Chapter 6- Diffusion Driving force behind diffusion o The species serves to increase the entropy of the system, lowering

g the free energy of the system Mechanisms of diffusion o Self-diffusion o Interdiffusion o Vacancy diffusion o Interstitial diffusion Quantitative descriptions of diffusion (rate, Ficks 1st and 2nd laws) o Ficks 1st law Steady State J= -D(dc/dx) J is flux, D is diffusion constant, and dc/dx is the concentration gradient Concentration Gradient rate of change (Concentration1-Concentration2)/(X1-X2) Ficks first law only applies when there is a constant concentration gradient o Ficks 2nd law Nonsteady-State Diffusion Varies with time Activation energy of diffusion diffusion coefficients increase with temperature Factors influencing diffusion (composition, temperature, structure) Chapter 7- Mechanical Properties

Definitions and types of stress and strain Modulus (plots and measurements) o Stress the force acting on the unit area over which the force is applied (psi, Pascals, N/m^2) o Strain the change in dimension per unit length (dimensionless) o Modulus of elasticity slope of stress-strain curve

Tangent modulus instantaneous slope at a point Secant modulus- average slope from origin Youngs modulus (e) Modulus values are temperature dependent, materials specific, and related to atomic bonding Poissons ratio o The lateral constriction when strain occurs due to the conservation of volume Elastic/plastic deformation o Elastic strain a strain experienced under stress that is reversible o Elastic deformation deformation in which stress and strain are proportional o Plastic strain an irreversible strain o Plastic deformation Deformation in which strain is irreversible Proportional limit (P) o The point at which irreversible behavior is detected Yielding the process of transitioning to plastic behavior Yield strength the stress at intersection of the stress-strain curve with a parallel line 0.002 strain to the right o shows the onset of plasticity since the proportional limit is hard to observe Tensile strength the value of stress at the maximum point on a stress-strain curve Ductility The degree of plastic behavior exhibited before fracture (failure) o Materials exhibiting little plastic behavior before fracture are considered brittle Resilience the capacity of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then, upon unloading, to have this energy recovered Toughness - measure of the ability of a material to absorb energy up to fracture True Stress and True Strain the strengthening of a material due to the decreasing cross sectional area Elastic strain recovery (below and above the yield point)

The load is released and then applied again to an elastic material, making it stronger Flexural strength (ceramics) o Since ceramics fracture at low strains, bend tests asses their flexural strength o Stress and strain are measured as in tensile tests with fracture being correlated with bend strength or modulus of rupture o Porosity as pore volume goes up, elasticity goes down Stress-strain behavior of polymers (compare and contrast to ceramics and metals) o Highly dependent on: Strain rate decrease has profound effect Temperature increase has profound effect Chemical environment Viscoelasticity o the property of a material exhibiting both viscous and elastic behavior o such behavior is seen as time dependent strain o relaxation modulus slope (stress/strain) that characterizes viscoelastic behavior decreases as temperature rises and material becomes more viscous (liquidy) Hardness scales and measurements o A materials resistance to localized plastic deformation o Dependent on local geometry o Measurements Function of load Entail the visual inspection of the size of the indent followed by the characterization of hardness on a relative scale Common because: Easy to perform Nondestructive Can be related to other mechanical properties Safety factors
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Safe stress is used in design due to inherent uncertainties in materials properties Yield strength divided by a certain design factor constant

Chapter 8- Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms

Slip and dislocation motion, types of dislocations o Slip atomic motion through the movement of dislocation structures (looks like a worm moving in a wave motion) slip plane the crystallographic plane along which slip occurs edge dislocations can be viewed as having a positive or negative attractive charge Slip systems, where is slip favorable/unfavorable? o The slip plane in combination with the slip direction o Most favorable along planes and directions of the highest atomic density (planar and linear density) Resolved shear stress o The component of the stress driving slip o Critical resolved shear stress the stress required to induce slip within a crystalline material Mechanism of plastic deformation o Twinning Strengthening by grain size reduction o The strength of polycrystalline metals is inversely proportional to the grain size Solid-solution formation o Solid-solution strengthening alloying with impurity atoms that go into either substitutional or interstitial solid solution Strain hardening o The increase in strength that occurs in metals as a result of plastic deformation o The increase in hardness typically means a reduction in ductility Recrystallization and regrowth- tracking microstructural changes with temperature

