I

- -


1. ________________________________________ 4
1.1 ____________________________________________________ 4
1.2 _______________________________________________ 4
1.3 __________________________________________________ 8
1.4 _____________________________________________ 9
1.5 - ___________ 11
1.6 __________________________________ 12
1.7 ______________________________________________________ 14
1.8 _____________ 16
1.9 __________________ 16
1.10 ____________________________________________________ 18

2. ______________________________________________ 20
2.1 _______________ 21
2.2 _____________________________________________ 22
2.3 _______________________ 26
2.4 ______________________ 27
2.5 _______________________________________ 31
2.6 ______________________________________________ 33

3. _____________________________________ 33
3.1 n- __________________________ 34
3.2 _________________________________ 36
3.3 n- __________________________________________ 37
3.4 n- _________________________ 40
3.5 n- __________________________________ 43
3.6 - __________________________________________ 44
3.7 n- ___________________________________ 46
3.8 _______________________________________ 46
3.9 _______________________________________ 47
3.10 _____________________________ 50
3.11 _____________________________ 53

4. _____________________________________________________ 54
4.1 _____________________________ 55
4.2 ___________________________ 58
4.3 ______________________________________________________ 62
4.4 ____________________________________ 63
4.5 _____________________________ 64

4.6 ____________________________ 66
4.7 - _________________________________ 67
4.8 ___________________________ 71
4.9 _________________________________________ 74
4.10 _______________________________________ 76

5. _______________________________________________________ 79
5.1 _____________________________________ 79
5.2 _____________________________ 82

6. (F) ___________________________ 86
6.1 F _________________________________________ 89
6.2 - __________________________________________ 90
6.3 ____________________ 91
6.4 F __________________________________ 91
6.5 F ________________________________ 92
6.6 F _____________________________ 95
6.7 F ___________________________________________ 97
6.8 -_________________________________________________________ 98

7. _________________ 100
7.1 ___________________________________________________ 101
7.2 ____________________________________ 101
7.3 F _________________________________________ 102
7.4 IG _____________________________________________________________ 103
7.5 ______________________________________________________________ 103

8. ___________________________________________________ 105
8.1 __________________________________________ 105
8.2 ________________________________________________________ 107
8.3 ______________________________ 108
8.4 ______________________________________________ 109
8.5 ____________________________________________ 110
8.6 __________________________________________ 111
8.7 ________________________________________________ 112
8.8 __________________________________________ 113
8.9 ______________________________________ 115
8.10 __________________________________________________________ 116
8.11 _______________________________________________________ 117
8.12 _____________________________________________________ 119

1.
.
,
.

.
,
.
, . ,

.
, .
,

.
1.1
, ,
. :
. ,
.
,
.

.
1.2

.
,

.
:
m = 9,1 10 31 kg

e = 1,6 10 19 C
, ,
.
. , ,
.
, ,
. ,

.
, .
,
, ,
, , .

 , m q, ,
F
E:
(1.2)
F = qE
F E .
, . I ,
m F, ,
v :

dv
(1.3)
dt
,
,
VA, v :
v = 5,93 10 5 V A (m / s ) (1.4)
VA kV
, (1.4), 1/10
. , (1.4)
.
.1.1
d, VA.
E .
:
V
E = A (1.5)
d
F = ma = m

.1.1
E

q, ,
F B. ,
B,
. ,
.
(1.4).
.1.2.
d. B Vd .
vo .
, B
V=-Vd. .. V(x)=-Ex.
W

 Wk=mv2/2 Wp=qV. :
mv 2
W = Wk + W p =
+ qV (1.6)
2

.1.2. )
, ) , )

,
( ), .
o,
,
. ,
l ,
xl .
W
xl o .

. ,
, ,
.
. .1.2.
.
,
,
: (mvo2 / 2) qVd .
1.3 ,
d1, d2 Vd VA
. ,
. 1.3.6

, .1.3.
.
VA>Vd.
B vo Wo
Wd1 B,
, " " ,

.1.3.. ; . ; .

,
,
, ..
, B
. ,
, ,
" ".
,
, .
, m, v,

:
h
=
(1.7)
mv
h = 6,62 10 -34 ( Js ) .
,
,
.
v
, , :
F = q v B (1.8)

[ ]

v B v
.
,
,
. .1.4.
v
90 . r
:

r=

mv
qB

T=

2 2r 2m
=
=
w
v
qB

. 1.4.

1.3



. .1.5.
1 ,
n1 n2,
2 .
.

V1 V2.
v1, V1
1
V2 v2
2 .
:
sin 1 v 2
V2
=
=
(1.11)
sin 2 v1
V1

sin 1 n 2
sin 1 v 2
V2
=

=
=
sin 2 n1
sin 2 v1
V1
.1.5


. .1.6

1 2. V

. 1
.
,

2 .
V .

.1.6

1.4
.
,

.
.
.
.

. , ..
.
(1913 ),
, .
.
.
,
. ,
b
. f ( Hz)
:
E Eb
(1.12)
f = a
h
,
r. ,
:
nh
2 r = n =
(1.13)
mv

 n (n=1, 2, 3,...).

.
Z2
E = 13,6 2 (eV ) (1.14)
n
, Z , n
.
.
, (eV)
( 1 eV = 1,6 10 19 J ) .
1V.
1.7
.
, ,
,
. n ,

.

.1.7

, ,
, ,
.
,
. ,
. ,

. ,
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
, ..
. 1.8.
, ,
, .
, , .
, G .
,
10

 G
. ,

.
.

.1.8

, , ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
.1.9.
.
, , ,
( 1028 1m3),
.
(G=6 eV),
( 108 m3) .
(G=1 eV), ,
( 1018 1m3)
.
.

.1.9 ,

1.5 -
- .
1.2 .
.
m
V.

11

 a ,
.
* , ( * ),
.
,
.
, :
( x, t ) = ( x) e j ( 2E / h ) / t (1.15)
, :
2
( x) =
sin kx (1.16)
L
L
. k
. :
2 2mv
(1.17)
k=
=

h
, .. = 0
=0 =L, k=n/L. n=1,2,3, ...
:
n2h2
E=
(1.18)
8mL2
.

