November

2011
ASA University Bangladesh
Dept. of Business Administration

AIDS AND NEEDLES

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Group number 3
Date: Submitted By: 20 November 2011 Razia Sultana ID: 102-12-0039 10B Md. Tanvir Reza ID: 102-12-0069 10B

Md. Abusufian ID: 102-12-0071 10B

Uttam Kumar Kar ID: 102-12-0073 10B

Habibur Rahman ID: 102-12-0075 10B

Title: Submitted to:

AIDS and Needles Case Discussion. Mohibul Islam Masum Lecturer, Dept. of Business Administration ASAUB.

Date: 20 November, 2011 Mohibul Islam Masum Course Instructor Faculty of Business, ASA University Bangladesh (ASAUB) Dear Sir; With due respect, we are submitting our Case on: Aids and Needles. We are encouraged and enthusiastic by collecting the details for the preparation of the Case. Taking the direct assistance of different sources, we prepared our case. We believe this discussion provides a complete and clear answer of thaws question. Undoubtedly, we have learned a lot and have gained remarkable experience. We sincerely hope that all our effort will be a success if you go through this paper. We truly appreciate this case and should you need any assistance in interpreting, please call us.

Yours Sincerely, Md. Tanvir Reza ID: 102-12-0069 On behave of the Group member.

Acknowledgement
At first we present my due regards to the Almighty, who have provide us the brilliant opportunity to build and complete this report successfully with good health and sound mind. We would like to express my feelings and great affections along with our heartiest appreciation to all the teachers of BBA program and our Course teacher Mohibul Islam Masum. We would also like to thank all the other people who have helped us during the process of making this report, our friend and family who have supported me mentally to make this report. At last We would like to thank the readers who have expended their valuable time in reading this report. Again thanks to all of you!

Glossary
HIV AIDS BD US CDC EPA OSHA Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Becton Dickinson United States Centers for Disease Control Environmental Protection Agency Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Index
No 01 02 03 04 05 Content Introduction Page Number 01 03 03 07 08

Question discussion Discussion

Conclusion References

Figures:
Figure 1: People living with HIV AIDS world map

Introduction
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The illness interferes with the immune system making people with AIDS much more likely to get infections, including opportunistic infections and tumors that do not affect people with working immune systems. This susceptibility gets worse as the disease continues.

Figure 1: People living with HIV AIDS world map HIV is transmitted in many ways, such as anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. It can be transmitted by any contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid that has the virus in it, such as the blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, or breast milk from an infected person.

The virus and disease are often referred to together as HIV/AIDS. The disease is a major health problem in many parts of the world, and is considered a pandemic, a disease outbreak that is not only present over a large area but is actively spreading. In 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there are 33.4 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, with 2.7 million new HIV infections per year and 2.0 million annual deaths due to AIDS. In 2007, UNAIDS estimated: 33.2 million people worldwide had AIDS that year; AIDS killed 2.1 million people in the course of that year, including 330,000 children, and 76% of those deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. According to UNAIDS 2009 report, worldwide some 60 million people have been infected since the start of the pandemic, with some 25 million deaths, and 14 million orphaned children in southern Africa alone. Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. AIDS was first recognized by the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s.

Question discussion
We would like to describe the obligation to provide the safety syringe by BD, imply of the duties of other manufacturers. Liability of patent holder and responsible person for needle stick accident. Question 1. Did BD have an obligation to provide the safety syringe in all its size? 2. Assume that when Maryann Rockwood sued BD, the case had gone to trial and that Maryann Rockwood had won. What would this imply for duties that other manufactures would have? Do you think such an outcome would be desirable? 3. Should manufacturers be held liable for failing to market all the products for which they hold exclusive patents when someones injury would have been avoided if they had marketed those products? 4. Who is morally responsible for Maryann Rockwoods accidental needle stick: Maryann Rockwood? The clinic that employed her? The government agencies that merely issued guidelines? Becton Dickinson?

