December 28, 2003. Low current Electrolysis of water FM Kanarev E-mail: kanphil@mail.kuban.

ru Abstract: We demonstrated the feasibility of the process of electrolysis of water flowing in photosynthesis, in technical devices. In this case the energy expended in the decomposition of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen is reduced about 2000 times.

Introduction In recent years a growing interest in hydrogen energy. The reason is that hydrogen is an inexhaustible and clean source of energy. However, the implementation of these qualities is constrained by high costs of energy getting it out of the water. Most modern electrolyzers consume 4.0 kWh per cubic meter of gas. Electrolysis process is at a voltage of 1.6-2.0 V and a current of tens or hundreds of amperes. The combustion of a cubic meter of hydrogen is 3.55 kWh of energy [1], [2]. The problem of reducing energy consumption for hydrogen production from water to address many laboratories in the world, but no significant results. Meanwhile, in Nature there is a money-saving process of decomposition of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. This process takes place during photosynthesis. In this case the hydrogen atoms are separated from the water molecules and are used as connecting links in the formation of organic molecules and oxygen into the atmosphere. The question arises: is it possible to simulate the process of electrolytic decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen, which takes place during photosynthesis? The experimental part Find the answer to this question has resulted in a simple structure of the cell (Fig. 1), in which the process occurs at a voltage of 1.5-2.0 volts (the voltmeter) be-

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tween the anode and cathode, and the current 0.02 Ampere (at ammeter readings and oscilloscope) [1], [2], [3], [4].

In Fig. A. Model of a low electrolytic cell (under patent)

The electrodes of the cell are made of steel, which eliminates the effects inherent in a galvanic cell. Nevertheless, the cell electrodes a potential difference of about 0.1 in the absence of an electrolytic solution in it. After pouring the solution of the potential difference increases. The positive sign of the charge always appears at the top electrode and the negative - on the bottom. If a constant current source generates pulses, the output of gases increases. Because the laboratory model of low current electrolyzer cell generates a small amount of gas, the most reliable method of determining the number of a method for determining the mass change of the solution during the experiment and the subsequent calculation of the separated hydrogen and oxygen. It is known that gram-atom is numerically equal to the atomic mass of the substance and mole - the molecular weight substances. For example, a gram-molecule of hydrogen in a molecule of water is equal to two grams, and gram-atom is an atom of oxygen - 16 grams. Gram-molecule of water is 18 grams. Since the mass of hydrogen in the water molecule is 2h100/18 = 11.11%, while the mass of oxygen 16h100/18 = 88.89%, the same ratio of hydrogen and oxygen contained in one liter of water. This means that in 1000 grams of water containing 111.11 grams of hydrogen and 888.89 grams of oxygen. One liter of hydrogen weighs 0.09 oz. , And one liter of oxygen -1.47 g. This means that from one liter of water available 111.11 / 0.09 = 1234.44 liters of hydrogen and 888.89 / 1.47 = 604.69 liters of oxygen. From this it follows that one gram of water contains 1.23 liters of hydrogen [1]. The cost of electricity for 1,000 liters of hydrogen is 4 kWh and for one liter - 4 Wh. Since one gram of water you can get 1.234 liters of hydrogen, then the production of hydrogen from one gram of water are consumed 1.234 x 4 = 4.94 Wh. The experimental results are presented in Fig. 2.11 and table. Tools and equipment used in the experiment Special experimental low electrolytic cell (Fig. 1), a voltmeter of accuracy class0.2 (GOST 8711-78), an ammeter of class 0.2 accuracy (GOST 8711-60), digital scales with 0.1 and 0.01 grams; stopwatch with scale division of 0.1, an electronic oscilloscope ASK-2022. The oscilloscope was set up to operation with an open entrance. The experimental results In Fig. 2.11 shows the waveforms of voltage and current at the input of the electrolyser

In Fig. Three. voltage In Fig. Two. voltage In Fig. 4. voltage In Fig. 2 shows an oscillogram of the voltage pulses at a frequency of about200Hz. The scale of one to one record. The pulses are not visible, because their amplitude is negligible. Measurements show that the voltage waveform recorded about 11.5 volts. The voltmeter showed at this time of 11.4 volts. In Fig. Three. shows the waveform of the input voltage to an electrolytic cell in 1 second after disconnecting it from the network. In Fig. 4 shows the waveform of the input voltage into the cell after 3 seconds after disconnecting it from the network. The oscillograms in Fig. 3 and 4 show that after disconnecting the cell from the network is the process of detente. Note particularly that the voltage gradually decreases, becomes equal to zero. This indicates that the electrolytic capacitor is not only, but also a source of energy.

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In Fig. Five. waveform of the input voltage to an electrolytic cell with contacts closed (short circuit). In Fig. 6. waveform of the input voltage into the cell by 1 sec. after removing the short circuit. In Fig. 7. waveform of the input voltage to an electrolytic cell 3 minutes after removing the short circuit. As can be seen, at the initial time after disconnecting the cell from the network (Fig. 3), it remains close to the potential capacity of the network, which was formed when charging the cell in the process of incorporating it into the network and configuration for a given mode of operation. We emphasize that the current in the charging process was several times greater than its labor value of 0.02 A. After 3 seconds after turning off the network (Fig. 4) the potential at the input of the electrolyser decreases from 11.4 V to about 8. At the time of short-circuit the cell contacts (Fig. 5), the voltage at its input is zero. After 1 sec. after removing the short circuit current (Fig. 6), the potential at the entrance into the cell is reduced to 5 V. After 3 minutes he was reduced to 2 volts. To zero potential at the entrance into the cell did not fall. On oscillogram (Fig. 2) are not visible pulses because their amplitude is negligible. If you zoom in, you look like pulses (Fig. 8 and 9).

. 8. . 9. The results of processing waveform voltage (Fig. 8 and 9). Given the scale factor of 10, we find the average value of the amplitude of voltage pulses Pulse width = (2x1, 45) / 10 = 0.29 ms. Pulse frequency = (1/0, 001x4, 8) = 208.3 Hz. Duty cycle = 4.8 / 0.29 = 16.55. The fill factor = 0.5 / 16.55 = 0.0302 Equivalent mean component of the voltage pulses, calculated according to the oscillograph x0 = 2.05, 0302 = 0.062 V. The voltmeter at that time showed 11.4 V. Thus, there is reason to believe that the low current electrolyzer has the properties of the capacitor and the source of electricity at the same time. Recharge at the beginning, he gradually discharged under the influence of electrolytic processes occurring in it. Quantity of electricity generated by them is insufficient to support the process of electrolysis, and it is gradually discharged. If it is recharged by voltage pulses to compensate for energy consumption, the charge of the cell as a capacitor, will remain constant, and the process of electrolysis-stable. The value of the capacity required to compensate for the discharge of the cell recorded on the oscillograms of 8 and 9. This value and should be used when calculating the cost of energy for hydrogen production from water at its low current electrolysis. So, on the testimony of the voltmeter and ammeter power supply Model of a low cell is, however, the analysis of the oscillograms shows that this power is needed only to run into the work cell. After launch, when it is charged, the power to charge it is, that is 190 times smaller (Table 1). The presence of a constant component of the electric potential at the entrance into the cell shows that for the calculation of energy consumption for the electrolysis process is not necessary to use the voltmeter and oscilloscope readings, recording the potential of charging the cell, resulting from waveform shown in Fig. 8 and 9.