.

1.6

E (E ) , , 1.10.

.
. n
E (E )
.
. T=0 K,
:
E ( E ) = 6,28 10 27 E (1.22)
0 E E F . F
.
. F
:
2

E F = 3,64 10 19 n 3 (eV ) (1.23)

n .
, 10 eV.
,
, .
,

12

 .
, F,
1/2
.

.1.10

.1.11

- 1.11.
, ..
. ,
F
.
0.
, 0.
,
. , ,

. w,
,
. 2
5 eV.

.
.
() .
,
. ,
.
.

13

 . ,
-
.
.
.
,
.
,
. .
.
.
.
.
, .

, . ,
.

0 .
I :

EW

I E = SAT 2 e kT (1.24)
S , ,
. 2400-2600 ,
- 1900 , 1000-1100 .
.
1.7
.

. .1.12 .
, ,
.
.
.
, , .
-
-.
. ,
.
(1 2 .1.12),
.
, ,
.
.
Y-, -.
VY VX.
,
.

14

 . ,
,
, Y -.
,
. ,
.
, ,
, .
, , ,
, , . ,
,
- .
,

.
.

.1.12

,

:
lL
(1.25)
SE =
2dV A
l
, L , d
, V
.
0,1 1,0 mm/V, 1 ,
100 10 V.
, - ,
Y- . , -
.
,
-
. , -
-

15

1.8
,
,

.
400.000 .
.
.
,

.
, ,
24 kV.

,
.
,
.

. 1.13

1.9
.

10-4101 k.
, .
.1.14.

( ,
.). .
V1, ,
.
- .
VPR
. (-D-).
,

16

 ,
( -F). ,
. V0
( F-). .
,
( -), ( -L-).
,
. ,
.

. 1.14

-

. .1.15
- .
.
R
.
. .
,
. , R
.
. ,
.

17

.1.15 -

.
,
VPR
. V0
.
,
.

60 V 150 V 100 m.
.
,
. .
, .

, .

.
. ,
.
1000 V
. 103104 lms
10 100 m.

1.10

. ,
, >160
, .. 0.5 5 m.
.
, DTV-, .. .
,
,
. ,
. d,
.

18

 .1.16 d .
. d
,
.
+ 0,1 % , 53 k.
200 V, .
.
, R=
500 k, 0,4 m. ,
.

.1.16 d

,
25 m,
50 200 m.
.
160 V
50 kz.
(ff). 160 V
ff. 200 V,
(n).
160 V, ,
,
. .

. .
.
,
.

.
120 V, .
.
, .
160 V,
. .
.

19

.1.17

.1.17 .
100 m.
,
.
().
, (RG).
90.
. ,
, (UV).

. ,
.
.
54 m 640 480 .

2.

,
. : n -.
,
.
, npn pnp-.
.
, : ,
(FET) . , ,


.
pn-
pn-.
.
.
20

 .
. ,
,
.

2.1

;
.
.

(.2.1).
l
10-7 10-8 m. ,
v, .
, , ,
. ,
.

. 2.1

. 2.2

,
,
.
, vd:
v d = K (2.1)
,

(m2/V).
.
.
.

.2.3

,
L, N .
,
21

 .
v L,
S.
, I :
Nv d
qN
(2.2)
I=
=q
T
L
, J
:
Nv d
I
J= =q
= qnv d (2.3)
S
LS
n=N/LS
m-3.
,
:
J = qnv d = qnK = K (2.4)
:
= qn (2.5)
m-1.

.
. I
:
V
V
(2.6)
I = JS = KS = S =
L
R
V=KL
, R .
L
L
R=
=
(2.7)
S
S
= 1 / .
(2.6) , ..
.
,
.
. .

2.2

. , ..
.
,
(.2.4).

,
.
.

(.2.5).

22

.2.4

,
+4
.

.
,
.

.
,
.
. ,
,
. .2.6.

.2.5

.2.6

23


G,
.
. G
1,1 V .
,
, .
.

:
,

.
. ,
,
. ,
.

.
,

. ,
, ""
.
,

. n ,
, :
n=p=ni (2.8)
ni .

.
- ,
. -
. ,
, .

, ,
. ,
,
.
1020 1026 .
106 .
, -,
n- .
.
n-. n-
, ,
. .2.7.

24

 ,
.
0,05 eV.
. ,
.
,
.
.
. ,

.
( ), ( ).
n-
.
n- .2.8,
.
,
D, .
.
, ,
,
. , ,
. , n- ,
, ,
.

.

.2.7
n-

.2.8
n-

-. -
, , , ,
. .2.9.

.
.
.

25

.2.9
-

.2.10
-

, .
.
. ,

. ,
. ,
-,
.
- .2.10,
.

, .
,
. , ,
. ,
, . , -
, ,
. ,
,
.

2.3
,
, ,
-. , . ,
, ,

. ,
g
r.
g=r (2.9)

26

 .
, , .


. ,

. 10-3 10-7 .
,
10-9 .
,

n p,
, , :
np = n i2 (2.10)
ni
.
.


:
n i2 = 1,5 10 33 T 3 e

14030
T

(cm 6 ) (2.11)

.2.11

.2.11
.
.
.
.

2.4
,
. ND,
, NA
. ,
, ,
,

27

 . n
,
, :
N D + p = N A + n (2.12)
,
,
. , ,
.
.
,
, :
= qn n + qp p (2.13)
n- n>>p, n N D :
n = qN D n (2.14)
- p>>n, p N D :
p = qN A p (2.15)
2.1 .
51022 /cm3,

1.5-1010 ./m3. ,
31012 / m3,
230.000 (cm). ,
1.75410-6 (cm) 1011
.
(ND=51016
cm-3), n- 0,1
(cm). ,
,
.
2.1

Si

14

28,1
3
(gr/cm )
2,33
()
11,7
-3
(cm )
51022
300 , (V)
1,12
ni, (300 ), (cm-3)
1.51010
p, (cm2/Vs), (00 )
500
n, (cm2/Vs), (00 )
1450
Dp, (sm2/)
13
2
Dn, (sm /)
37,5
, 300 , cm
230.000

.

gn() :

28

8 2m 3n / 2
( E E G )1 / 2
E > E G (2.16)
3
h
mn .
.2.12..
0, G.
.2.12. -
fn(). (1.20).
G = 1.12 eV F =1 eV.

n = g n (E) f n (E ) . .2.12..
G , .
g n (E) =

.2.12.)
)
)

,
. fn()
. -F>,
:
3/ 2

EG E F

2m n kT
( E E F ) / kT
n = 2
= N C e ET
(2.19)
e
2
h

T=k=T/11600 (eV)
. N C = 2(2m n kT / h 2 ) 3 / 2 = 4,82 1015 T 3 / 2 (cm 3 ) ,
.
N C = 2,5 1019 (cm 3 ) .

.
p ( E ) :

29

p = p (E )dE = N V e

EF
ET

(2.22)

N V = 2(2m p kT / h 2 ) 3 / 2
. m n m p .
(2.19) (2.22) .
. n=.
:

N Ce

E Fi =

E G E Fi
ET

= N Ve

E Fi
ET

E G 3E T m n
(2.23)

ln
2
4
mp

m n / m p 10, G>>,
Fi=G/2.

.2.13

2.13 n
p ,
.
n
.
.

F. ,
Fi=G/2.
.
,
, .

.
, ,
.
2.14 n- -
, . n-
Fn
n
30

.2.14
n- -

- Fp,

n.
,
,
. ,
n
- .
,
.

.2.15

1019 (cm-3),
.
n-
Fn>G. (2.19)
.

2.5
,
, . ,
,
,

. .

31

.2.16 D
()

2.16
() . =0
. , , .2.16
, ,
.
. ,
,
:
dp
(2.29)
J Dp = qD p
dx
D m2/.
() ,
d/d
D .
, :
dn
(2.30)
J Dn = qD n
dx

:
D n D p kT
=
=
= VT (V ) (2.31)
n
p
q
VT
:
T
VT =
(2.32)
11600
. =00
VT 25 mV .
:
dp
J P = J Kp + J Dp = qp p K qD p
dx
dn
J n = J Kn + J Dn = qp n K qD n
(2.33)
dx

,
.

32

 , .

L. ,
:
L2n = D n n ; L2p = D p p (2.34)

.

2.6

.

.

.2.17

.2.17 d. I
I + dI. ,
. dt
N.

dt.

. :
dn
1 dJ n
(2.38)
= g n rn +
dt
q dx
n n 0 1 dJ n
dn
=
+
(2.39)
dt
q dx
n
(n - n0) n
. , :
p p 0 1 dJ p
dp
=
+
(2.40)
p
dt
q dx
.
.
.

3.
n-
.
,

33

 ,
, .

.3.1 n- () ()

n- . 3.1
.

ND-N.
.
, =0.
n- , ..
n-, ,
n .
,
n- .

3.1 n-
-,
n- .3.2. ,
,
.
n-. ,
- op, nop, n pon nop.

.3.2 n-
( )

34

 n- ,
,
.
n-,
3.2 ,

.


. n-,
n- -.
n- n-
,
.
-
.
,
, ,
, n-
. n- d,
.
n- , , .

. ,
, , ..
.
n- .


.

K.

, .

.
:
I n = I Dn + I Sn = 0
I p = I Dp + I Sp = 0 (3.1)

35

. 3.3 pn-

K n-
, VK
:
VK = E K / q (3.2)
. 3.3 n. - , ,
n- VK. n-
dB
.
n-
.
-,

n- K.
n- 0,4 0,9 V
.
,
ni n- .

3.2

, . .3.4
n-, =0.
, n-
.
n-,

36

.3.4 n- (),
(), () ()

. d.
. - dB n-
dBn. -
, n-
.
.
, ..
. n-
.

.
.
m :
2qVK N A N D
Km =
(3.18)
( N A + N D )

.

3.3 n-
n- , .
n-
, ..
. V - n, n-.

37

 n- I
3.5. n. ,
V
. V
VK V, :

.3.5 n-

V=VK-V (3.19)
V VK V
. V
- n-,
.
V,
.
IDn ID
,
, .
ISn I
, . IDn ID
ISn I I :
I = I Dn + I Dp I Sn I Sp = I D I S (3.20)

n-
. , n-
.
n-
V, - ,
n-. 3.6. VT
. n-
. ,

.
V. I n- :
I = I Sn I Sp = I S (3.21)

38

.3.6 n-

IS
.
n-
, ,
.
.
n- , .
, , , n- ,
. n-
.
.
n-,
.
n- ,

.
. .3.7.
n- ,
,
n-, . ,
n- n nno
. ,

39

 ,
o
n-
.
,
. , n-

. , n-
.

.3.7 n-

3.4 n-
n-
.
,

n-.

.

,
.
. , ,
,
.
n-,
.
(3.5) n-
-.

Vk

p on = p op e VT (3.22)
n-. n-

40

 , VTOT.

n0,
. n :

VTOT
VT

V
VT

p n 0 = p 0p e
= p 0n e
(3.23)
VT= 25 mV, n- :
p n 0 = p 0 n e 40 V (3.24)

,
. V = 0,1 V, n0= 550n, V = -0,1V,
n0= 0,0180n. n-
. .

n0<<n0n,
np0<<p0p. ,

1011 1012 ,
,

. .
n0>n0n, n0>p0p.
n- 0,8 V.
.

.
.

. n-
, In I
n-.

.3.8 n-

.3.8 n-,
. - I
IDn, n-
IKn IDp.
,

41

 , .
I n-
V, 1 2. =0,
,
.
n- :
V
D p p 0 n D n n 0 p VT 1

(3.39)
I = I Dp (0) + I Dn (0) = qS(
+
) e

Lp
L n

:
D p p 0n D n n 0p
I S = qS(
+
) (3.40)
Lp
Ln
IS .
n-. I :
VV 1
I = I S e T (3.41)

. n-
.
n-.

