (accept Richard the Lionheart before the last word, but prompt on Richard) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07.doc (Question #3) [HS] Feynman and Gell-Mann proposed a V minus A Lagrangian for it to account for one of the ramifications of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix. Its short range of influence, smaller than an atomic nucleus, is caused by its massive gauge bosons. Some interactions of it can result in a change of flavor, and they violate parity symmetry because it affects only left-handed particles. In addition, it is the only fundamental force that affects neutrinos. FTP, identify this force responsible for beta decay, which is carried by the Wplus, W-minus, and Z-zero bosons. ANSWER: weak (nuclear) force (accept weak interactions) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07.doc (Question #6) [HS] Men fired from this entity included John Paton Davies, John Carter Vincent, and John Stewart Service, but no one ever identified all 205 of its employees who were mentioned in a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia. Dean Acheson defended the China Hands who had worked under him at this entity, but their resignation was demanded by John Foster Dulles. Joe McCarthy never produced a complete list of communist sympathizers in, FTP, what US department that has also been headed by Cordell Hull, George Marshall, Henry Kissinger, and Madeleine Albright? ANSWER: United States State Department 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07.doc (Question #8) [HS] In algebraic geometry, an affine variety is the set of solutions to a system of equations of this type, and modding out by an irreducible one of these always gives a field. The AbelRuffini theorem shows that there can be no formula in radicals for the solutions to these in degree greater than four, while Descartes' Rule of Signs can be used to classify the type of their roots. FTP, identify this mathematical object composed of a finite sum of products of coefficients and variables, one example of which is x squared minus x plus 1. ANSWER: polynomials 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07.doc (Question #9) [HS] In 1991, their creation was ruled to be state action in Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete, and in 1972's Johnson v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court refused to apply to the states a federal requirement that they be unanimous. Their composition is determined by voir dire, in which certain candidates can be dismissed after being questioned. The Seventh Amendment describes their role in civil suits, while the Sixth guarantees their use in

criminal proceedings. FTP, identify these judicial bodies led by a foreman that usually consist of twelve of one's peers. ANSWER: juries (accept jury trial) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07.doc (Question #10) [HS] One of this city's mayors, Karl Lueger, famously declared that it was up to him to define who was Jewish, and this city was the capital of Patriotic Front leader Englebert Dolfuss before his assassination. Its most iconic building is the reconstructed St. Stephen's Cathedral, while the Tiergarten contains the world's oldest zoo and is part of its Schonbrunn Palace, seat of government for such men as Franz Josef I and Klemens Von Metternich. FTP, identify this city on the Danube and namesake of an 1815 Congress that is now the capital of Austria. ANSWER: Vienna (accept Wien) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07.doc (Question #11) [HS] Olefin metathesis incorporates one of these named for Grubbs, and a heterogeneous one, often palladium, figures in the hydrogenation of double bonds. It is the role played by iron in the Haber process, and reagents that cannot function as these are added in stoichiometric quantities. They achieve their principal effect by introducing an additional intermediate and hence an additional transition state. They are regenerated after a reaction is complete, and organic examples of them are called enzymes. FTP, identify these substances that lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction to increase its rate. ANSWER: catalysts 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07.doc (Question #12) [HS] One early author of this type spoke Oscan and wrote his Annales in Saturnian meter, while another feuded with Metelli and wrote the Bellum Poenicum. In addition to Ennius and Naevius, they included one who discussed the Catalinian conspiracy, Sallust, as well as Suetonius. One noted writer of this type wrote of the reigns from Augustus to Domitian, while another compiled 142 books starting with Romulus and ending with the death of Drusus the Elder. FTP, name this profession of Polybius, Tacitus, and Livy, who were later counterparts of Herodotus. ANSWER: Roman historians (accept chroniclers) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07.doc (Question #14) [HS] The altered peptide ligand approach to this has been used to deliver Flt3 to expand dendritic cells in mice for cancer treatment, but cannot operate in humans. Tattooing was recently found to be a more effective mode of the DNA type of this the method in which viruses deliver epitopes to surface muscle tissue. Traditional methods of it attempt to elicit a cytotoxic T-cell response or the production of antibodies using inactive pertussis toxin to carry pathogen polysaccharides, but they are unavailable for malaria and tuberculosis. FTP, identify this prophylactic approach to combating disease, which, for hepatitis B, involves three injections. ANSWER: vaccine (accept word forms) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 07.doc (Question #15) [HS] Supporters of this movement included Lysander Spooner, Gerrit Smith, Wendell Phillips, and Benjamin Lundy, while many others joined the American Colonization Society. One leading member of it was murdered in Alton, Illinois, while another condemned the Constitution as a covenant with death in The Liberator and a third published The North Star after returning from England. Elijah Lovejoy, William Lloyd Garrison, John Brown, and Frederick Douglass were among the leaders of, FTP, what movement to end slavery?

