Andrew Dunford Study Guide Chapter 13 1) Compare asexual reproduction with sexual reproduction in terms of transmission of traits room

one generation to the next. Asexual- a single parent who copies itself to the offspring and that offspring is a exact copy of the parent Sexual- 2 parents give rise to offspring that have unique characteristics of genes from both parents. 2) Distinguish between somatic cells and gametes. Somatic cells any cell in the human body besides sperm cells or egg cells Gametes reproductive cells 3) a) What are homologues chromosomes? Chromosomes that have the same length, the same centrometre, the same position, and the same staining pattern, that are paired up. b) What is the origin of each member of a homologous pair? the nucleus 4) Distinguish between sex chromosomes and autosomes. Sex chromosomes are the X and the Y chromosomes. All the other chromosomes are autosomes. 5) a) How many homologous pairs of chromosomes does a human female have? 23 b) How many homologous pairs of chromosomes does a human male have? 22 6) Distinguish between haploid, diploid and polyploid. A haploid is a cell with a single chromosome set. A diploid is a cell with 2 sets of chromosomes. A polyploid is a cell with 3 or more sets of chromosomes. 7) Write the shorthand designation for the haploid and diploid chromosome numbers in an organism that has 78 chromosomes

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a) What is fertilization or syngamy? A union of gameates or reprpduction cells b) Where does meiosis take place in animals? in the oreuva or the testes 9) What is meiosis? A process of cell division 10) Compare meiosis to mitosis with respect to replication and division. Before they start replicating the DNA in mitotisis you divide once, but during miosisis you divide twice, giving you half as much DNA. 11) Three events are unique to Meiosis and all three occur during Meiosis I. Describe these three events and include descriptions/definitions of the following terms where appropriate: synapsis, tetrad, chiasmata In the first event is prophase I and synapses is the protein complex that binds homologous chromosomes tightly together all along their lengths. The second event that happens is during prophase also and during this the chromosomes crisscross in a process called chiasmata. The chiasmata holds the homologous pairs of chromosomes together until anaphase I. 12) List 3 mechanisms which contribute to genetic variation in species that reproduce sexually. Then discuss how each mechanism contributes to genetic variation. The first one is independent assortment of chromosomes: in this one there is a 50/50 chance that a particular daughter cell will get the paternal chromosome of a certain homologous pair and a 50/50 chance that it will receive the paternal chromosome. Crossing over: this is when the chromosomes cross over each other and give part of there chrotomedere for the others which creates chromosomes that have genes from both parents. Random fertilization: this is just random; the cells pick which ones to fertlize at random.