. 11. . 10. In Fig. 10 and 11 shows the current waveforms when the power source cellgenerates pulses with a frequency of about 200Hz. The results of processing the oscillograms of current (Fig. 10 and 11). Given the scale factor of 10, and 0.1 ohm resistor, we find that the average amplitude of current pulses. = {[(9.0 +7.0 +2.0 +11.5 +6.0 +8.5 +3.5 +9.0 +2.5 +6.5) / 10] x10} / 0.1 = 655mA = 0.655 A. The average current in the power supply electrolytic x0 = 0.655, 0302 =0.01978 A = 0.02 A. Ammeter readings - 0.02 A. Table 1 Process indicators are low current electrolysis of water indicators 1 - duration of the cell included in the network, in six cycles min , 2 - voltmeter V, volts; 2 '- oscillograph V', V; 3 - ammeter readings I, amperes; 3 '- oscillograph, I', amp; 4 - the power consumption of the voltmeter and ammeter (P = VxIx/60), Wh, 4 '- energy consumption according to the oscillograph (P' = V'xI'x /60) Wh; 5 - the duration of the cell, disconnected from the network for six cycles, min 6 - to change the weight of the solution m, g 7 - mass of evaporated water m ', grams 8 - mass of water passed into gases, m'' = m-m ', grams 9 '- energy consumption per gram of water passed into gases according tooscillograph readings E' = P '/ m'', Wh / g of water; 9 '- energy consumption per gram of water passed into gases according tooscillograph readings E' = P '/ m'', Wh / g of water; 10 the existing energy consumption per gram of water passing into gases E'', Wh/ g. water 11 - Reduction of energy consumption for hydrogen production from water on thevoltmeter and ammeter K = E'' / P, time; 11 '- reduction of energy consumption for hydrogen production from water on theoscillograph readings K' = E'' / P ', time; 12 - the number of released hydrogen M = 0,54 x1, 23x0, 09 amount 6x10=60,0 11,4 0,062 0,020 0,01978 0,228 0,00124 6x50=300, 0 0,60 0,06 0,54 0,420 0,0023 4,94 11,76 2147,8 0,06

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= 0.06, g 13 - energy of the hydrogen (W = 0,06 h142 / 3.6) = 2.36, Wh 14 energy efficiency of water electrolysis on the testimony of a voltmeter and an ammeter (Wh100 / P),%; 14 '- energy efficiency of water electrolysis process according to the oscillograph(Wh100 / P'),%; Discussion of Results Thus, the voltmeter shows the voltage of the charged cell as a capacitor, which discharges gradually, and the voltage pulses, recorded by an oscilloscope - the magnitude of its charge, which characterizes the energy consumed by the electrolysis of the network. From this it follows that for the calculation of the energy consumed by low current electrolyzer from the network, you should use the voltage is not registered by a voltmeter and an oscilloscope. As a result, the cost of energy for hydrogen production from water at low current electrolysis are reduced not 12 times, and almost 2000 times. A small amount of current 0.02 A and a small quantity, the corresponding voltage 0.062 V, give us reason to believe that the low current electrolysis process of water electrolysis is similar to that which takes place during photosynthesis. Compliance with the process of electrolysis of water at low current electrolysis, the process of electrolysis, flowing through photosynthesis, is also confirmed by the intense release of gas bubbles within a few hours after turning off the cell from the network. CONCLUSION Reducing energy consumption for hydrogen production from water by about a factor of 2000 gives good reason to believe that the low current electrolysis of water electrolysis is similar to its flowing in photosynthesis. REFERENCES A. Kanarev FM Beginning of Physical Chemistry of the microcosm. The third edition. Krasnodar in 2003. http://Kanarev.innoplaza.net (In Russian, Part 1, Part 2). Two. Kanarev Ph.M. The Foundation of Physchemistry of Micro World. The second edition. (In English). http://Kanarev.innoplaza.net Three. Kanarev FM Low current electrolysis of water.http://Kanarev.innoplaza.net Article 18. 4. Kanarev FM Water electric generator of heat. http://Kanarev.innoplaza.net Article 16. 2,36 1035,1 190322,6