ANSWER: abolitionism 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #1) [HS] It is replaced under certain conditions by a function calculated by combining the chemical activity with the dissociation of another compound, originally anilines substituted with electron-withdrawing groups. While the Hammett function is only applicable in extreme conditions, this equation also neglects the disproportionation of water, being just the logarithm of the expression for the equilibrium constant. Commonly applied to find the isoelectric point of a protein or of a buffer solution, FTP, identify this equation, which gives the degree to which a compound will deprotonate given its pKa and the ambient pH. ANSWER: Henderson-Hasselbalch equation 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #2) [HS] Karl Ivanovich Weber gave this nation's king refuge after the 1895 assassination of its empress. This nation repelled an American invasion in 1871, but the March 1st Movement and the Donghak Peasant Rebellion were both crushed. It was the victim of the Treaty of Ganghwa, to which the US assented in the Taft-Katsura Agreement, while in the Treaty of Portsmouth Russia recognized Japan's claim to it. Later the site of negotiations at Panmunjon and a landing at Inchon, this was, FTP, what peninsular country once home to the Joeson Dynasty? ANSWER: Korea (do not accept either North Korea or South Korea; accept Kingdom of Joeson until the March 1st Movement is mentioned) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #5) [HS] This event began at Orlando Stadium, and one of its leaders was a student at Morris Isaacson High School. It saw the deaths of Hector Pieterson and Hastings Ndlovu when Col. Kleingeld shot into the crowd, which was protesting a decree by J.G. Erasmus about instruction in a certain language as well as the government of John Vorster. Led by Tsietsi Mashinini, it inspired a new Black Consciousness Movement and increased the role of the ANC. FTP, identify this 1976 student riot to protest the teaching of Afrikaans in the namesake black township of Johannesburg. ANSWER: Soweto Uprising (accept Soweto Riots) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #6) [HS] It is generated by the 14-demethylation of lanosterol, but its synthesis begins by proceeding through the mevalonate pathway, and squalene is one of its close precursors, like all steroids. It prevents the cell membrane from becoming too fluid at high temperatures while maintaining some fluidity at low temperatures, but it is best known for the associated molecules that transport it, lipoproteins. FTP, name this molecule transported by HDL and LDL, which can, according to the lipid hypothesis, damage heart health. ANSWER: cholesterol (accept mevalonate pathway before mevalonic acid; prompt on mevalonate pathway before mention) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #7) [HS] This engineer may have devised a technique to divert the Halys River for Croesus of Lydia, and, according to Callimachus, he taught how to navigate by both Ursa Major and Minor. Like Pythagoras, he learned geometry from the Egyptians, and he discovered that a circle is bisected by its diameter, but he is more famous for his work in cosmology, since he was supposedly the first theorize that reality derives from an arche, or principal substance, which he thought was moisture or water. FTP, name this philosopher of Miletus who taught Anaximander. ANSWER: Thales of Miletus

2008 HFT - HFT Round 08 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #8) [HS] They are absorbing states for learning via fictitious play, but Shapley showed in 1964 that convergence to these does not always occur. Dynamic programming and self-generation techniques were used by Fudenberg, Maskin, and Levine to establish the existence of its public perfect refinement when players only use publicly available historical information. While it is the best result that can be supported in one-shot games, the folk theorem implies that it can be improved for repeated games. FTP, name this game theoretical situation in which when all players are best-responding to their opponents' play. ANSWER: Nash equilibrium 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #10) [HS] Admiral Saumarez hoped to undermine it by issuing licenses to Norway-bound Danish ships, and its hoped-for effects were mitigated when King John VI fled to Brazil. Based on principles set forth in the Berlin Decree accusing a certain country of violating international law, it was expanded in the Milan Decree and Treaty of Tilsit, where Russia agreed to join it. Starting in 1806, it was the result of France's failure to defeat the Royal Navy at Trafalgar. FTP, name this economic policy by which Napoleon refused to allow European countries to trade with Britain. ANSWER: Continental System (accept Blocus continental) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #11) [HS] Its constant of proportionality is proportional to the Nusselt number, and it may be simplified further when the Biot number is less than zero point one. It is replaced by Fourier's law when only a solid or a system of solids is being considered, since this law considers fluid pressure and velocity in addition to thermal conductivity. Adaptable to free flow by raising the right hand side to five fourths or four thirds, FTP, identify this differential equation that suggests in processes like forced convection, the rate of temperature change for a body is proportional to the temperature difference between it and its environment. ANSWER: Newton's law of cooling 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #15) [HS] At the top, it denotes peridotite and gabbro, while at its bottom, it indicates the formation of granite. Part of it runs from calcium rich to sodium rich plagioclase, while another part runs from calcium, magnesium, and iron-rich olivine through pyroxenes down to biotite. This visualization illustrates how silica content increases as temperature decreases; eventually, its two branches fuse into one branch of felsic minerals. FTP, identify this chart depicting the changing composition of magma from basaltic to rhyolitic as it cools. ANSWER: Bowen's reaction series 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #20) [HS] K. Wellington Koo wrote that little has been heard of these after Shandong was given to the Japanese. The draft of them produced by the Inquiry led by Col. Edward House omitted all mention of colonialism, whose addition helped George Creel publicize them. They demanded the opening of the Dardanelles, adjustment of Italy's frontier, independence for Poland, and restoration of Belgium, while the final one sought an association of nations to prevent war. FTP, identify these enumerated conditions for ending World War I championed by Woodrow Wilson. ANSWER: the Fourteen Points 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08.doc (Question #3) [HS]

This work's first chapter uses the pin-making industry to model of division of labor, and its final chapters argue for progressive taxation. Although it predates the theory of comparative advantage, this book argues against the keeping of large gold reserves, protectionist tariffs, and other tenets of mercantilism. Later, this work describes a force that leads individuals to promote societal interest by pursuing their own interests, the invisible hand. FTP, name this first major treatise on economics, written in 1776 by Adam Smith. ANSWER: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08.doc (Question #4) [HS] During their formation, processes like kaolinization and greisen formation take place. For each rock like basalt and rhyolite, this class has a chemically analogous, phaneritic rock like gabbro and granite. The nature of its formation, separated by a contact from the surrounding country rock, allows characteristically slow cooling and therefore large crystals. Forming in plutons such as dikes and sills, this is, FTP, what class of igneous rock that cools, crystallizes, and solidifies below the surface of the earth? ANSWER: intrusive igneous rocks (accept plutonic igneous rocks before plutons) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08.doc (Question #5) [HS] It was on this island that Sir Anthony Shirley burned the town of St. Jago, sixty years before the capture of Tower Isle expelled the Spanish completely. The Spanish had earlier been defeated in Ocho Rios and had abandoned its capital at Spanish Town. Other cities on this island included a base for English pirates, Port Royal, and a city primarily known today as a stop for cruise ships, Montego Bay. Today the third most populous Englishspeaking country in North America, this is, FTP, what island in the Greater Antilles with capital at Kingston? ANSWER: Jamaica 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08.doc (Question #8) [HS] For an irrotational field in three-dimensional space, a law of this type implies that the divergence is zero; a specific case of that statement is Gauss's law. The intensity of one of these forces can be correlated to the density of field lines beginning at one body and ending at another or at infinity. Acoustic intensity also obeys this type of law, more famously typified by electric fields by Coulomb's law and by gravitation fields. FTP, identify this type of law that describing fields whose intensity falls off proportionally to a certain power of distance. ANSWER: inverse square law 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08.doc (Question #10) [HS] Violent protests against this included the Church Street Bombing and the St. James Church Massacre, the latter of which was perpetrated by the Azanian People's Liberation Army, while the Rivonia Trial imprisoned eight of its opponents. Protesters of this policy championed by P.W. Botha were victims of the Sharpeville Massacre, while protests against it flared up into the Soweto Uprising. Redressed by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and ended by F.W. De Klerk and Nelson Mandela, this was, FTP, what policy of racial segregation in South Africa? ANSWER: apartheid 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08.doc (Question #11) [HS] One branch of it recognizes any descendant who rises against a corrupt government as a potential leader, while another branch occupied Alamut and plotted to kill certain statesmen. Many adherents of it believe in the occultation, the messianic return of the mahdi, and most followers are part of the twelver and sevener branches that recognize

different numbers of imams descended from Ali, the son of the Prophet Muhammad. FTP, identify this branch of Islam that predominates in Lebanon, Iraq, and Iran and is distinguished from its Sunni counterpart. ANSWER: Shi'ism (prompt on Islam before it is mentioned; accept Zaydi before the word Alamut; accept al-Shi'a; do not accept Twelver or Sevener Shi'ism at any point) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08.doc (Question #12) [HS] Triphenyl phosphine and DEAD may be used to convert them to esters, while Collins reagent will convert them to aldehydes and ketones. Oxymercuration-demercuration and hydroboration-oxidation are two important methods for their controlled synthesis. Triglycerides have a poly-one as their backbone, linking three fatty acids. One with one carbon, which is highly toxic and causes blindness, is usually added to laboratory stocks of the two-carbon one to discourage ingestion. FTP, identify these compounds with an OH group, which include an isopropyl rubbing kind. ANSWER: alcohols 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08.doc (Question #14) [HS] This nation repelled an American invasion in 1871, but the March 1st Movement and the Donghak Peasant Rebellion were both crushed. It was the victim of the Treaty of Ganghwa, to which the US assented in the Taft-Katsura Agreement, while in the Treaty of Portsmouth Russia recognized Japan's claim to it. Later the site of negotiations at Panmunjon to end a war between Chinese forces that had crossed the Yalu and American forces that had landed at Inchon, this was, FTP, what peninsula divided at the 38th parallel that saw a war between 1950 and 1953? ANSWER: Korea (do not accept either North Korea or South Korea; accept Kingdom of Joeson until the March 1st Movement is mentioned) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08.doc (Question #17) [HS] One structural classification for these terpenoids divides them into the pregnanes, cholanes (KOH laynz), cholistanes (KOH lih staynz), estranes, and androstanes. One of their precursors is squalene, and the secretion of one type of them results in higher blood pressure and blood sugar because that hormone, cortisol, is a glucocorticoid. One kind increases membrane fluidity at low temperatures and decreases it at high temperatures. They are characterized by four fused rings and include cholesterol. FTP, name this class of compounds that also come in an anabolic variety used during high-intensity workouts. ANSWER: steroids 2008 HFT - HFT Round 08.doc (Question #20) [HS] Ahmed al-Jazzar tried to defend Jaffa against this man's forces, and he tried to threaten India by taking Acre. His victory at Ulm was followed by a defeat for Kutuzov's forces that led to the Treaty of Pressburg, while Marshal Ney brought reinforcements to prevent his defeat at Eylau. His army forced the Treaty of Tilsit with a victory at Jena-Auerstadt and was successful at Borodino, but a disastrous retreat through Russia and defeat at Leipzig forced his exile to Elba. FTP, identify this diminutive emperor of France exiled to St. Helena after his defeat at Waterloo. ANSWER: Napoleon Bonaparte 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #1) [HS] Stevens Thomson Mason leaked its secret text to the Philadelphia Aurora after Henry Tazwell's objections to it were voted down. Its Southern critics objected that it did not arrange compensation for lost slaves, but Thomas Jefferson was most concerned that it augured an alliance. One of its signatories agreed to compensate ship owners, negotiate a

permanent boundary, and vacate forts in the Great Lakes, but it did not solve the issue of impressment into the Royal Navy. FTP, name this 1794 treaty between the United States and Britain negotiated by a Supreme Court justice. ANSWER: Jay's Treaty (prompt on Treaty of London) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #2) [HS] Electron-phonon interactions cause this quantity to increase with temperature roughly linearly in most metals and to decrease exponentially in semiconductors. It is the ratio between the electric field and the current density when the material in question is isotropic, and the ideal approximation assumes that this quantity is zero. A related quantity is calculated by its product with length over cross-section. FTP, name this electromagnetic quantity, a measure of how strongly an arbitrary quantity of a given material opposes current flow. ANSWER: resistivity 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #5) [HS] For a system with only one type of particle, this quantity is equal to the chemical potential multiplied by the particle number, and in general, it is equal to the maximum amount of non-expansion work that can be extracted from a system via a completely reversible process. This quantity is minimized when a system reaches equilibrium at constant temperature and pressure. The second law of thermodynamics means that chemical reactions occur spontaneously if and only if this is negative. FTP, name this thermodynamic quantity that is equal to the enthalpy minus the product of the temperature and entropy. ANSWER: Gibbs free energy 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #6) [HS] This writer claimed falsely that Lord North bribed publishers to delay his The Chains of Slavery until after a parliamentary election. He later criticized the English constitution just one year before he joined the Cordeliers and started attacking the Marquis de La Fayette in L'Ami du peuple. His popularity peaked when the Revolutionary Tribunal acquitted him of charges levied by the Girondins after he had supported the execution of Louis XVI. FTP, identify this victim of Charlotte Corday, a French Revolutionary newspaper editor murdered in his bathtub. ANSWER: Jean-Paul Marat 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #8) [HS] Developmentally, they are divided into agenous, mesogenous, and perigenous varieties; in the last of which, as with grasses, they are unrelated to surrounding tissue. In dicots, anisocytic ones are surrounded by three subsidiary cells and they are produced from a sequence of two unequal cell divisions. They move in response to a loss of chloride and potassium after the release of abscisic acid triggered by the roots. Their most famous role involves a mechanism that uses PEP carboxylase, prevents photorespiration, and minimizes water loss, in which they open only at night in CAM plants. FTP, identify these pores used by leaves for gas exchange. ANSWER: stoma (or stomate; or stomata) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #13) [HS] The number of alternating sign matrices is given by the Hankel type of these for binomial coefficients, while the top exterior algebra gives its value for a general linear transformation. This function of the matrix exponential is equal to the exponential of the trace, and it is the unique alternating multilinear function from the space of square matrices

to its underlying field. For two vectors in three-space, it can be used as a mnemonic for the value of the cross product, and it is invariant under elementary row and column operations. FTP, give this function that associates to each square matrix a scalar and which can be computed by cofactor expansion. ANSWER: determinant 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #14) [HS] This war saw the naval battle at Hang as well as the Battle of Napue, which led to a period of occupation called the Greater Wrath, while a battle in which Menshikov crushed Rehnskild and Lewenhaupt allowed for revenge on the traitorous Ivan Mazepa. It was ended by the Treaty of Nystad, which specified the cession of Ingria, Karelia, and Livonia. The Battles of Pruth River, Narva, and Poltava were major clashes in, FTP what war in which Charles XII's Sweden lost its hold on the Baltic after defeat by Peter the Great's Russia? ANSWER: Great Northern War 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #16) [HS] This concept motivated the teleological side of its author's model of human motivations. Though out of favor with sociologists, the concept used to be broadly applied, particularly to the British Commonwealth, as cultural cringe. As originally defined, one emerged from two separate feelings: a secondary compensatory desire for security would inflame a primary observation of personal weakness, leading to a vicious cycle common to neuroses. FTP, identify this driving force, a belief in one's insufficiency, that was theorized by Alfred Adler. ANSWER: inferiority complex 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #20) [HS] He praised tar-water in his last work, Siris, while he attacked Newton's theory of fluxions in The Analyst. He wrote a discussion between a figure who represents John Locke and another figure whose name translates to lover of spirit in one work, while in A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge features his famous axiom esse est percipi. FTP, name this Idealist philosopher who wrote Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonus and who is the namesake of a university town in California. ANSWER: George Berkeley 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09.doc (Question #1) [HS] The end of this period was hastened by victory at the Battle of Fleurus, while it had begun when the atheist Jacques Hbert agitated for the arrest of Jacques Pierre Brissot. It saw mass conscription, de-Catholicization, and the deaths of Philippe galit and Madame Roland. It was followed by the Thermidorian Reaction, but not before Charlotte Corday murdered Jean-Paul Marat and Georges Danton was executed by the Committee of Public Safety. FTP, identify this fifteen-month period of violence in Paris led by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. ANSWER: the Reign of Terror (or la Terreur; do not accept the French Revolution, which didn't end with the Battle of Fleurus) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09.doc (Question #3) [HS] Beatty's Theorem applies to a pair of numbers of this type. They form a set of measure one in the interval (0,1), and their indicator function can therefore be Lebesgue integrated, but not Riemann integrated over this interval, as illustrated by a function which is continuous only on these named for Dirichlet. They can be generated from another set of numbers by employing Dedekind cuts. The square root of any integer that is not a perfect square is,

FTP, one of what class of real numbers that cannot be expressed as the quotient of two integers, such as pi and e? ANSWER: irrational numbers 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09.doc (Question #7) [HS] s-d interactions cause this property in transition metals, while in simple metals, it results from phonon interactions. With alternating current, the skin effect and proximity effect contribute to it. It is usually directly proportional to length and inversely to cross-section, and in metals it is directly proportional to temperature, but in a semiconductor, this quantity decreases exponentially with temperature. It is impossible to find equivalent values of it across a circuit containing a Wheatstone bridge. FTP, name this quantity calculated in Ohm's law by the ratio of voltage to current. ANSWER: resistance 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09.doc (Question #9) [HS] This country fought against American troops at Raisin River and Lundy's Lane, and it agreed in the 1871 Washington Treaty to submit to arbitration regarding a ship built at Birkenhead in 1862. This country agreed with the US not to colonize the Mosquito Coast in a treaty later superseded by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty. This loser at Horseshoe Bend ended a boundary dispute in the Webster-Ashburton Treaty and agreed to demilitarize the Great Lakes in the Rush-Bagot Treaty. FTP, name this European country that signed Jay's Treaty and the Treaty of Ghent. ANSWER: United Kingdom (or England; or Great Britain; or Britain) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09.doc (Question #11) [HS] Those that are not sessile contain a structure that in a modified form allows acacia to survive extreme environments; that structure is bracketed by stipules and called the petiole. Other structures in them include a layer of tissue that contains darker, cylindrical cells called the palisade layer. Their outer layer, the epidermis, includes cells called guard cells, which surround holes called stomata that allow for gas exchange. Veins containing xylem and phloem are also found in, FTP, what photosynthetic organs of plants? ANSWER: leaves 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09.doc (Question #15) [HS] This man's forces were the target of Operation Verano, which failed when he won the Battle of La Plata and went on to win at Yaguajay. Earlier, this leader on board the yacht Granma had declared History will absolve me while standing trial for attacking the Moncada Barracks. He declared that anyone wanting to emigrate could join the Mariel Boatlift in 1980, 19 years after the CIA failed to topple him in the Bay of Pigs invasion and 21 years after he overthrew Fulgencio Batista. FTP, identify this communist strongman who led the Cuban Revolution. ANSWER: Fidel Castro 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09.doc (Question #16) [HS] Nineteenth century followers of this thinker included Gaetano Sanseverino and Giovanni Maria Cornoldi. The Papal Encyclical Aeterni Patris praised his philosophy, but his theories of active and passive intellect angered William of Ockham. This author of On the Principles of Nature also wrote against the Averroists in There Being Only One Intellect, but is more famous for writing I answer that after each question he posed. FTP, name this Dominican who proposed five arguments for the existence of God in Summa Theologica. ANSWER: Thomas Aquinas (prompt on Doctor Universalis)