.3.9 -

I
.
I S = 5 10 15 A .
- n . .3.9
.
,
.

, .
, 0,6 V,
,
,
. V ,
. ,
V=0,6 V.

42

.3.10

.3.10.
, ..
, . -, n-
.
.
V 0,8V;
n- .
I =I (V/nV). n .
n=1, n=2.
, .

. , ,
n-
, .

.

.
.
IS= 10-6 ,
.

. .
,
.
.

.

3.5 n-

. ,
.

.
.
.
a V=V-V, V
. :
2VTOT ( N A + N D )
dB =
(3.43)
qN A N D

.

43


. .
, , n-
dB
S. CB :
S
CB =
(3.44)
dB

.
B :
C B0
CB =
(3.46)
V
1
VK
B0 .

3.6 -
-
.
- . .3.11
-
. - -
. -
, .
-
0,4V. ,
.

.3.11 - -

.3.12 -
. 1 n-
,
2 n+
, + . 1
, 2 .
1 2 -
.3.12.6. 1 , 2 -.

44

.3.12 - 1 2
) -

.3.13 ) )

-
.3.13. .3.13.
1, .
. ,
n-
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
. ,
.
. . - ,

.
- :
V

Ew

I = I SS (e VT 1) = SAT 2 e E T (e VT 1) (3.47)

. I IS
.

n+ .
n+,
.
45

 . ,

, .
.

3.7 n-
- (3.41)
.
,
:
dI

I = 1 3 + E G qV (3.55)
dT
T
E T

,
. V
.
dI=0 :
V V dI
dV
= T S (3.57)

dT I= const. T I S dT
.
, V
. -2,5 mV/.

.3.14 -

.3.14 -
.
,
.

3.8

.
, .. . t=0,
, .. -
n- .

. -
, n-

46

 .
,
. -
, n-
. ,
.
.
,

.3.15 n-

.3.15 n-
.

.

3.9
,
. ,

. , ,
.
1. .
,
. 3.16.
.

VZ.
.

.3.16 -

47

 ,
, 300 kV/cm
1015 cm-3, 1 V/cm
1018m-3. n . ,
,

n-.
.
.
. ,
- ,
, .
.
2V 100V
20W. ,
.

50V kV.
2. -. n-
, ND NA 1019 cm-3, -
.

-. -
- 3.17.
(-),

. , (-b)
. , ..
.
. (a-b),
- 100 mV 300 mV,

, n-.

.3.17 -

-
, , .

48

 -
. -

.

.3.18 -

-
. .3.18 -
.
. -
, n- .
. ,
. .
0 V. 0,1V;
n-
n- . .
0,3V, -
.
.
3. .
B .
, -
. 3.19
B .
n- L
. ,
.

.3.19

49

4. . n-
, ,
. , ,
, ,
-.
,
, , ,
. .
3.20 , .

. 3.20

,
. ,

.
.
0,4 V, 0,1 m 14%
.
,
, .
5. LED-.
- , . n-

LED-.
.
. -
.
, , , .

3.10

. -
. ,
.

50

.3.21.) ;
)

.3.21.,
, . I
VAA RI D
V. :
U AA = R I I + V (3.62)
I V .
,
. ,
. (3.62) I
(3.41).
.. - .
-
.3.21.6. (3.62)
.
. I=0, V=VAA.
V=0, I=V/RI.
.
(3.62)
. .
.3.21.
R :
V
R = A (3.63)
IA
, .
.3.22
R, .

.3.22 )
) .3.23

51


,
.

.

.3.23
.
.3.23

:
(d) ().
.
.
,
. .

.3.24
) )

,
I III .
. I ,
, .
III , ,
.
.3.24.

.3.25

V Rf.
IS Rr.
: V=0,6V; Rf=5-500 ; I<10-6 Rr=1.

52

 ,
. v( t ) = VAA + Vm sin wt ,
i( t ) = I A + I m sin wt .
.3.25. Vm< V,

.
.
, r
:
dV
r=
(3.64)
dI

,
:
v
r = (3.65)
i
,
.

.3.26 )

(.3.26).
rd
Cd.
rr Cd.
.

.

3.11
,
. ,
. ,
.
VDON= 0,8 V,
. ,
, .
. ,
.

, . ,

53

 ,
.

..27

4.
, -
n- .
nn-. n-
n- -.
1948 ( ) 1949
(). .4.1
nn n-.
, .

,
.
,
().

.4.1 nn n-

,
. , ,

. .4.2
.
, .
.
.
.

54


. ,
.
. 4.2
. ,

. GHz.

. ,
. .
,
.
(nn n) .
nn-
, .
.
.

.4.2 : ) , )

4.1
,
, . ,
,
,
.
.

. ,

55

. n- . ,

, .
.4.3 nn-
.
,
, .

.4.3 nn-

. ,
. ,
.
, , ,
,
.

. VK,
,
.
dBE dBC. ,
, ,
n-. W0,
W W0
.


.
() (),
.

. .4.4..
,
0E, n0B 0C.

pE0 nB0,
nBW pC0.
,
.

56


.
,
,
.
, .
,
, W
Ln. ,
, W<<LnB. W>LnB,
,
.
,
. 10m .

.4.4.) nn-
) nn-
) ,
nn-

57


. ,
.
, n-.

4.2

. I, I IC
.

.
.4.5 .
,
:
I E + I B + I C = 0 (4.8)

.4.5 nn-

,
, :
In
I
. , :
I E = I nE I pE (4.9)
nn- .
nn-,
.
:
InC. InC<In
IR .
I
. , :
I C = I nC + I CB0 (4.10)
:
I,
IR
I

58

 . , :
I B = I pE + I R I CB0 (4.11)
.4.5 :
I R = I nE I nC (4.12)
, .

