WK 234 With Mobile Charger

Design and Implementation of Maximum Power Tracking System by Automatic control of Solar Panel Direction according to the Sun
Direction (Model Sun Flower) With Mobile charger Application
1
The Design and Implementation of a Solar Tracking Generating Power System
Index
Technical Specifications IEEE Reference Citation Project Abstract Project Block Diagram Introduction Solar Cell Description Flowchart Explanation of each block AT89S52 Microcontroller LCD Interfacing Regulated Power Supply DC Motor Interfacing Mobile Charger Software Tools Keil Compiler Proload Flash Source Code Advantages Applications Conclusion Reference ------------------------------------------4 5 7 9 11 13 16 18 23 34 39 45 52 53 54 55 58 67 69 71 73
2
Tables & Diagrams

Block Diagram Flowchart Block Diagram of 89S52 MCU Flash Circuit Modes of flash programming 16X2 LCD Pin Diagram LCD Pin Discretion Block Diagram of Power Supply ----------------10 17 24 32 31 36 37 41
3
Technical Specifications
Title of the project Domain Software Microcontroller Power Supply : : : : : Improved Structure of Solar Tracker With Mobile charger Renewable Energy Management, Embedded Design, Energy System Embedded C, Keil, Proload AT89S52 controller +5V, 750mA Regulated Power Supply +12V, Lead Acid Rechargeable Battery Display Crystal Solar Mobile charger Applications : : : : : LCD HD44780 16-character, 2-line (16X2) 11.0592 MHz 12V 1 Industries, Organizations, Home Appliances Automation, Notice boards Developed By Phone : : M/S Wine Yard Technologies 040-6464 6363, www.WineYardProjects.com
4
IEEE Reference
5
Design and Implementation of Maximum Power Tracking System by Automatic control of Solar Panel Direction according to the Sun Direction (Model Sun Flower)
IEEE Reference: A microprocessor controlled automatic sun tracker Koyuncu, B.; Balasubramanian, K. Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Volume 37, Issue 4, Nov 1991 Page(s):913 - 917 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/30.106958
Summary:
A microprocessor-based automatic sun-tracking system is proposed. This unit controls the movement of a solar panel that rotates and follows the motion of the sun. There are two limit switches attached to the panel to mark its maximum angular positions in the east and west. The status of the limit switches is read by the microprocessor and indicates that the maximum angular position in either direction has been reached and the panel should not be driven any further. As the plane of the panel is always kept normal to the direction of the sun, maximum thermal energy is obtained from the solar panels
6
Abstract
7
Abstract
Solar energy systems have emerged as a viable source of renewable energy over the past two or three decades, and are now widely used for a variety of industrial and domestic applications. Such systems are based on a solar collector, designed to collect the 4suns energy and to convert it into either electrical power or thermal energy. In general, the power developed in such applications depends fundamentally upon the amount of solar energy captured by the collector, and thus the problem of developing tracking schemes capable of following the trajectory of the sun throughout the course of the day on a year-round basis has received significant coverage in this project. In Aden city (Yemen), the improvement in the performance of a solar cooker during summer was found to be as much as 40% for higher elevation angle and 70% for lower elevation angle, based on the developed tracking algorithms. Moreover, it was shown that the amount of solar energy captured by a tilted collector could be increased by more than 40% by adjusting the tilt angle on a seasonal basis. Solar panels are good for houses and buildings without access to power lines. We can power our house by using solar panels by placing them on the roof and then connected to the battery and the battery is connected to the mobile charger . This project is designed with AT89S52 MCU. Depending upon the light falls on LDR the data will be read by the Microcontroller and the direction of the motor will be changed. With this direction the solar plates which are fixed to the stand will also rotates to gain the maximum sun rays. An alternative charger circuit is also provided to charge the mobile by tracker . 8
www.WineYardProjects.com Ph: 040-6464 6363, 6625 6695, 888 5555 212
This project uses regulated 12V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac out put of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer.
Block Diagram
9
Contrast Control
16 X 2 LCD
High Sensitive LDR
Transistor Switching Circuit
H Bridge Driver AT89S52
High Sensitive LDR
DC Motor
Crystal Reset
Mechanical Coupling to Solar Panel
Step down T/F
Bridge Rectifier
Filter Circuit
Regulator
Power supply to all sections
10
Introduction
11
Introduction