2008 HFT - HFT Round 09.doc (Question #18) [HS] It is held constant in throttling processes, and the Born-Haber process measures one of these associated with a crystal lattice. It is commonly written as the sum of the system's internal energy with the product of its pressure and volume, and for constant-pressure processes, the change in this quantity may be written as work. The summed change in this quantity for individual steps of a reaction equals the overall change in this quantity according to Hess's law. FTP, identify this thermodynamic state function sometimes referred to as the heat content of a system. ANSWER: enthalpy 2008 HFT - HFT Round 09.doc (Question #20) [HS] This country defeated Marshal Koniecpolski at the Battle of Dirshau and forced its southern neighbor to sign the Treaty of Altmark, and it had earlier invaded its earlier neighbor to force the Treaty of Stolbovo. Chancellors such as Axel Oxenstierna served its Vasa Dynasty after its independence from the Kalmar Union, and, in 1901, one member of its Bernadotte Dynasty gave a prize to Sully Prudhomme, but its most famous monarch may be Gustavus Adophus, who fought in the Thirty Years' War. FTP, name this Scandinavian country with capital at Stockholm. ANSWER: Sweden (accept Sverige from a proud Swede) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #1) [HS] Within two weeks of this event's conclusion, protesters stormed an armory in Chittagong and the Royal Garhwal Rifles mutinied in Peshawar. It resulted in the Second Round Table Conference between its leader and Lord Irwin, who failed to halt it when he arrested Kasturba. Like campaign in Bardoli two years before, it was centered in Gujarat, where marchers were knocked down with steel-tipped clubs when they tried to defy a British monopoly. FTP, identify this 1930 protest led by Mahatma Gandhi, who walked to the sea to make a certain mineral. ANSWER: Salt March to Dandi (accept Salt Satyagraha; accept Dandi March) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #4) [HS] These compounds require SLY1 in order to degrade RGL2 proteins, while they rely on DELLA proteins for signaling. Their major precursor is ent-kaurene, and they are all diterpenoids. In cereals, they stimulate the production of alpha amylase, and in dioecious flowers they induce maleness. They affect the mature regions of trees and shrubs and can induce cell division as well as cell elongation. In addition to rejuvenating dwarf plants and delaying leaf aging, they can stimulate seed germination. FTP, identify these plant hormones best known for their use in producing seedless grapes. ANSWER: gibberellins (prompt on GAs) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #5) [HS] Yuri Danilov correctly predicted it, but his so-called Plan 19 to stop it was not fully carried out. It was delayed at Namur and Lige until Big Bertha could clear the path, while Alexander Von Kluck's deviation from it gave an opportunity to a Joseph Gallieni's garrison. Its original conception envisioned a march through the Netherlands, but Helmut von Moltke changed it, and it was finally abandoned after Joseph Joffre commandeered taxis to take his men to the Battle of the Marne. FTP, identify this German World War I strategy to go through Belgium into France. ANSWER: Von Schlieffen Plan 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #7) [HS]

Ramsey's and Stewart's regiments held the north side of this battle's namesake road while American artillery got positioned on Comb's Hill. The troops trained by Von Steuben at Valley Forge were first tested at this battle when they intercepted a British column under George Clinton that had evacuated Philadelphia. George Washington arrived at this battle to find Charles Lee's troops retreating, an act for which Lee was later court-martialed, but the hero of this battle was Molly Pitcher. FTP, identify this Revolutionary War battle fought in New Jersey. ANSWER: Battle of Monmouth 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #10) [HS] One subclass of these stars, d, consists of double-mode pulsating stars, and that subclass is commonly plotted on Petersen diagrams to analyze the effects of metallicity on their properties. Commonly found in globular clusters, the luminosities of these Population II stars are typically around forty five solar, and their periods vary from a few hours to two days. Formerly called cluster Cepheids, FTP, identify this class of pulsating horizontal branch stars, named for a star in the Lyre. ANSWER: RR Lyrae variables 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #12) [HS] The Corbino effect is related to this other physical effect, but it describes the flow of charges in a circular disk. This effect can occur in a plasma, but its namesake parameter, the ratio between electron gyrofrequency and collision frequency, can then exceed one. It has spin and quantum varieties, but in its basic form it describes the effects of the Lorentz force acting on charges moving in a magnetic field. FTP, identify this electromagnetic effect, in which a perpendicular current generates a namesake voltage by causing moving charges to accumulate on one side of a conductor. ANSWER: Hall effect 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #13) [HS] One ruler of this people, Malik Shah, was advised by Nizam al-Mulk, who wrote a famous mirror for princes but was killed by an Assassin. Founded by Tughrul Beg, they defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanaqan before migrating west and defeating the Buyids, and later some of them split to form the Sultanate of Rum at Nicaea. Alp Arslan commanded them near Lake Van when they defeated Romanos IV at the Battle of Manzikert. FTP, identify this Turkish group that conquered Baghdad in 1055 before driving the Byzantines from Anatolia. ANSWER: Seljuk Turks (prompt on Turks before the word Turkish) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #17) [HS] This book documents a tradition of pederasty among men in high station, and its author explains how the sword is a simile of ideal and self-responsible man when arguing that a phraseology of virtue maintains the inner sword. This book discusses cigarettes before battle and explains two decades of national phenomena by leveraging giri, practical and immediate obligation, and gimu, hierarchical unquantifiable obligation. This work was criticized for not relying on firsthand experience, but it popularized the contrast between Western guilt culture and Eastern shame culture. FTP, identify this ethnography of Japan written by the Patterns of Culture author Ruth Benedict. ANSWER: The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #19) [HS] The Bodroux reaction forms them from a Grignard reagent, an aniline derivative, and a carboxylic acid, and the Beckmann rearrangement produces cyclic ones, called lactams,