. .

.
InE
. I.
(3.5) n-.
IR .
,
, IR .

.
QnB
.
I .

. I ,
.

:
I nE
I
1
(4.21)
=
= nE =
I pE
I nE + I pE
IE
1+
I nE

. ,
. ,
, ..NAB/NDE<<1. ,

( E / B ) >> 1 .

. *
:
I
I
W2
* = nC = 1 R = 1 2 (4.23)
I nE
I nE
2L nB
.
, .
W / L nB << 1 .
. 1 m.
IC IB :
I C = * I E + I CB0 (4.25)
I B = (1 * )I E I CB 0 (4.26)
*

59

 .
= * (4.27)
I C = I E + I CB 0 (4.28)
I B = (1 )I E I CB0 (4.29)

e .
0,95 0,995 . :
I I
I
= C CB 0 = nC (4.30)
IE
IE

. , i e ,
i C , ICB0
. a:
i C = i e

i C
VCB = const. (4.31)
i e

. , |VCB|>>|VEB|,
.
.
=

.4.6 nn-

, . .4.6
nn-
V V .
. ,
. V
.
:
|VCE|>>|VBE| (4.32)

.
.
:
I

IC =
I B + CB0 = I B + I CE 0 (4.33)
1
1
IC

60

 IB. :

=
(4.34)
1

. ,
, 20 200. ,
. |VCE|>|VBE|,
. ,
.
.
I0 .

:
i
= C VCE = const. (4.35)
ib

, .
I B I E , :
I
D N X
nE = n DE E (4.36)
I pE D p N AB W
>>1, N DE > N AB X E > W
.4.2.6. (2.31) D n / D P = n / p .
2,5. n-
(4.36), D p / D n . ,
nn-
, n-. nn-
.

.4.7

, .. I. .4.7
I .
.
,
.

61

 I. IC , .
, I
IC.
IC, .
,
. .

4.3
,
VCB. .
V
W. 3.7
n-.


.
.4.8 . V
, V VCB1 V2.
,
dBC1 d2.

.4.8 V

W1 W2.
,
.
-
.
.

. V ,
W,
.
. ,
. , ,
*,
.

62

 .
.

(4.33) I
V. :
V
I C = ( I B + I CE 0 )1 + CE (4.37)
VA

V .
V . V 50
100 V. .
.
, ,
.4.2.6. , ,
, .
V .

4.4

. ,
.
, 4.1.
4.1

,
,

.
F F.
V = 0,7 V.

. , I , I
. ,
.
. R R.

, . R
0,5 0,66, R 1 2.
. ,
.
. .4.9
nn-.

63

.4.9

.
VB>0 V>0. (4.1)
.

. .
V V,
. I
. VS
=V-V= 0,1 0,2 V, V=0,8 V.
, , IC/IB10
.
,
.
. 1n,
.
.

,
, .
,

.
. .

4.5

.

.
.
,
: .
.
: ,
. .4.10.

64

.4.10 ), )
)

.
,
.
I V, V
.
I V, IB .
.4.11 .4.12.
nn- 1 W.
VCE > VBE IB
V n-.
V=V, .
V VB=const,
I . V
IB V.
V>1V,
IC IB,
(4.33). , ,
V, IC
. (4.37).
.
, I = 0
, .. I=ICE0. .
V 1 V,
. V 0,
VBC.

.
. .
:
IC
= S < F (4.38)
IB
S

F .

65

.4.11 nn-

.4.12 nn-

n-
,
nn-.

4.6
, :
, .
,
.

.

. VBEmax, VBCmax VCEmax.

,
.
. .4.13
, .
:
PC = I CVCB I CVCE (4.39)
Cmax
.

66

.4.13

4.7 -

.

.4.14.. VBE VBC.
.
D ID, DC ID
:

I DE = I ES (e

VBE
VT

I DC = I CS (e

VBC
VT

1)

(4.40)

1) (4.41)

.4.14. nn-
) -

I ICS
.
.4.13. .
. ID,
F I DE . F
.
IDC,
67

 R I DC . R
. .4.13.
I I:
I E = I DE + R I DC (4.42)
I C = F I DE I DC (4.43)
-.
1954 . -.
:
F I ES = R I CS = I S (4.46)

:
I + R IC
(4.52)
VBE = VT ln1 E
I EB0

I + FIE
(4.53)
VBC = VT ln1 C
I CB0

-
.
0,1 V, -1 .
-0,1 V,
.
: , ,
.
1.
VBE > 4 VT VBC < 4 VT .
- :
I E = I ES e

VBE
VT

R I CS (4.54)
VBE
VT

I C = F I ES e
+ I CS (4.55)
:
I C = F ( I E R I CS ) + I CS (4.56)
I C = F I E + I CB0 (4.57)
I CB 0 = I CS (1 F R ) . ICB0
.
I :
I C = F I C + F I B + I CB0
IC =

F
I
I B + CB 0
1 F
1 F

F
I C = F I B + (1 + F )I CB 0 = F I B + I CE 0 (4.58)
1 F
ICE0
. nn- .4.15.
F =

68

.4.15 nn-

I=0, (4.57) I = I0.

I0. .4.16
.
I = 0. VCB
. I0.

.4.16 ICB0

(4.52). I=0 IC= I0. VBE0.
. :
VBE 0 = VT ln(1 F ) (4.59)
V0<0.
.
V=0 VBC<-4V, -
I E = R I CS I C = I CS . ,
V =0 .
.4.17 I0.
.
IB=0, (4.58) I = I0.

.4.17 I

V0.
.
V, .
69

,
.
.
I0. V
(4.52) I=ICE0 I=-IC. ,
.
VBE050 mV.

2.
V<- 4V VBC> 4V.
I E = R I C + I EB0 (4.60)

.
NDC< N, .
.. R=0,66 R=2.
.
3.
V<-4V VBC<-4V.
. -
:
1 F
I E = I ES R I CS = I ES (1 F ) = I EB 0
(4.61)
1 F R
1 R
I C = F I ES + I CS = I CS (1 R ) = I CB0
(4.62)
1 F R

. ,
I I ,
1 n. .4.18.
nn- .
.4.18. .