The green energy also called the regeneration energy, has gained much attention nowadays. Green energy can be recycled, much like solar energy, water power, wind power, biomass energy, terrestrial heat, temperature difference of sea, sea waves, morning and evening tides, etc [1, 2]. Among these, solar energy is the most powerful resource that can be used to generate power. So far the efficiency of generating power from solar energy is relatively low. Thus, increasing the efficiency of generating power of solar energy is very important. In the past, solar cells have been hooked with fixed elevating angles. They do not track the sun and therefore, the efficiency of power generation is low. For example, the elevating angle of a solar cell for the largest volume of illumination in daytime is 23.5in southern Taiwan. Since the fixed-type solar panel can not obtain the optimal solar energy, the transformation efficiency of solar energy is limited. Many scholars have proposed different methods for tracking the sun [3-9]. Many different light source sensors, light intensity sensors, intelligent vision techniques, and CCD equipments were applied to compute the absorbed time of the sun radiation in everyday for measuring the volume of solar energy. So far the majority of solar cell panels worldwide are hooked with fixed angles. Thus, it is clear that the method of tracking the sun is a technique worthy of being developed. In this paper, the main goal is to design and implement a solar tracking control system using field programmable gate array (FPGA). The CdS light sensitive resistors are used. From the experimental results, the proposed tracking system is verified more efficiently in generating energy than the fixed system.
12
SOLAR CELL DESCRIPTION
13
The solar cell is composed of the semiconductors of the P-N junctions [10-11]. It can convert light into electric energy. Therefore we can assume that electricity produced using sunlight shining on the solar cell can be used like common electricity. The equivalent circuit of the solar cell is shown in Fig. 1. The current supply I ph represents the electric current generated from the sun beaming on the solar cell. Rj is the non-linear impedance of the P-N junction. Dj is a P-N junction diode, Rsh and Rs represent the equivalent lineup with the interior of the materials and connecting resistances in series. Usually in general analysis, Rsh is large, and the value of Rs is small. Therefore in order to simplify the process of analysis, one can ignore Rsh and Rs . The symbol Ro represents the external load. I and V represent the output current and the voltage of the solar cell, respectively. From the equivalent circuit, and based on the characteristics of the P-N junction, (1) presents the connection between the output current I and the output voltage V :
Where np represents the parallel integer of the solar cell; ns represents the series connected integer of the solar cell; q represents the contained electricity in an electro (1.61019 Columbic); k is the Boltzmann constant (1.381023 J / K ); T is the temperature of the solar cell (absolute temperature K ); and A is the ideal factor of the solar cell ( A = 1 ~ 5 ). The current
sat
in (1) represents the reversion saturation current of the solar power.
Further, sat I can be determined by using the following formula:
MCU
14
Where Tr represents the reference temperature of the solar cell; Irr is the reversion saturation current at the time when the solar cell reaches its temperature Tr ; and EGap is the energy needed for crossing the energy band gap for the semiconductor materials. (the crystalline EGap 1.1eV ). From the study we are able to know that when the temperature is fixed, the stronger the sunlight is, and the higher the open-circuit voltage and shortcircuit current are. Here we can see the obvious effects of illumination on the short-circuit current, rather than the open-circuit current. Therefore the solar cell can provide higher output rate as the sunlight becomes stronger, i.e. solar cell facing the sun.
15
Flow Chart
16
MCU sends a stop signal to motor
17
Explanation of Each Block
18
AT89S52 MCU:
AT89S52 is 8-bit microcontroller from Atmel Semiconductors. This comes into 8051 family microcontroller. This is the heart of the project. The complete control logic program is stored in this microcontroller. It sends and receives control and data signals to LCD, Stepper motor and to the other Devices based on the program logic.
Solar Panel:
This is a photo voltaic cell. This converts light energy into electrical energy. The output voltage of the solar panel depends on the amount of light falling on the panel.
Voltage Sampling Circuit:

The output voltage of the solar panel is given to voltage sampling circuit. This is a voltage divide network. The sample voltage is given to Analog to Digital converter circuit.
High Sensitivity LDR

This is a light dependent resistor. The resistance of the device is inversely proportional to the amount of light falling on its surface. This is used to detect the day night mode.