from oximes. Their IR shift is the furthest downfield of any saturated carbonyl, between 1630 and 1695, reflecting the fact that they are the least reactive derivative. a This term is sometimes used to describe deprotonated ammonia, and peptide bonds are also called these linkages. FTP, identify this functional group, which may be described as an amine with an acyl group for one substituent, or as a nitrogen analogue of carboxylic acids. ANSWER: amides 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #20) [HS] Some types of hash tables use them to avoid collisions, and major disadvantages include a lack of serializability or caching. Its unrolled version carries an array of several data values within each node to ensure that more contiguous blocks of memory are used. CDR coding is used to implement them in LISP. Iterators are commonly used to read these sequentially, as they do not support fast random access, but insertion and deletion are both supported in constant time. FTP, name this data structure that consists of a sequence of nodes, each containing references to the next or previous nodes. ANSWER: linked list 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10.doc (Question #2) [HS] This writer wrote about the uses of chicken blood in getting around spoken customs and criticized the socialization of the American middle class in the final chapter of her most famous work because they experience more stress than the community of Ta'u. Lowell Holmes defended her against allegations from Derek Freeman, who caught one woman on videotape claiming that this researcher had believed a practical joke. FTP, identify this controversial anthropologist who discussed sexual promiscuity among adolescents in Coming of Age in Samoa. ANSWER: Margaret Mead 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10.doc (Question #3) [HS] This is governed by the lambda calculus, and LISP uses the tail version of this to eliminate the need for extra space on the call stack. Programs using this can sometimes be sped up using memorization to store already-computed results or fully converted to iterative versions via dynamic programming. The Ackerman function is defined using this, and successively larger solutions to the Towers of Hanoi problem can be built with this. FTP, name this concept in computer science in which a function is defined in terms of a smaller instance of itself. ANSWER: recursion 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10.doc (Question #5) [HS] One battle fought in this state saw Hugh Mercer's death in a bayonet charge led by Charles Mawhood as well as the surrender to Alexander Hamilton of troops barricaded in Nassau Hall. Another battle in this state saw George Washington swear to rally the retreating troops of Charles Lee and Molly Pitcher assume command of a cannon. A third battle in this state saw Hessians routed on Christmas Day after Washington's forces had crossed the Delaware River. FTP, identify this state that saw the Revolutionary War battles of Monmouth, Princeton, and Trenton. ANSWER: New Jersey 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10.doc (Question #6) [HS] Polaris is one of these stars, while another particularly noticeable one is Eta Aquilae, of unknown metallicity. The assumption that metallicity does not affect them is essential to their usefulness. They are used as standard candles because of their consistent periodluminosity relationship; the former varies between three and thirty days, the latter between

eight hundred and ten thousand solar. W Virginis stars are sometimes called the type II of these entities. FTP, identify this class of stars, named after the delta star of the constellation named for an ancient king. ANSWER: Cepheid variables 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10.doc (Question #9) [HS] This theory predicts that the inertia of stationary objects will increase when massive objects are nearby. That effect is related to another that applies to objects with nonzero angular or linear momentum. When objects are eclipsed by particularly massive objects multiple distorted images appear. In addition to predicting the Lense-Thirring effect and gravitational lensing, one of its axioms is that a reference frame experiencing gravitational effects appears to be accelerating, called the equivalence principle. FTP, name this theory of gravity developed by Einstein. ANSWER: general relativity 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10.doc (Question #10) [HS] One front in this war included amphibious attacks on the Shandong peninsula. On another front, one side set up a naval fortification known as the Otranto Barrage. Another country launched two attacks known as the Brusilov Offensives, while other key battles included Cambrai, Marsurian Lakes, Caporetto, Tannenberg, and Ypres, the last of which saw savage gas attacks. The most memorable early battle of this war saw soldiers rushed to fight in taxis at the Marne to stop the Schlieffen Plan. FTP, name this war that began with the assassination of an archduke in 1914. ANSWER: World War I (prompt on Great War) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10.doc (Question #12) [HS] Only tordon lacks a phenyl ring, but all of these have a carboxylic acid group. Indole-3acetic acid is by far the most potent of these hormones. Large quantities stimulate ethylene production, so many are used as herbicides, especially since weeds like dandelions are dicots and therefore particularly susceptible. As naturally secreted, they differentiate xylem from phloem and suppress lateral bud growth. FTP, name this large class of plant hormones, which can be used to delay fruit maturation and have synergistic effects with gibberellins ANSWER: auxins 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10.doc (Question #14) [HS] He advocated creating an armed battalion to put down the Bambatha Rebellion, but later organized indigo workers in Champaran. He compromised with Edward Irwin, but this author of The Story of My Experiments with Truth continued to advocate wearing khadi, or homespun cloth, as part of his swadeshi boycott of foreign textiles and walked to Dandi to make salt in violation of a British tax. An advocate of satyagraha, he worked with Jawaharlal Nehru as a member of the National Congress. FTP, name this non-violent father of India's independence. ANSWER: Mahatma Gandhi (accept Mohandas K. Gandhi) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10.doc (Question #17) [HS] The Tishchenko reaction dimerizes a compound with a terminal one of these, while the Cannizzaro reaction is a disproportionation of another such compound. This term is also sometimes used in inorganic chemistry to refer to a similar group taken alone and with an additional pi bond, isoelectronic to cyanide, a common ligand with four bridging modes. FMO theory dictates that the LUMO of most compounds containing them is its pi star.