.4.18.) nn-
)

4.
V>4V VBC>4VT.

:

I E = I ES e

VBE
VT

+ R I CS e

VBC
VT

(4.63)

70

VBE
VT

VBC
VT

I C = F I ES e
I CS e
(4.64)
VCES
:
VCES = VBES VBCS (4.65)
.
, IC/IB=S. S

. :

1
+ S

R
(4.68)
VCES = VT ln R

S
1

nn-
R=0,66; R=2; S=10 F=100. VCES=50 mV.
VCES 0,1 0,2 V.
1 50 .
, ,
VCES.
-
. , I I.
,
.
1970 -. ,
.
. ,
.
I.
,
.
, .
V. , V<0,6 V,
. V=0,6 V . V=0,7 V
V=0,8 V .

4.8

.

. .
,
. ,
. ,
,
.
,
- .

71

.4.19

.4.19
. .
- , - .

V VBC; I I
. , Rb,
VCC; Rc
VCC. ,
IB V.
:
VCC = R b I B + VBE (4.72)
, V 0,7 V.
VCC Rb IS
:
V VBE
I B = CC
= I Bl (4.73)
Rb
,
:
VCC = R C I C + VCE (4.74)

. .
I = 0 VCC=VCE,
VCE=0 I=VCC/R. .4.20

.
IBl .
.
.
.
Rb R;
VCC.
vi,
. . ,
.
IC V. ib

72

 , .
. ic
vce ib.
. .4.21.

.4.20

.4.21

,
,
: .
vS, RS,
RL. vi,
ii, v0 i0.
. 4.22.
vi, v0, ii i0
,
.

. ,
, .
.

73

.4.22

4.9
, .
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
, .
, ,
, . ,
I (<10-6).
.
,
VCES 0,2V, .

.4.23

, , .
, , ( )
.

, .
.
.4.23 .
V,
. .4.24,
.
V , I .
I R,
V.
74

 2 . V ,
, I,
V=V. (
) 1.
I I
V .4.25.
.

.4.24

V ,
I, R.
td.
,
, .

VCES.
10 % 90 %, I,
tr.
tVK. ,
I=V/R. I,
V V, V. tl,
V ,
, .
. ,

V . I
.
tS, I
, tf
10% I.
tis.
.4.25 T
PT=ICVCE.
, ..

. ,
, , ,

75

 ,
,
.

.4.25 , , ,

4.10

- .
1. -.
,
-. (.4.26.). :
.
. VCE 0,2 V.
, VCE 0,4 V, -.

.

76

 VCE= 0,4V. ,
. , .4.26.,
- .4.26.6.

.4.26.) -
) -
) -

-
.4.26..
.
n- -,
.

. ,
, .
2. .
.

TTL I2L .

. 4.27.) -
)
)

. 4.27. .
, .
-,
. ,
, .4.27..
.
. .4.27.
.
.
.
.

77

 .
3. ().
,

.
.
lG G.
,
. ,

.
.

.
, ,
. - ..
().
4. .
. . .4.28.
.
.
, .
.
(4.58), IB=0.
:
I C = (1 + F )I CB 0 (4.92)

.4.35.)
)

,
.
.
.4.28.6 .
IC .

78

5.
5.1
nn-.
,
.
. ,
,
. 1000,
2kV. .

.5.1 ,

1. .
, . ,
- .5.1.
1 n2
. VA,
I
V .
20 V
2 kV.
,
1 2 V,
.
, .
, ,
,
: ,
, ,

79

 , .
,
.
I.
IH,
.
,
. .
VBR.
,
.
VBR > VPM 0 .
2. .
, . ,

. ,
.5.2.
.
.
n-. ,
, ,
. 1-n1-2-n2.
, ,
, .
2-n1-1-n2.

.5.2 , ,

3. .
R. ,
, 2,
G. .5.3
,
.
. ,

80

 ,
IG . ,
,
.
.
IA I.

.5.3 ,

4. . ,
, . .5.4.
,
,
.
. , , .
, 1 2 1n2-2-n n-p1-n2-p2. .
G n- G-n-1
G-1-n. 1 ,
2 G.
2 G.


. (LASCR),
(G),
.

81

.5.4 ,
,

5.2
.
, n-,
. ,
1 n1 1, n1 2 2 2 n2
3.
,
V,
, .
V , V1, V2 V3
1, 2 3,
. 1 3 (
), V1 V3 .
2 ( )
V2 V.
5.5 5.6.
n-.

.

.5.5 ,

82

.5.6 ,

V, V0,
V1, V2 V3.
V1 V3,
1 n1 n2 2.

n1 2, 2
2
n1. , n1
2 2.

J2 2
n1.
- +.

, V2 2.
V2 V1 V3

.
, .

,
,
,
,
,

.
: ,
1 V
.

83

.5.7

, .5.7
. n nn-.
n1 1 2, 2
1 2. 2
. 1
1, 2 2,
,
:
I C = I E + I CB 0
I B = (1 )I E I CB 0
I C1 = 1 I A + I CB01 = I B 2 = (1 2 )I K I CB02 (5.1)
I01 ICB02
. IA= I :

I CB 01 + I CB 02
I CB 0
=
(5.2)
1 1 2 1 1 2
ICB0=ICB01+ICB02
2.

1+2<1.
, IA
. ,
1 2.
, I 1 2 .
.4.7 IC. ,
IA
1 2. V0, 1+2=1
. , ,

. ,
.
IA =

84

.5.8

.5.9 V

. V<V
, IA
,
IG. .5.8 : I=I+I IB2=IC1+IG.
(5.1) :
I + I CB0
(5.3)
IA = 2 G
1 1 2
IG I,
1+2=1 . .5.9
V IG.
IG , V .
, ,
2
. .5.10.
.
.
1V

. n1,
.
, ,
1 3, 2 .
, 3
. , VR c
1 . ,
, VBR.
1 3
.

85

.5.10

.5.7 . ,
.
, .
.

6. (F)
.
,

. 1930 ,

. , ,
( !),
.

.6.1

.6.1 .
()
. ,
.

:
= divD = divK (6.1)
.
1948 . ,
10% .

86

 .
.
1952 ,
, (F).
.6.2.

.6.2 , F

n-, -
, +.
,
n-. n- .
D.
VDS ID. -
G.
G VGS. VGS
, .
ID VDS,
VGS,
, .

. .
1962 , F-
.6.3. - N ,
n- ,
n+. D.
i2 t 0,1
m. G.
, , .
(tal-ide-miconductor),
F -.
VDS,
, n-.
VGS,
,
.
, .. n-
. . , VDS
ID , .

,
87

.6.3 n- F

F- .
F n- ,
109 . F 1015 ,
.
F . 6.3
.4.33, F-
, .
(I),
, .
F -
.
I, ,
. I.

F F-. .6.4 n - F.
, . F n- F.

n-
.6.4 F

p-

.6.5 F-.
,
.
.

88

.6.5 F

6.1 F
ID VDS VGS
F, .6.6. F
. ,
VDS. ID.
V. ,
V(), =L, V(L)=VDS.
VGS. n- VTOT:
VTOT ( x) = V K + VGS V ( x ) (6.2)
VK .
(3.43), :
d B ( x ) = A VK + VGS V ( x)
A=const.
(6.3)

.6.6 F

:
S K ( x ) = 2b( x )W (6.5)
,
: G0=K/L=2W/L. G0
. dB(L)=, b=0.
V . VGS
VP, n- F,
. n- F -2 -5 V.
F-

89

.
.
F- F-.

6.2 -
-- () ,
F. F-
, .. ,
.
. . .

. -
D-.
.6.7 -.
-. .
i2 tox
G VG.
Si-i2
. , ..
.
(9 V)
. , . ,
.. -.

.6.7 -- ()

.6.8
-

.6.8 -
. FM ,
W 0.
W=4,1 V. 0S
i2 0,9 V.
0,
G. - F, i
. ,
.
= 4 V.

90

6.3
, VFB
B.
-
.
, . -
,
. ,
. ,
.
n- F.
n-, .
,
. ,
. ,
- -.
6.4 F
.6.3 n- F. ,
- .
,
.
. n+
. VDS D,
ID. ID F. ID .
.
ID.

. ,
.

.6.9 F ID

.6.9 F.
tox. L, W dK.
F- dx.
:
91

'
C ox
=

'
S ox
(6.21)
t ox

'
S ox
= Wdx .
, .
V().
, =0 V(0)=0 =L V(L)=VDS.
VOX=VGS-V().
"" , .. . ,
VOX1=VGS-V-V().
V,

VOX1. ,
MOSFET :
2
n W
VDS
ID =
[(VGS VT )VDS
] (6.26)
2
t ox L
= ( n / t ox )(W / L ) ,
, MOS-.
/ 2 = k (W / L) .
, (W/L)
.
W
2
I D = k [2(VGS VT )VDS VDS
] (6.27)
L
:

k=

C ox (6.28)
2 t ox
2
C ox = / t ox .
(6.28)
. n- F N
- F . , N k=20 A/V2,
k=8 A/V2.
(6.27) VGS
VDS. VDSS=VGS-VT. VDSS
-. VDS<VDSS,
, .
VDS>VDSS, :
W
W 2
(6.29)
I D = k (VGS VT ) 2 = k VDSS
L
L
VGS<VT, ID=0.
6.5 F
F-
. . ,
, .
F-
ID VDS VGS.
F n- N. N-
. V> 0. V,
92

 . VGS>VT
. VDS e
VDSS=VGS-VT, N-
, .
(6.27). VDS VDSS,
a (6.29). .6.10
N- .
VT=2 V, k=20 A/V2, W/L=1.

.6.10 N-

F.
ID VDS .
. VDS,

. L
, .
:
V
W 2
I D = k VDSS
(1 + DS ) (6.30)
L
VA

.6.11 N-

V , .
F,
.

93

 F- .
ID VGS,
VDS . VDS,
.
.
. VGS V,
ID=0. ID VGS.
.6.11. ,
.
C , N .
N . .6.12
N . VT=-2 V, k=20 A/V2, W/L=1.
VGS. VGS= 0,
ID= IDSS.

.6.12.) N-
) N-

F- .6.5,
.
.
n-
. n-
N- ,
.
ID. .
.
,
.
- F- -.
N. - .
. - ,
. .6.13 .

94

.6.13 -

6.6 F
F
. F-

. , , F-
.
F- .

.6.14. F )
)

.6.14. N-
,
.
, VGS VDS ID. VDD
R1 R2
VGG RG .6.14.. :
R2
VGG =
V DD (6.31)
R1 + R2
:
VGG = VGS + I D RS (6.32)
IG=0.
N-.

95

 .
Q.
.
N- .

.6.15 N

F- ,
.
vi .
ID
. ,
.
. ,
F- .6.16.

.6.16 F

F- .
, .
rd.
vgs,
gm.

.
F- :
V
rd = A (6.36)
ID
, ,
.
96

6.7 F
F
, .
. .6.17 N-
. vi
vo .
,
.

vi VGS.

.6.17.) N-
) N

.6.18. vi=0,
1.
v0=VDD=5V. t=0, vi=5V,
2. v0=1,7V.

,
. ,
150 . ,
. .

.6.18.

.
, I
. ,

97

 , . ,
.
.6.17 ,
-. .6.19
N- . , Q2
.
RD2=VDS2/ID2.
,
VDS2=ID2. 2;
.6.19.6.
Q1. .