Recrystallization the formation of new grains caused by extended exposure at sufficient temperature o Recrystallization temperature the temperature in which recrystallization is complete in 1 hour time Typically 1/3 to the melting temperature Recovery at elevated temperatures, enhanced atomic diffusion will enhance dislocation motion, and thus partially relieve a portion of the internal strain induced by external stress Grain growth o Prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures leads to a continued increase in grain size Plastic deformation mechanisms in ceramics and polymers o Crystalline systems plastic deformation is highly restricted due to the lack of slip systems o Noncrystalline systems plastic deformation may occur through viscous flow o Semicrystalline o Elastomers deformation will occur through the uncoiling and straightening of molecular chains
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Chapter 9- Failure

Fracture separation of a body into two or more parts in response to a static stress, at temperatures low with respect to the melting point Fatigue a form of failure resulting from dynamic or fluctuating stresses. It is usually catastrophic, sudden and brittle-like in mode o Cyclic stresses Reverse stress- stresses of equal magnitude but opposite sign Repeated stress stresses oscillating between a max and min value Random stress irregular amplitude and frequency fluctuations o Occurs through: 1) crack initiation 2) crack propagation 3) final failure

factors that influence fatigue life environment geometry surface finish mean stress Creep - the mode of failure experience at elevated temperatures under which a static stress produces time dependent and permanent deformation o Steady state creep rate measured as the slope of the strain-time curve in the secondary (middle) creep region Examples of conditions/materials for which each failure mechanism is observed o Ceramics Cant handle much stress Reasons for fracture Impact or point loading Bending Torsion Internal pressure o Polymers Depends heavily on the nature of bonding within the polymer Crazing the formation of microvoids and regions of fibrillated polymer preceding crack formation Stress concentration Fracture toughness the measure of a materials resistance to brittle fracture when a crack is present calculation of minimum flaw size Ductile-to-brittle transitions o Material becomes brittle with decreasing temperature Impact fracture testing o Low temperature o High strain rate o Triaxial stress (notch) Fatigue limits and lifetime o Cycle tests subjecting a sample to repeated cyclical loading
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S-N plot relationship between stress amplitude and number of cycles Fatigue limit below this point, failure will not occur Fatigue life the number of cycles to cause failure at a specified stress level

Chapter 10- Phase Diagrams

Solubility limits max concentration of one component dissolved in another melting points where a solid turns into a liquid phase identification % composition Tie line and lever rule Development of microstructure o Equilibrium conditions infinite time o Composition of the liquid and solid above and below the liquidus and solidus lines, respectively, are the same o Under equilibrium, the lever rule is used to follow the composition of the solid during cooling Nonequilibrium cooling (quenching) o Solid solutions are trapped (metastable) due to rapid cooling. As a result, compositional variation is observed within the fully solidified sample Eutectics (composition, temperatures, and microstructure) o Eutectic easily melted o Eutectic systems exhibit a single liquid phase and two single-phase solid regions. In addition, three two-phase regions exist. o Invariant point Lowest temperature at which a pure liquid will exist Cooling at this point leads to a formation of a solid two phase region with layers Solidus, liquidus, and solvus lines o Lines demarking regions of pure solid, pure liquid, and solvent o Solvus line separates the different solid state phases in a eutectic system

Terminal solid solutions solid solutions near the extreme concentration ranges Intermediate solid solutions solid solutions (unique phases) other than terminal Euctectoid reactions entail the transformation from one solid phase to two distinct solid phases at a specific invariant point. o Pearlite product of the eutectoid reaction Peritectic reactions entail the transformation from one solid phase to a multiphase mixture of a different solid and a liquid Iron-carbon phase diagram o Three phases of pure iron Ferrite (BCC) Austenite (FCC) Ferrite (BCC) o Relatively low concentration of soluble carbon o Intermediate compound Fe3C (iron carbide, cementite) Hypoeutectic phase transformations occurring for %C below the eutectoid point o Proeutectoid ferrite The ferrite precipitated before the phase transformation Hypereutectioid - phase transformations occurring for %C above the eutectoid point o Proeutectoid cementite The ferrite precipitated before the phase transformation

DO SELF TEST ON WILEY!