FTP, identify this group which is found in amides, ketones, and carboxylic acids, consisting of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen. ANSWER: carbonyl (or aldehyde before one of these) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 10.doc (Question #20) [HS] The poor people of this so-called Round City founded by al-Mansur were armed to defend it against the 812 siege of al-Ma'mun, and it was besieged again in 865 by Turks from Samarra. It was conquered by Turks under Tughrul when it fell to the Seljuks in 1055, and it was here in 1258 that the Caliph al-Musta'sim was rolled in a carpet and trampled by cavalry led by Hulegu, a grandson of Genghis Khan. Once the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, it has more recently been the capital of Nouri al-Maliki. FTP, identify this city on the Tigris River, site of the Green Zone. ANSWER: Baghdad 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #2) [HS] Lucy Randolph Mason tried to use this legislation to gain rights for women, and it found support from GE president Gerard Swope but was opposed by automakers. It empowered Hugh Johnson to issue blue eagles to those who did their part and regulated wages and child labor, but Charles Evans Hughes wrote that slaughtering did not constitute interstate commerce when the Supreme Court found that Congress could not create codes of fair competition. FTP, identify this piece of New Deal Legislation ruled unconstitutional in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. U.S. ANSWER: National Industrial Recovery Act (accept NIRA; do not accept National Recovery Administration or NRA) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #3) [HS] This region was threatened last July by the Basin Complex Fire near its Los Padres National Forest. It stretches north from San Carpoforo Creek in the shadow of the San Lucia Mountains along US Highway 1, which runs past its namesake hot springs where Hunter Thompson was once employed. Also home to Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Henry Miller, its northern boundary is Carmel River, which reaches the Pacific just south of Monterey. FTP, identify this coastal region of rugged, picturesque topography in central California, namesake of a novel by Jack Kerouac. ANSWER: Big Sur 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #8) [HS] This author of Philosophy of the Revolution was the beneficiary of Operation Kavkaz during the War of Attrition. A failed assassination attempt on this man allowed him to succeed Muhammad Naguib as head of state, in which position he had Sayyid Qutb executed, intervened in Yemen's civil war, and negotiated an arms deal with Czechoslovakia. This leader of the Free Officers against King Farouk nearly resigned after the Six-Day War, eleven years after nationalizing the Suez Canal. FTP, identify this predecessor of Anwar Sadat as president of Egypt. ANSWER: Gamal Abdel Nasser 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #11) [HS] This man who crushed the Khitan and Xi rebellion was viewed with suspicion by Wang Zhongsi. This man's son Qingxu had him assassinated after he had opposed the chancellor Yang Guozhong and ingratiated himself with Yang Guifei in the wake of Li Linfu's death. This enormous leader was probably of Sogdian heritage, and his followers were defeated after Muslim troops were brought in to oust his Yan Dynasty from Xuanzong's capital of

Chang'an. FTP, identify this Turkic general whose eponymous 756 revolt shook the Tang Dynasty. ANSWER: An Lushan (accept An Luoshan or Ga Luoshan) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #13) [HS] Jean de Joinville, who wrote a history of him, testified on his behalf before Pope Boniface VIII. This leader sent William of Rubruck to meet with the Mongols, signed an agreement with Raymond VII of Toulouse to stop attacking heretics in Languedoc, lost the Battle of Fariksur, patronized the Morgan Bible, and defeated Henry III at Taillebourg. This monarch also succeeded in capturing Damietta, but he died in Tunis while attempting to attack Mamluk Egypt during the Eighth Crusade. FTP, identify this 13th-century French king, the only one to be canonized. ANSWER: Louis IX (prompt on St. Louis or just Louis) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #15) [HS] This experiment explored a quantity that may be obtained from the isospin plus half the strangeness plus half the baryon number. The friction from spraying from a rubber bulb, through the triboelectric effect, or else the direct use of an x-ray tube, allowed the experimenter to cause motion to reverse after the eponymous entities reached terminal velocity. The buoyant force in this setup is proportional to velocity with coefficient 6 pi nu a. It was an error in nu, the viscosity of the air, that put the original trial two percent off the true value, corrected only by x-ray diffraction studies. Whether employing glycerine or even mercury, this experiment always generates integer multiples of the same value. FTP, identify this experiment which suspended the namesake entities in an electric field in order to measure the charge of the electron. ANSWER: Millikan oil drop experiment 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #18) [HS] The streptomyces bacterium produces an antibiotic that can be deactivated by this process; that molecule, tetracycline, cannot be taken with milk or indigestion remedies containing zinc. In organic chemistry, stereoselectivity can be induced by the use of this process, particularly in the presence of esters and amides, a technique called this control. Virtually all biological molecules can do this, but some have specificity for a certain ion, like the porphyrin rings in hemoglobin, which do this to iron. FTP, name this term for the binding of several ligands to one metal ion. ANSWER: chelation (or chelates; accept chelation-control after stereoselectivity) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11 ADV FINISHED.doc (Question #19) [HS] A study by Daniel Hopkins placed the year of its disappearance at 1996, but Blair Levin wrote an op-ed to claim that it never actually existed and a study by the University of Washington claimed that this year saw it in reverse. It was named for the foe of George Deukmejian, it also affected Harvey Gantt, Harold Washington, and Jesse Jackson. A 1988 study found that it depends on the race of the questioner, and some thought it could explain inaccurate numbers from ARG and Zogby in the 2008 New Hampshire primary. FTP, identify this effect in which fears about the social acceptability of prejudice lead white voters to tell pollsters they support a black candidate. ANSWER: Bradley effect (accept Wilder effect) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11.doc (Question #2) [HS] Nicolas Bailly found no evidence against this military leader born in the Dutchy of Bar, who had captured Auxerre and Troyes and scored a victory over John Fastolf at Patay before being captured at the siege of Compigne, but Bishop Pierre Cauchon proceeded