In this section a NPN transistor is used as a switch. The transistor is driven into saturation and cut off region based on the output voltage of the LDR. This sends a logic HIGH or LOW signal to microcontroller.
19
H-BRIDGE:
An H-bridge is an electronic circuit which enables DC electric motors to be run
forwards or backwards. These circuits are often used in robotics. H-bridges are available as integrated circuits, or can be built from discrete components.
DC Motor
The DC motor is used to rotate the solar panel. The DC motor makes actual and exact number of turns or degrees of rotation instructed by the microcontroller.
16X2 LCD:
16 X 2 LCD is used to display the operating instructions and status of the output. HD44780U is used in the project. The HD44780U dot-matrix liquid crystal display controller and driver LSI displays alphanumeric, Japanese kana characters, and symbols. It can be configured to drive a dot-matrix liquid crystal display under the control of a 4- or 8bit microprocessor. Since all the functions such as display RAM, character generator, and liquid crystal driver, required for driving a dot-matrix liquid crystal display are internally provided on one chip, a minimal system can be interfaced with this controller/driver. A 20
single HD44780U can display up to one 8-character line or two 8-character lines. The HD44780U has pin function compatibility with the HD44780S which allows the user to easily replace an LCD-II with an HD44780U. The HD44780U character generator ROM is extended to generate 208 5X8 dot character fonts and 32 5X10 dot character fonts for a total of 240 different character fonts.
Contrast Control:
It is a simple variable resistor (preset) with linear characteristics. This is used to adjust the contrast of the display.
21
Reset:
Reset control circuit is used to reset the microcontroller at any stage of work. This section also comprises of auto power on reset. If the reset switch is pressed, the microcontroller restarts and the function will start from the begin. This circuit is connected to 9th pin of microcontroller.
Crystal:
A crystal is used to supply clock frequency to the microcontroller. The clock frequency is 11.0592MHz. 11.0592 MHz crystals are often used because it can be divided to give you exact clock rates for most of the common baud rates for are readily available and commonly used. the UART, especially for the higher speeds (9600, 19200). Despite the "oddball" value, these crystals
Power Supply Section:

This project needs 5V regulated DC power supply. This power supply is built with a full wave bridge rectifier, C- filter and a three terminal voltage regulator. An LED is provided for visual identification of the power supply. 230V / 18V step down transformer is used to step down the AC 230 V to 18V AC.
230V AC 50Hz
D.C Output
Step down transformer
Bridge Rectifier
Filter
Regulator
Fig13: Power supply
22
AT89S52 Microcontroller
23
Description
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-trystandard 89S52 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
24
Pin Configuration
25
Block Diagram
26
Pin Description
Port 0 : Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes dur-ing program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the follow-ing table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
27
Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are 28
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the fol-lowing table. RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped dur-ing each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN: Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to exter-nal data memory. EA/VPP: 29
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 : Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
30
PROGRAMMING THE FLASH:

The AT89S52 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in the erased state (that is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed. The programming interface accepts either a high-voltage (12-volt) or a low-voltage (VCC) program enable signal. The low-voltage programming mode provides a convenient way to program the AT89S52 inside the users system, while the high-voltage programming mode is compatible with conventional third party Flash or EPROM programmers. The AT89S52 is shipped with either the high-voltage or low-voltage programming mode enabled. The respective top-side marking and device signature codes are listed in the following table.
The AT89S52 code memory array is programmed byte-byte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode. Programming Algorithm: Before programming the AT89S52, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table. To program the AT89S52, the following steps should be considered: 1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines. 2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines. 31
3. Activate the correct combination of control signals. 4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode. 5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The bytewrite cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached. Data Polling: The AT89S52 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated. Ready/Busy: The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY. Chip Erase: The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all 1s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be reprogrammed. Reading the Signature Bytes: The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows. 32
(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel (031H) = 51H indicates 89S52 (032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming (032H) = 05H indicates 5V programming Programming Interface: Every code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is self timed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion. All major programming vendors offer worldwide support for the Atmel microcontroller series.
Tables: Flash Programming Modes
33
34
Fig: Programming and Verifying the Flash
LCD Interfacing
35
Description:
The HD44780U dot-matrix liquid crystal display controller and driver LSI displays alphanumerics, Japanese kana characters, and symbols. It can be configured to drive a dotmatrix liquid crystal display under the control of a 4- or 8-bit microprocessor. Since all the functions such as display RAM, character generator, and liquid crystal driver, required for driving a dot-matrix liquid crystal display are internally provided on one chip, a minimal system can be interfaced with this controller/driver. A single HD44780U can display up to one 8-character line or two 8-character lines. The HD44780U has pin function compatibility with the HD44780S which allows the user to easily replace an LCD-II with an HD44780U. The HD44780U character generator ROM is extended to generate 208 5 X 8 dot character fonts and 32 5 X 10 dot character fonts for a total of 240 different character fonts. The low power supply (2.7V to 5.5V) of the HD44780U is suitable for any portable battery-driven product requiring low power dissipation. The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachi's HD44780 controller or other which are compatible with HD44580. In this tutorial, we will discuss about character based LCDs, their interfacing with various microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit), programming, special stuff and tricks you can do with these simple looking LCDs which can give a new look to your application.
Pin Description:
The most commonly used LCDs found in the market today are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs which have only 1 controller and support at most of 80 charachers, where as LCDs supporting more than 80 characters make use of 2 HD44780 controllers. Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections). Pin description is shown in the table below.
36
Fig10: LCD Pin Diagram
Pin no. 1 Pin no. 2 Pin no. 3 Pin no. 4 Pin no. 5 Pin no. 6 Pin no. 7 Pin no. 8 Pin no. 9 Pin no. 10 Pin no. 11 Pin no. 12 Pin no. 13 Pin no. 14
VSS Power supply (GND) VCC Power supply (+5V) VEE Contrast adjust 0 = Instruction input RS 1 = Data input 0 = Write to LCD module R/W 1 = Read from LCD module EN Enable signal D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB) D1 Data bus line 1 D2 Data bus line 2 D3 Data bus line 3 D4 Data bus line 4 D5 Data bus line 5 D6 Data bus line 6 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)
37
Table 1: Character LCD pins with 1 Controller
Pin No. Pin no. 1 Pin no. 2 Pin no. 3 Pin no. 4 Pin no. 5 Pin no. 6 Pin no. 7 Pin no. 8 Pin no. 9 Pin no. 10 Pin no. 11 Pin no. 12 Pin no. 13 Pin no. 14 Pin no. 15 Pin no. 16
Name D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 EN1 R/W RS VEE VSS VCC EN2 NC
Description Data bus line 7 (MSB) Data bus line 6 Data bus line 5 Data bus line 4 Data bus line 3 Data bus line 2 Data bus line 1 Data bus line 0 (LSB) Enable signal for row 0 and 1 (1stcontroller) 0 = Write to LCD module 1 = Read from LCD module 0 = Instruction input 1 = Data input Contrast adjust Power supply (GND) Power supply (+5V) Enable signal for row 2 and 3 (2ndcontroller) Not Connected
Table 2: Character LCD pins with 2 Controller
Sending Commands to LCD

To send commands we simply need to select the command register. Everything is same as we have done in the initialization routine. But we will summarize the common steps and put them in a single subroutine. Following are the steps:

Move data to LCD port select command register select write operation send enable signal wait for LCD to process the command
CODE: void LCD_command(unsigned char var) { LCD_data = var; //Function set: 2 Line, 8-bit, 5x7 dots LCD_rs = 0; //Selected command register 38
//Wait for LCD to process the command } // Using the above function is really simple // var will carry the command for LCD // e.g. // // LCD_command(0x01); Sending Data to LCD To send data we simply need to select the data register. Everything is same as the command routine. Following are the steps:

LCD_rw = 0; LCD_en = 1; LCD_en = 0; LCD_busy();
//We are writing in instruction register //Enable H->L
Move data to LCD port select data register select write operation send enable signal wait for LCD to process the data
Keeping these steps in mind we can write LCD command routine as. CODE: void LCD_senddata(unsigned char var) { LCD_data = var; //Function set: 2 Line, 8-bit, 5x7 dots LCD_rs = 1; //Selected data register LCD_rw = 0; //We are writing LCD_en = 1; //Enable H->L LCD_en = 0; LCD_busy(); //Wait for LCD to process the command } // Using the above function is really simple // we will pass the character to display as argument to function // e.g. // // LCD_senddata('A');
39
Power Supply Design
40
POWER SUPPLY: The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.
230V AC 50Hz
D.C Output
Step down transformer
Bridge Rectifier
Filter
Regulator
Fig: Power supply
41
Transformer: Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required level.
Fig11: Transformer
Rectifier: The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification. The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. 42
The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.
Fig 12: Rectifier Circuit
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
43
Fig13: Rectifier output Waveforms
44
Filter: Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage. Voltage regulator: As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. The L78xx series of three-terminal positive regulators is available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.
45
DC Motor Interfacing
46
BASICS OF DC MOTOR
The speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the supply voltage, so if we reduce the supply voltage from 12 Volts to 6 Volts, the motor will run at half the speed. How can this be achieved when the battery is fixed at 12 Volts? The speed controller works by varying the average voltage sent to the motor. It could do this by simply adjusting the voltage sent to the motor, but this is quite inefficient to do. A better way is to switch the motor's supply on and off very quickly. If the switching is fast enough, the motor doesn't notice it, it only notices the average effect. When you watch a film in the cinema, or the television, what you are actually seeing is a series of fixed pictures, which change rapidly enough that your eyes just see the average effect - movement. Your brain fills in the gaps to give an average effect. Now imagine a light bulb with a switch. When you close the switch, the bulb goes on and is at full brightness, say 100 Watts. When you open the switch it goes off (0 Watts). Now if you close the switch for a fraction of a second, then open it for the same amount of time, the filament won't have time to cool down and heat up, and you will just get an average glow of 50 Watts. This is how lamp dimmers work, and the same principle is used by speed controllers to drive a motor. When the switch is closed, the motor sees 12 Volts, and when it is open it sees 0 Volts. If the switch is open for the same amount of time as it is closed, the motor will see an average of 6 Volts, and will run more slowly accordingly. The graph below shows the speed of a motor that is being turned on and off H-BRIDGE: An H-bridge is an electronic circuit which enables DC electric motors to be run forwards or backwards. These circuits are often used in robotics. H-bridges are available as integrated circuits, or can be built from discrete components.
47
Fig14: H-Bridge Circuit
The two basic states of an H-bridge.The term "H-bridge" is derived from the typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An H-bridge is built with four switches (solidstate or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4 (according to the first figure) are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage will be applied across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches, this voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor. Using the nomenclature above, the switches S1 and S2 should never be closed at the same time, as this would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source. The same applies to the switches S3 and S4. This condition is known as shoot-through. Operation The H-Bridge arrangement is generally used to reverse the polarity of the motor, but can also be used to 'brake' the motor, where the motor comes to a sudden stop, as the motors terminals are shorted, or to let the motor 'free run' to a stop, as the motor is effectively disconnected from the circuit. The following table summarizes operation.
48
S1 1 0 0 0
S2 0 1 0 1
S3 0 1 0 0
S4 1 0 0 1
Result Motor moves right Motor moves left Motor free runs Motor brakes
H-Bridge Driver: The switching property of this H-Bridge can be replaced by a Transistor or a Relay or a MOSFET or even by an IC. Here we are replacing this with an IC named L293D as the driver whose description is as given below. Features: 600mA OUTPUT CURRENT CAPABILITY PER CHANNEL 1.2A PEAK OUTPUT CURRENT (non repetitive) PER CHANNEL ENABLE FACILITY OVERTEMPERATURE PROTECTION LOGICAL "0" INPUT VOLTAGE UP TO 1.5 V (HIGH NOISE IMMUNITY) INTERNAL CLAMP DIODES
DESCRIPTION: 49
The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays solenoids, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors. To simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is equipped with an enable input. A separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal clamp diodes are included. This device is suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz. The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic package which has 4 center pins connected together and used for heat sinking The L293DD is assembled in a 20 lead surface mount which has 8 center pins connected together and used for heat sinking. BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig: Block Diagram of H-Bridge
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS: 50

PIN CONNECTIONS:
Fig: Pin Diagram of L293D H-Bridge
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR: 51

