Exploring The Diversity Of Animals I: Chapters 32, 33, and 34

KINGDOM ANIMALIA: eukaryotic, multicellular, (usually) ingestive heterotrophs Animals are eukaryotic multicellular ingestive heterotrophs The simplest animals that we will study, the sponges, are little more than an elaborate colony of cells. The larger, more complex animals, however, have evolved specialized cells and tissues. Organs are precise arrangements of specialized tissues that function cooperatively to perform a function; the heart contains epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous tissues, all of which function in concert to circulate blood throughout the body. Organs function together to form organ systems; the circulatory system is comprised of several organs including the heart, arteries, and capillary beds. Each of these organs must function properly to transport blood to vital and non-vital organs. All cells within an organism must receive nutrients and eliminate waste products. For some of the smaller invertebrate animals, diffusion is sufficient to satisfy this need. In larger, more complex invertebrates and vertebrate animals, the internal cells are sufficiently distant from the external environment that they require specialized organ systems such as the digestive, circulatory, and excretory systems to transport nutrients and wastes into and out of the body, respectively. Animals, except for the Porifera, have distinct body plans. Some have radial symmetry whereas others have bilateral symmetry. Many of the forms that possess radial symmetry are sessile or float above or within the water.

A. Animals that have incomplete digestive systems

1. PHYLUM PORIFERA (por IF er uh) Body Plan and basic anatomy Sponges and other members of the phylum Porifera possess two cell-layers, but no true tissues. They have no true gut, no muscles, and no nervous system. The connections between the cells are very loose: if a sponge is carefully forced through a fine silk mesh, the cells will dissociate and may then re-aggregate, reforming the sponge. They are asymmetrical (non- symmetrical bodies). -Specialized Terms/Structures -sessile -osculum -spicules -amoebocytes -choanocytes -mesohyl 2. PHYLUM CNIDARIA (commonly pronounced neye DARE ee uh) Body Plan Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones and corals are members of the phylum Cnidaria. These organisms have radial symmetry, generally possess two tissue layers consisting of an epidermis (outer layer), a gastrodermis (inner layer), and a non-cellular mesoglea (middle layer), thus are diplobastic. They have one opening (the mouth), which allows food to enter and exit the gastrovascular cavity; thus, they have an incomplete digestive system. Digestive enzymes are secreted into this cavity, and digested food particles are absorbed by special "nutritive" cells, via diffusion.

2 The Cnidaria also have cells that act like muscles, contracting and producing movement, and they have a primitive nervous system formed into a nerve net.

Reproduction Cnidarians can reproduce both sexually and asexually, and thus exist in two forms. The polyp stage is sedentary and looks like a plant (to most people). Polyps exist as both feeding polyps and reproductive polyps. Within the reproductive polyps medusae are formed. Mature medusae are released from the polyp and swim or float freely. (This is asexual reproduction). The medusae produce and release eggs and sperm. When fertilization produces a zygote (sexual reproduction), the new organism grows into a planule and then settles onto the bottom of the ocean, growing into a mature colony of polyps. Specialized anatomy The Cnidaria also have a hydrostatic support system, but no appendages. The Cnidaria possess special stinging cells (cnidocytes) in the epidermis that contain organelles called nematocysts.

Protostomes (triploblastic and bilaterally symmetrical)

3. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES (PLAT ee hel MIN theez or PLAT ee hel MEN theez) Body plan and basic anatomy These are flatworms. Some, like the planarians, are free-living whereas others are parasitic (like tapeworms and liver flukes). These are the most basic animals that display bilateral symmetry, are triploblastic, possess organs, and display cephalization. The body is constructed from three tissue layers developed in the embryo, the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm. However, they do not possess a coelom (no body cavity = acoelomates) thus have no complete digestive system (have only mouth, no anus, just a gastrovascular cavity). Specialized anatomy They have special excretory cells (flame cells), reproductive organs, a central nervous system (some), ganglion in the "head" region, and well developed muscles (some). Respiration is achieved via diffusion of gases. The parasitic flatworms include tapeworms (Class cestoda), an intestinal parasite of humans and other mammals, and schistosomes (Class trematoda) which cause the very serious tropical disease schistosomiasis. Study Questions: What major organ systems do flat worms lack? Why? Tapeworms do not have muscles or a nervous system. Why? Does this mean that they arose before the free-living forms like the Planaria? Why or why not

B. Animals that possess a complete digestive system

1. PHYLUM NEMATODA (NEE muh TOE duh) Body plan These are the roundworms. They do not have blood vessels (an open circulatory system), but they do possess a pseudocoelom (SUE doh SEEL um) and a complete digestive system. Some Nematodes are parasitic on humans (ascarids (Ascaris), filarias, hookworms, pinworms (Enterobius) and whipworms (Trichuris trichiura). The species Trichinella spiralis, occurs in rats, pigs, and humans, and is responsible for the disease trichinosis. Dirofilaria immitis heartworms are known for causing heartworm disease by inhabiting the hearts, arteries, and lungs of dogs and some cats. What are the advantages of having a pseudocoelom and a complete digestive tract? 2. PHYLUM ANNELIDA (an uh LEE duh or an uh LIE duh) Phylum Annelida contains three classes: Oligochaeta (earthworms) Polychaeta (marine tubeworms) Hirudinea (leeches) (AHL ih go KEY tuh) (PAH lee KEY tuh) (HI roo DIN ee uh)

Body plan and basic anatomy These are the segmented worms (like earthworms, marine worms, and leeches). Annelids are bilaterally symmetrical. They have a true coelom, a complete digestive system, and a closed circulatory system. Their bodies are segmented, and each segment contains a pair of appendages (chaetae*) and a pair of excretory organs (metanephridia). * Leeches, however, lack chaetae.