with this leader's trial anyway. Before bringing Charles VII to Reims for his coronation, she inspired an unexpected victory at Orlans. FTP, name this peasant girl burned at the stake for heresy after voices told her to expel the English and lead the French army during the Hundred Years War. ANSWER: Joan of Arc (accept Jean d'Arc) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11.doc (Question #4) [HS] Strong ones are odorless and nonvolatile, while weak ones may have a characteristic odor as they slowly hydrolyze. The ability to form an insoluble one drives many doublereplacement reactions. There are both acidic and basic varieties, despite their derivation, based on what happens when they are dissolved in water, and in solution, since they can conduct a current, they are electrolytes. By definition, they are the result of neutralization reactions between an acid and a base. FTP, give the chemical term that in common usage might refer to sodium chloride. ANSWER: salts 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11.doc (Question #5) [HS] He hatched a deal with Robert Moton to gain African-American support to add to his popularity from organizing relief for a Mississippi flood. He had been criticized for sending food to the Soviet Union, but praised for feeding Belgium. As Secretary of Commerce, he chose a part-Native American, Charles Curtis, as his running mate and supported Prohibition. As President, he arranged the construction of Boulder Dam. FTP, identify this president who gave his name to shantytowns erected during the Great Depression before he was defeated by Franklin Roosevelt. ANSWER: Herbert Hoover 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11.doc (Question #9) [HS] Catecholamines induce it to up-regulate AMPA receptors in the hippocampus, increasing long-term potentiation and possibly enhancing memory. Inhibition of rectal contractions accompanies glycogenlysis in the liver. Its pre-ganglionic motor neurons arise in the spinal cord and link to parallel chains of ganglia that enervate various internal organs and glands. Increased blood pressure, inhibited peristalsis, and a dilated respiratory tract are associated with, FTP, activation of which branch of the automatic nervous system that stimulates the fight or flight response? ANSWER: sympathetic nervous system (or SNS) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11.doc (Question #10) [HS] He talked about the time he stole a load of pears to feed some pigs, but more famously supported infant baptism. He believed that lust existed in thought and not action, and wrote another's lust cannot pollute thee to the virgins who were raped during the sack of Rome by the Visigoths in 410, a tragedy that prompted him to write about the separation of heavenly and temporal affairs in City of God. A proponent of original sin, he discussed his sinful youth and conversion to Christianity in Confessions. FTP, name this Christian thinker who was bishop of Hippo. ANSWER: St. Augustine of Hippo (accept Aurelius Augustinus) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11.doc (Question #11) [HS] This dynasty sheltered Pirooz, the heir of the last Sassanid Emperor, and was later defeated by Ziyad ibn Salih at the Battle of Talas. It was interrupted by the rise of Gaozong's consort, Wu Zetian, and again during the reign of Xuanzong after the promotion of Yang Guozhong inspired an obese Sogdian to sack Luoyang and set up the Yan Dynasty in Chang'an. Known for the poetry of Li Bai and Du Fu as well as the An Lushan Rebellion,

this is, FTP, what Chinese dynasty of the seventh-through-tenth centuries that eclipsed the Han and Sui? ANSWER: Tang Dynasty 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11.doc (Question #16) [HS] Their force fields have nonzero curl because they cannot be represented as the gradient of a scalar field. For the same reason, the path integral of one of these forces around a circle is nonzero. The work they do is equal to the change in mechanical energy. They arise from neglecting some of a system's degrees of freedom by using statistical methods, since a molecular analysis would never find energy to be lost as heat. FTP, name these forces, such as drag and friction, that depend on path. ANSWER: non-conservative forces 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11.doc (Question #17) [HS] The Yellow Fleet remained trapped in this body of water for eight years, while one American ship remained trapped in nearby Lake Timsah, although the right of navigation in it was guaranteed by the Convention of Constantinople. The Battle of Jebel Heitan, a controversial victory for Ariel Sharon, was the bloodiest incident in its eponymous crisis, which ended when Britain, France, and Israel halted their invasion of Egypt after its nationalization. Running from Port Said to its namesake gulf, this is, FTP, what waterway that links the Mediterranean and Red Seas? ANSWER: Suez Canal (accept Qanat Suways) 2008 HFT - HFT Round 11.doc (Question #18) [HS] The Steiner-Lehmus theorem states that if the lengths of two of these are equal in any triangle, then the triangle is isosceles. They can be easily constructed by connecting a vertex of the triangle to the midpoint of the minor arc connecting the other two vertices on the circumcircle. Their namesake theorem relates the ratio in which they cut the opposing side with the ratios of two sides of the triangle. Their external versions intersect at the excenters, while their internal versions intersect at the incenter. FTP, name these lines that divide the corners of a triangle in half. ANSWER: angle bisector 2008 HFT - HFT Tiebreaker Tossups.doc (Question #3) [HS] Jesse Elliot's tardy engagement in this battle earned the ire of his superior, and the losing commander was Robert Heriot Barclay. This battle, part of a conflict that also saw the victory of Thomas MacDonough, was made possible by armaments produced in Pittsburgh foundries. The warships Lawrence and Niagara formed part of a fleet largely constructed at Presque Isle. Americans won the Battle of the Thames and recaptured Detroit after this battle, fought near Put-in-Bay, Ohio. Summarized with the phrase, we have met the enemy and they are ours, FTP, identify this major naval battle of the War of 1812, won by Oliver Hazard Perry on a namesake Great Lake. ANSWER: Battle of Lake Erie 2008 HFT - HFT Tiebreaker Tossups.doc (Question #6) [HS] One study on clam oocytes speculated that one structure that contains them might have its own RNA genome. The protein ninein (ny-NAY-in) and two of them make up a cell-cycle regulating structure. Centrin and tektin help to form the characteristic pattern of their walls, which in Drosophila embryos consist of doublets, rather than triplets, of microtubles. FTP, identify these structures whose astral fibers comprise the mitotic spindle, which in anaphase anchor chromosomes to either side of a cell. ANSWER: centrioles