.6.19.) N-
) N

6.8 -
,
N-. .
.6.20 -.
. - n+
1 D1 N-. ,
. 1
+ . 1
S1 (.6.20.6).
- Q2
n- .
+, 2 D2 Q2. Q2,
n+ 2. 2 2
+VDD. G1 G2,
, D1 D2.
.6.20.6 -.
. 0V, Q1
. VG2 Q2 . ID2=0, VDS2=0
VDD. vi=VDD, Q1 Q2
0V, .
, c
, 0V VDD.
0V VDD, .
-

98

.6.20. - )

6.10 -

-. .
1.VM. V
, V . n+
n- . , ,
n+ , .6.21.
V.
, .
, .
,
L.
. 100. V-
- .

.6.21 V-

,
,
FF.
, .
2. F. F- -

.
F- , .6.22.
G1 .
(floating-gate)
99

.6.22 F-

3. I-. --i2-i.
i3N4 .
I-
.

7.

.
. , ,
,
.

d, d , d d d .
, d .
d , ;
.
,
.
, .
(V), D- (VD).

.

,
,

.
,
.

, : , , -.

, : G-, IG -.
.7.1
.
.

100

.7.1

7.1
.
.7.2 . n+
n-. + .
.
, , .
.
, .

.7.2

n- .
, .

.

7.2

.7.3.
,
. ,
.

101

n-, .
(),
5 10.
,
.

.7.3

. ,
.

7.3 F
F .
. .7.4.
n- F . D
n+n-n+ .
,
, n- .
n- ,
. .

.7.4. n- F
)

G,
n-, n+ n-. iD, D
.
102

 .7.4.6 .
- .

.
.
.
.
n- .
.

7.4 IG
IG Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor.
. , IG

F- .
.7.5 n- IG.
n- F .7.4..
+ IG. IG
.7.5,
F- ,
.7.4.6.
IG- D .
. ,
,
, .

.7.5 n- IG

,
n-
. n- n-
.
. ,
n-. IG- iD,
.7.5. , n IGBT- .

7.5
.
F,
F.

103

 , F-
. : - N-.
1988
G. .7.1. ,
F-.

.7.6 .) N- )

.7.6. N-.
+n-n+
. .7.6.
n nn.
a .
, F. n-n-, n- F.
. +n-, -
F, . .7.6.
F- ON-F FF-F. ON-F-
nn-, FF-F-
nn-.
N--
. N-F- , FF-F . , n-,
n-.
.
.
N--
. FF-F- , ON-F-
. FF-F- nn .
.

.7.7 - ) N- )

104

 --. F-
.
.
.7.7.

.7.6., .
F , F
. n-
.

8.
,
. ,
, ,
.
:

() ,
, (
, ).

, ,
.
, .
. 1.

. 8.1

.
. 2, .

().

. 8.2

8.1
DC .
DC
. . 3
.
.4.

105

.
.
, .

. 8.3

. 8.4

,
.
L+,
L-.
.

:

.8.5

106

 . 5
.

8.2

. 8.6

,

.
:

.
,
. BEL
10 .
(1=10dB).
:
. 6 :

Rp=Ri
:

:

10 dB, 20 dB.
107

.

. . 7 .

. 8.7

8.3
,
.


.

,
. ,
. . 8
.

. 8.8

108

 : Xi,
A, Xo,
Xr

Xe.

i:

F=1+A , A
.
:

,
. ,
(1+ A )
.
,
.
,
,
, .

8.4

,

: , , , ,
.

,
. ,
.
,
, .
. ,
.
.
. 9 , (-)
, (+) . ,

109

 .
,
(+Vcc, -Vcc).

. 8.9

, :
:
Rid= (
)
Ro=0 (
)
(A=)
(
)
(
,

).
( )
,
. ,
.
.

105, 10V,
0.1 mV.

8.5
. 10 .
,
,
.
R2.
.
R1 :

110

. 8.10

Vo=A*Vid, Vid
(Vid=V1-V2).
, Vid=0,
V1=V2=0. V1 0,
.
R1:

,
.
R1 R2 (i1=i2).
:

,
.
.
,
R1 R2 (

). o R1
,
R2
.

8.6
. 11 .
,
,
.
R2.

111

. 8.11

,
.
(Vid=0),
( ),
V1 V2 (V1=V2=Vin).
o R1 :

,
R2 (i1=i2). R2
:

(Vout)
(Vin):

,
R1 R2.
,
.

8.7

.

112

. 8.12

.
(Av=1),
R1 (R1=), R2 ,
(R2=0).

8.8

.
,
,
.

. ,
.

. 8.13

.
V2a=0,
:

113

. 8.14

Vin2:

. 8.15

Vout :

(Vin1=Vin2)
(Vout=0), :

, :

Ad .
a
(Ru1=R1, Ru12=R3+R4).
114

 R1=R3+R4
.

8.9

.

.
,
.
.

. 8.16

i1 R1 R2 :

OP1 OP2 (Vout1, Vout2):

OP3 :

Vout1 Vout2
:

.

:

115

. 8.17

R1 ,
R1
(Ad).

8.10

.
.

.
.

. 8.18

.
Vin2=Vin3=0 :

(R1=R2=R3=R)
116

. ,
.

.

. 8.19

(P1,P2,P3). OP4
. C ,
!

8.11

.
.
.
( ),
.

.

.

117

. 8.20

R
, :

:

:

(
) (g=1/RC) .

.
.
,
,
. 21.
1 .
1, 2.
.
2 3
.
,
:

.
.
R :

118

. 8.21

.. .

. 8.22

8.12

.
.
,
( ) .
, .
. 23 , . 24
.

. 8.23

119

. 8.24

.
. 25 .

. 8.25

V1>V2 (VH), V2>V1

.
:

(Vx(t)),
Vx(t) (VREF).
, :
(VREF = 0)
(VREF 0)

. 8.26

120

. 8.27

. 8.28

. 8.29

.
( ),
.

. (-,) ,
.
. .30
.

.

121

. 8.30

. 8.31

Vs(t).

:

(-(R2/R1)Vref) (VH),

(VL).

122

.8.32

.8.33

V-(t)=0 ,
:

. 8.34

, Vs(t)
(-(R2/R1)Vref)
(VL),
(V).
123