3. PHYLUM ONYCHOPHORA (ON uh kuh FOR uh) The Peripatus is a worm-like creature (it has a segmented body and unjointed legs) that has some annelid characteristics and some arthropod characteristics. Like an annelid, it has a thin, flexible, permeable cuticle, and it has a pair of excretory organs in each body segment. Like an arthropod, it has claws and an open circulatory system. 4. PHYLUM MOLLUSKA (muh LUSS kuh) This is the second largest phylum in the animal kingdom, and it includes four classes: Bivalvia (clams, muscles and scallops) (by VAL vee uh) Gastropoda (snails and slugs) (gas tro POE duh) Cephalopoda (octopi and squids) (SEF uh luh POE duh) Polyplacophora (chitons) (PAH lee plack uh FOR uh)

Body plan and basic anatomy Most possess a muscular foot, visceral mass, head, mantle, and a mantle cavity, which contains respiratory gills. Specific anatomy The cephalopods have a complex nervous system, sensory organs, and behavior. The larval forms (trochophores) of this groups members suggests a relationship to the segmented worms. Study Questions 1. What other function can gills have? 2. What is a mantle? 3. What is the viscera? 5. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA (AR throw POE duh) 5a. SUBPHYLUM CHELICERAFORMES (chuh LISS er uh FOR meez) -horseshoe crab, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites 5b. SUBPHYLUM MYRIAPODA (MEER ee uh POE duh) -miilipedes, centipedes 5c. SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA (HEX uh POE duh) -insects, springtails 5d. SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA (cruss TAY shee uh) -crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps IMPORTANT NOTE: The myriapoda and the hexapoda were until recently formally classified as Subphylum uniramia. Evidence from DNA sequencing suggests that the Hexapoda gave rise to the Crustacea. Thus, the Hexapods are more closely related to the Crustacea than they are to the Myriapoda, and so the taxon Uniramia is no longer considered valid. Phylum Arthropoda contains the largest number of species (approximately one million species are known). Body plan and general anatomy These animals have an open circulatory system, a segmented body, jointed legs, and an exoskeleton made chitin. Within this group, internal segmentation is lost, and for many arthropods, a number of segments are fused forming major body regions (head, thorax, and abdomen). They have a well developed nervous system with elaborate sensory organs and complex hormonal control of development and growth. Study Question: What are the advantages and the disadvantages of having a hard exoskeleton? 5a. SUBPHYLUM CHELICERAFORMES This group contains the spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions and horseshoe crabs. Body plan and basic anatomy The body segments have fused to produce a cephalothorax (head and chest) and an abdomen in the spiders and ticks.

Specific anatomy The first pair of legs has been specialized into claw-like mouthparts called chelicerae, and the second pair of legs has been specialized into feeding structures called pedipalps. 5b. SUBPHYLUM MYRIAPODA This group includes two classes: Chilopoda (centipedes) Diplopoda (millipedes)

(KY low POE duh) (DIP low POE duh)

Chilopoda are carnivores, whereas Diplopoda are herbivores. Body plan and basic anatomy Myriapoda translates to many feet (think myriad- many). Some of the legs have been modified to form antennae and mandibles. Specific anatomy The Chilopoda have one pair of legs per body segment and possess poison claws. The Diplopoda have two body segments fused to produce body segments that have two pairs of legs.

5c. SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA There are more species of hexapods than all other species of animals combined. Although the text claims that Hexapoda contains more species than all other forms of life, my guess is that the number of undiscover bacterial species would invalidate the books claim. Specific anatomy The most notable group within the Subphylum Hexapoda are the insects (Class Insecta). Insects have breathing tubes called tracheae (or tracheal tubes). In the insects, the body segments have been fused to form the three body regions, the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. The thorax contains three pairs of walking legs and may possess one or two pairs of wings (one pair is most common) Development Many forms have a larval stage that looks nothing like the adult stage (e.g., caterpillars and butterflies). The young animal goes through a number of molts until it forms a pupa. Metamorphosis changes the pupa into the adult form. Study Question What is the advantage of having one form as a juvenile and a totally different form as an adult? 5d. SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA This group includes crabs, shrimps, lobsters, barnacles, and water fleas. Specific anatomy

6 Most have three pairs of legs; other legs have been modified into the antennae and mandibles. Their appendages are biramous (divided at the distal end, like claws).

Study Questions Be familiar with all of the terms in bold letters in the handout. The Kingdoms: use your text to help answer these questions 1. List the three Domains. Animals 2. Be able to place various animals into the appropriate phylum. 3. In some ways, sponges (Porifera) are quite different from the other animals. Explain. 4. The Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes do not have a circulatory system. Why? Tapeworms do not have muscles or a nervous system. Why? Does this mean that they appeared before the free-living forms like the Planarians? 5. What are the three basic tissue layers? 6. What is the difference between an incomplete digestive system and a complete digestive system? What is the advantage of the complete digestive system? 7. What is a coelom? What are the advantages of having a coelom? What is the difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom? Which animal phyla are acoelomate and pseudocoelomate and which have true coelom? 8. What is the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome? Why would you consider a human to be more closely related to a starfish as opposed to a honeybee? 9. Be familiar with the different arthropod subphyla and the types of life forms that would be found in each subphylum. Do the insects make up a kingdom, phylum, subphylum or class? 10. What is the advantage of having one form as a juvenile (such as a caterpillar) and a totally different form as an adult (the adult butterfly)? 11. Compare the segmentation in annelids with that of the arthropods.