Discussion
1. Becton Dickerson is one of the largest manufacturers of medical supplies, dominates the market in disposable syringes and needles. In 1986, Becton Dickinson had acquired exclusive rights to a patent for a new syringe invented by Charles B. Mothball that had a moveable protective sleeve around it. The plastic tube around the syringe could slide down to rarely cover the needle. 1992, a nurse, Maryann Rockwood, used a Becton Dickinson 5 cc syringe and needle to drew blood from a patient know to be infected with AIDS. Ms. Rockwood Worked in a clinic that served AIDS patients, and she drew blood from

their patients several times a day. After drawing the blood on this particular day, she transferred the AIDS contaminated blood to a retile test tube called a restrainer tube by sticking the needle through the rubber stopper of the lest tube, which she was bolding with her other hand. She accidentally pricked her finger with the contaminated needle. She is now HIV positive. For removing this problem, on December 23.1996, the U.S patent office issued patent number 4,631,05y to Charles B Mitchell for a syringe with a tube surrounding the body of the syringe that could be pulled down to cover and protect the needle on the syringe. As Mitchell noted in his patent application, those devices all suffered from serious drawbacks. One of them would not lock the protective cover over the exposed needle, one was extremely complex, another much longer than a standard syringe and difficult to use, and a fourth was designed primarily for use on animals. So, it can be said that Becton Dickinson has not an obligation to provide the safety syringe in all its sizes. The company decided to market only a 3 cc version of the protective sleeve. For 5 years, Becton Dickinson manufactured only 3 cc safety syringes. Utilitarianism, rights, Justice and caring: The principle of Latinity requires that wherever we have a choice between a native actions or social policies, we must choose the one that has the best overall consequence for everyone concerned. Denton Dickinson had at least four other patents for needle-shielding devices. There included ICC, 3 cc, 5cc, and to cc syringe. However, the company decided to market only a 3 cc version of the protective sleeve. The a cc syringes

account for about help of all syringe used, although the larger size 5 cc and 10 cc stringer-are preferred by nurse when drawing blood. 2. Maryann Rockwood sued Becton Diction, alleging that, because it alone had an exclusive right to Mitchells patented deign, the company had a duty to provide the safety syringe in all its seizer, and that by withholding other sizes from the worked it had contributed to her injury. The care settled out of court. In 1993, a major competitor of Becton Dickinson announced that it was planning to market a safety syringe based on a new patent that was remarkable like Becton Dickinson, however, the competition indicated that it would market its rafted device in all sizes and that it would be priced well below what Becton Dickinson had been charging. After the announcement declared that it, too had decided to provide its safety-lock syringe in the full range of common syringe sizes. Becton Dickinson also announced that it was lowering its prices. The new prices made the delvers worked affordable to hospitals. 4. In our judgment, firstly Maryann Rockwood was personally responsible for her accidental needle stick. She drew blood from patents in the clinic. After drawing the blood she transferred the AIDS-contaminated blood to a sterile test tube by sticking the needle through the rubber stopper of the test tube, which she was holding with her other hand. She accidentally pricked her finger with the contaminated needle. She is now HIV positive. She was not aware of drawing the blood. So she affected with HIV. Secondly, the government agencies were responsible for Maryann Rockwoods accidental needle stick. There were no guidelines for urging needle from the government. Several agencies stepped in to set guidelines for nurse,

including the American Nursing Association, the Environ mental protection Agency, and the Food and Drug Administration, who all developed such guidelines. Several analysts suggested that the peculiar features of the nurses work environment made it unlikely that needle sticks would be prevented through mere guidelines, all the effort can go in vain without the steps of government.

Conclusion
In this case study we understand the risk of a person who works in a Hospital. Though people are now aware of AIDS but we need more attentive on this. The government must make law for the company to maintain. Producer must be attentive on his product and ensure safety for all. And ensure that no harmful is occurring to the user by their product. The people who work in hospital should more attentive and careful on their work. Because a single mistake can make his life at end.

Reference
1. Sepkowitz KA (June 2001). "AIDSthe first 20 years". N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (23): 176472. doi:10.1056/NEJM200106073442306. PMID 11396444. 2. Weiss RA (May 1993). "How does HIV cause AIDS?". Science 260 (5112): 12739. Bibcode 1993Sci...260.1273W. doi:10.1126/science.8493571. PMID 8493571. 3. 4. Cecil, Russell (1988). Textbook of Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 1523, 1799. ISBN 0721618480. 5. Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention (2003). "HIV and Its Transmission". Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. Archived from the original on

February 4, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050204141148/http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/p ubs/facts/transmission.htm. Retrieved 20060523. 6. San Francisco AIDS Foundation (20060414). "How HIV is spread". http://www.sfaf.org/aids101/transmission.html. Retrieved 20060523. 7. Kallings LO (2008). "The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS". J Intern Med 263 (3): 21843. doi:10.1111/j.13652796.2007.01910.x. PMID 18205765. http://www.blackwellsynergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x. 8. J.R. Roberts, accidental Needle Stick, EM & ACM, May 1987,pp. 6-7 9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS