A PROJECT ON MENTAL RETIRDATION PREPARED BY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. VANITA SHAH SHAHIN SHERANI VANDHANA RATHOR PRITI PRAJAPATI ALIYA KHAN VANITA ASNANI

7. MANAS MEHTA

What is a Disability?
When most people think of the word disability they immediately picture someone in a wheelchair. But there are many different types of disability. People with a disability may include:

people who are blind or partially sighted people with learning or intellectual disabilities people who are deaf or hearing impaired people with a physical disability people with long term illnesses people with mental health or psychological difficulties people with an acquired brain injury

According to the World Health Organization, a disability is any restriction or lack (resulting from any impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being A disability includes those that:

are present, or once existed but dont any more, for example, a person who has had a back injury, a heart attack or an episode of mental illness, or may exist in the future, for example, a person with a genetic predisposition to a disease, such as Huntingtons disease or heart disease or a person who is HIV positive, or someone thinks or assumes a person has.

It is likely that some of the young people who already use your service are young people with disabilities.

Terminology
Language is critical in shaping and reflecting our thoughts, beliefs, feelings and concepts. Some words by their very nature degrade and diminish people with a disability The term disabled young person tends to convey a message that the only thing worth mentioning about a person is their disability. It is better to say young person with a disability as this emphasises the person first without denying the reality of the disability. Terms such as cripple, spastic, handicapped, invalid are derogatory, offensive and you should avoid them. Sometimes people with a disability are compared to normal people. This implies that the person with a disability is abnormal and ignores the fact that everyone has their own unique identity and abilities. For comparisons you could say other people instead.

The Definition Of Disability

The most commonly cited definition is that of the World Health Organisation in 1976(1), which draws a three-fold distinction between impairment, disability and handicap, defined as follows. 'An impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function; a disability is any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being; a handicap is a disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or a disability, that prevents the fulfillment of a role that is considered normal (depending on age, sex and social and cultural factors) for that individual'. According to activists in the disability movement, the World Health Organization has confused between the terms 'disability' and 'impairment'. They maintain that impairment refers to physical or cognitive limitations that an individual may have, such as the inability to walk or speak. In contrast, disability refers to socially imposed restrictions,

that is, the system of social constraints that are imposed on those with impairments by the discriminatory practices of society. Thus, the Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation defined impairment and disability in the following manner. An 'impairment [is] lacking part of or all of a limb, or having a defective limb, organism or mechanism of the body'. 'disability [is] the disadvantage or restriction of activity caused by contemporary organization which takes no or little account of people who have physical impairments and thus excludes them from the mainstream of social activities'.

According to the United Nations Standard Rules on the equalization of Opportunities for Persons with disabilities:

The term "disability" summarizes a great number of different functional limitations occurring in any population in any country, of the world. People may be disabled by physical, intellectual or sensory impairment, medical conditions or mental illness. Such impairments, conditions or illnesses may be permanent or transitory in nature. The term "handicap" means the loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the life of the community on an equal level with others. It describes the encounter between the person with a disability and the environment. The purpose of this term is to emphasize the focus on the shortcomings in the environment and in many organized activities in society, for example, information, communication and education, which prevent persons with disabilities from participating on equal terms. The use of the two terms "disability" and "handicap", as defined in the two paragraphs above, should be seen in the light of modern disability history. During the 1970s there was a strong reaction among representatives of organizations of persons with disabilities and professionals in the field of disability against the terminology of the time. The terms "disability" and "handicap" were often used in an unclear and confusing way, which gave poor guidance for policy-making and for political action. The terminology reflected a medical and diagnostic approach, which ignored the imperfections and deficiencies of the surrounding society. In 1980, the World Health Organization adopted an international classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps, which suggested a more precise and at the same time relativistic approach. The International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps(3) makes a clear distinction between

"impairment", "disability" and "handicap". It has been extensively used in areas such as rehabilitation, education, statistics, policy, legislation, demography, sociology, economics and anthropology. Some users have expressed concern that the Classification, in its definition of the term "handicap", may still be considered too medical and too centred on the individual, and may not adequately clarify the interaction between societal conditions or expectations and the abilities of the individual. Those concerns, and others expressed by users during the 12 years since its publication, will be addressed in forthcoming revisions of the Classification. As a result of experience gained in the implementation of the World Programme of Action and of the general discussion that took place during the United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons, there was a deepening of knowledge and extension of understanding concerning disability issues and the terminology used. Current terminology recognizes the necessity of addressing both the individual needs (such as rehabilitation and technical aids) and the shortcomings of the society (various obstacles for participation).

Mental retardation
Is a condition with a lack of intelligence (subnormal) since the time of development (from birth or from childhood). Usually there is a lack of mental development as a whole, but the main symptom is a retarded intelligence. Mental retardation is also called oligofrenia (oligo = less or a little and fren = soul) or mentally impaired. The situation is on the mark with the general intelligence function below average heavy and accompanied by a reduced ability to adaptation or adaptive behavior.

Mild Mental Retardation

IQ 55 70 85% of the population of patients with RM Almost the same individuals that are not RM Newly look when entering the formal school Can reach up to primary school and some high school graduation Adults: work, marriage, family Looks slow and need help in solving life problems and tasks

Medium Mental Retardation

IQ 40 55 10% of the population of patients with RM

It can be diagnosed that is in pre-school age Require special education services His academic ability to reach class II and class II Require support services throughout their lives

Weight Mental Retardation

IQ 25 -40 3 4% of the population with mental retardation Having more than one organic disorder that causes delay Requires strict supervision and special services throughout life Some: learn a simple task to self-care, work in sheltered workshops or preworkshop type

Very heavy Mental Retardation

IQ < 25 1 2% of the population with mental retardation There is a disorder of cognitive function, motor and communication is pervasive Experiencing the motor and sensory dysfunction since early childhood Individuals who require extensive training to perform self care of the very basic (eating, defecation and urination) Requires the total supervision and care throughout his life.

Statistics of Mental Retardation

Mental retardation can affect anywhere from 2 to 3% of all children. It is not influenced by age, race, or gender. The condition normally occurs during a childs developmental years which can be anywhere from gestation to teenage years. There are many different levels of mental retardation. The categories are: Mild, Moderate, Severe, and Profound. Of all children who are diagnosed, approximately 75 to 90% of all cases are mild. Severe and Profound retardation only occurs in approximately 6 to 7% of all cases. Children with mild retardation function at half the normal IQ level. They may act and respond slower than a normally functioning person and may even appear normal with no physical abnormalities.

Children with severe mental retardation only function at about a fifth of the normal IQ range. They are remarkably slower at all functions and may or may not be capable of normal speech. Severe mental retardation requires some supervision although basic self-care skills can be taught.

What Causes Mental Retardation

Rarely is the cause for mental retardation ever known. One such cause for mental retardation in a child is genes. Defects can be hereditary and pass from one generation to the next. It doesnt take much for something to go wrong. The human chromosome carries our genes which decides many of our characteristics such as how we look, act, and think. Anything that is out of place such as an abnormal gene, a mutation, or a defect in our chromosome can cause mental retardation. The two most common chromosomal defects that can cause retardation is the X Syndrome and Downs Syndrome. X Syndrome is a defect in the chromosome that determines a childs sex while Downs Syndrome is due to having an additional chromosome. There is an entire list of possible syndromes that can affect a child but again, only a doctor can diagnose which one a child might have. Other factors of mental retardation at birth can be traced back to the mothers pregnancy. If the mother suffered from any illnesses during the pregnancy or she herself has a case of behavioral problems, then any of these could be the cause. Drugs (either illegal or prescription), alcohol, bad nutrition, and the consumption of other chemical substances could affect a babys development while in the womb. Environmental factors can cause mental retardation as well. These include things like toxins, bacteria, infections, premature births or difficult births, head trauma, poor postnatal nutrition, and postnatal neglect.

What Are Some of the Symptoms

Symptoms for mental retardation vary greatly, as does the time frame of when they are likely to appear. In some children with severe retardation, symptoms may be apparent soon after birth or even within the first year or two. In other case, it may take some time before these symptoms appear. The most common symptom is developmental slowness in comparison to other children their age. They will display difficulty in performing tasks and may take longer to learn to walk and talk. Their communication skills may be very limited or they may have trouble expressing themselves. Some children with mental retardation might become easily frustrated and show signs of aggression. Some cases have even shown that mentally impaired children who become frustrated will injure themselves.

Other symptoms include an inability to adapt to new situations and learning disabilities in school. They could have trouble remembering things and may have to repeat some tasks numerous times before they remember how. Mentally impaired children, even those with a mild condition, may have trouble with social skills. Physical traits and disfigurements are also a sign. Children diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Downs Syndrome will have distinctive physical appearances. For symptoms that do not appear until late in a childs school years, it could be easily mistaken for a learning disability. Poor grades alone are not a sign of mental retardation, though. It is accompanied by other symptoms as well.

Additional Disorders Along With Mental Retardation

Often children who are diagnosed with mental retardation will suffer from a number of other mental or emotional problems. Studies have shown that mental impairment opens one up to other ailments which further hinders their development and ability to cope with society. Seizures are present in about 20% to 30% of all children with mental retardation. This also includes motor and visual impairment. About 18% of all children with mental retardation suffer from Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Behavior disorders are very common in retardation cases. Children who are impaired have trouble displaying good behavior as defined by society. They are often prone to tantrums and are likely to injure themselves or someone else. About 10% will also experience symptoms of schizophrenia and anxiety. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is also found later in life with mentally handicapped children. Children with mental retardation often find themselves targets to abuse in school from other children. Because they are overly sensitive to their environments and are dependent on others, they are vulnerable to this type of stress.

How Is It Diagnosed
Only a doctor can properly diagnose a child for mental retardation. If a child is suspected of having a mental illness, their doctor can perform tests to try to determine the cause. A child neurologist can also help by determining if the child suffers from any neurological diseases or disorders. There are three criteria to determine if a child has a form of mental retardation. The first is the child must have an IQ of below 70. The second is that child must have trouble in adaptive behavior such as communication, self-help, and behavior. The third is the child must display these symptoms before they are 18 years of age.

What Are Treatments

Treatments for mental retardation in children vary depending on the severity. After diagnosis, a doctor may help a family to develop a plan for their child. Schools have special education programs and curriculum so that their child can gain an education. There are numerous family support groups and therapy sessions that a family can attend in order to help their child develop and to help the family in raising a child with special needs. Most of these groups are free of charge and are held by volunteer services. Along with everything else, doctors recommend that the best thing for mentally impaired children is a loving environment and a supportive family.

History
It was 1969. Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda was closed due to communal riots in the city. The University students broke into a rampage and strike, but some students were inspired to bring back peace and harmony to the campus. Niranjan Dave, Giridhar

Vaswani and Merry George, all students of the University, started Friends Society (FS) on 15th August, 1969. The main objective was to provide the youth with a platform for more constructive activities. Soon around 60-70 other students joined hands to work for the differently abled and deprived people of society, and FS has since been functioning as a nonprofit, non-political NGO. " Self Development through Service " - the motto of FS can be seen in every Member and Associate, since its inception in 1969. It is a Voluntary Organization, which has always induced high moral and social values in all its members. Due to its socialistic vision and noble cause, it has inspired many young students to work with people of various strata. It is unique as it is the only organization that is functioning effectively under the leadership of Maharaja Sayajirao University students. It renders service to children and senior citizens. It also caters to the poor and the needy people. FS undertakes various activities, such as Cheer Up " , catering to the physically challenged children, along with Balwadi, Sunday School, income generation programmes for the women and senior citizens, Blood Donation etc.
Friends Society Is, In A True Sense, A Friend For Every Generation.

According to the law made by Indian constitution for special children so they have hired two teacher Usha mam and Hemendra Bhatt sir who are registered with RCI. In friends society they conduct class for special children on every Sunday 9:00AM to 12:00PM. There are 3 autos and one van for transportation of children, there are 20 children with them. Friends society gives various therapies to all children. They admit the student who is able to do daily routine activity. Various students come and render the help. Friends society is a NGO and gets its fund from various organization. Even they help needy student for educating them. They try to make children compatible with outer world. They place some of their student for work but they exploited by normal people so they try to teach them various things and then try to sell it in exhibition.

List of therapies?

Art therapy Behavioral therapy Cognitive therapy Colour therapy Counseling Dance therapy Drama Therapy Drug therapy Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) Family therapy Group therapy Interpersonal therapy Music therapy Occupational therapy Play therapy Reiki Recreational therapy Salt therapy Sandplay therapy Speech therapy Systemic therapy Writing therapy

Celebration of Garba

And it tries to strengthen procedural safeguards for the most vulnerable of children from contiguous countries, such as asylum seekers, and abused, abandoned or neglected children. That includes children who are too young to make a decision on voluntary departure, or children who are incompetent by virtue of mental retardation. ~ Christopher Nugent