An LDR is an input transducer (sensor) which converts brightness (light) to
resistance. It is made from cadmium sulphide (CdS) and the resistance decreases as the brightness of light falling on the LDR increases. LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1,000,000 ohms, but when they are illuminated with light, the resistance drops dramatically. Thus in this project, LDR plays an important role in controlling the electrical appliances based on the intensity of light i.e., if the intensity of light is more (during daytime) the loads will be in off condition. And if the intensity of light is less (during nights), the loads will be switched on.
52
Fig:
In the above circuit we are controlling the load with an LDR device which in turn depends on the transistor and a switch i.e., nothing but the operation of the above circuit behaves like a transistor as a switch. A transistor is a semi conductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.
Transistor can be used as an electronic switch, in grounded-emitter configuration. Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, for both high power applications including switched mode power supply and low power applications such as logic gates.
In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises the base and collector current rise exponentially, and the collector voltage drops because of the collector load resistor.
If the emitter-base and base-collector are in forward bias then it act as a switch. At that instant the collector to emitter is shorted, it act as a closed switch. 53
Chargers
54
Most mobile phone chargers are not really chargers, only power adapters that provide a power source for the charging circuitry which is almost always contained within the mobile phone. They are notoriously diverse, having a wide variety of DC connector-styles and voltages, most of which are not compatible with other manufacturers' phones or even different models of phones from a single manufacturer. Users of publicly accessible charging kiosks must be able to cross-reference connectors with device brands/models and individual charge parameters and thus ensure delivery of the correct charge for their mobile device. A database-driven system is one solution, and is being incorporated into some designs of charging kiosks. Mobile phones can usually accept a relatively wide range of voltages as long as it is sufficiently above the phone battery's voltage. However, if the voltage is too high, it can damage the phone. Mostly, the voltage is 5 volts or slightly higher, but it can sometimes vary up to 12 volts when the power source is not loaded. There are also human-powered chargers sold on the market, which typically consists of a dynamo powered by a hand crank and extension cords. There are also solar chargers. China and other countries are making a national standard on mobile phone chargers using the USB standard.[16] in June 2009, 10 of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed a Memorandum of Understanding to develop specifications for and support a micro USB-equipped common External Power Supply (EPS) for all data-enabled mobile phones
55
sold
in
the EU.
On
October
22,
2009,
the International
Telecommunication
Union announced a standard for a universal charger for mobile handsets (Micro-USB). A charge controller, charge regulator or battery regulator limits the rate at which electric current is added to or drawn from electric batteries. It prevents overcharging and may prevent against overvoltage, which can reduce battery performance or lifespan, and may pose a safety risk. It may also prevent completely draining ("deep discharging") a battery, or perform controlled discharges, depending on the battery technology, to protect battery life. The terms "charge controller" or "charge regulator" may refer to either a standalone device, or to control circuitry integrated within a battery pack, battery-powered device, or battery recharger.
Charge controllers are sold to consumers as separate devices, often in conjunction with solar or wind power generators, for uses such as RV, boat, and off-the-grid home battery storage systems. In solar applications, charge controllers may also be called solar regulators. A series charge controller or series regulator disables further current flow into batteries when they are full. A shunt charge controller or shunt regulator diverts excess electricity to an auxiliary or "shunt" load, such as an electric water heater, when batteries are full. Simple charge controllers stop charging a battery when they exceed a set high voltage level, and re-enable charging when battery voltage drops back below that level. Pulse width modulation (PWM) and maximum power point tracker (MPPT) technologies are more electronically sophisticated, adjusting charging rates depending on the battery's level, to allow charging closer to its maximum capacity. Charge controllers may also monitor battery temperature to prevent overheating. Some charge controller systems also display data, transmit data to remote displays, and data logging to track electric flow over time. 56
Phones have rechargeable batteries inside which need to be charged with a DC voltage (slightly higher than the battery voltage). Simple phone chargers provide this DC voltage. Most of the chargers work as follows. These accept AC voltage from the house hold AC power supply which gets down converted to smaller AC voltage through a transformer and is followed an AC-DC convertor (rectifier). After that there is a filter circuit that cleans the voltage before giving out on the charger pins. This voltage is used for charging the phone. More advaned and well designed phone chargers have semiconductor IC based regulators, convertors for clean and efficient AC-DC conversion and have short circuit protection built-in.
Very few people know about alternative ways of charging their mobile phones and other electronic gadgets. However, it is possible to charge these gadgets without having to rely on electricity. For instance, unknown to many, solar cell phone chargers are available in the market. But how do solar cell phone chargers work, exactly, and how efficient are these environmentally-friendly products The design or appearance of these chargers often varies depending on the brand or model, but they are generally lightweight; a few of them are even small enough to fit inside your pocket. These charger has a small solar panels that stores energy. A few models have panels that look like windmills, although most have more ergonomic designs for easyand even chichandling. Some models even allow you to simply stick the panels on a window to generate energy from the sunlight. Others can be placed around your arm or even a bicycle.
57
Obviously, this means you can bring the charger anywhere. Many mobile phone owners who have this charger keep it as an alternative means to charge a phone in case of a power outage or when there is no possible source of electricity within their vicinity. This kind of technology is no longer new. The photons are converted into electric current by the solar panels or cells, which agitate the light particles and turn them into electrons. Many of these solar-powered chargers are compatible to most of the mobile phone units available today, although the actual number of compatible phones will still depend from brand to brand. Nonetheless, most chargers can handle practically all major brands, from Nokia to Motorola, from Samsung to iPhones. The charging time varies, although in average, an hour charging time using the solarpowered charger can provide as much as 30 minutes of talk time using your mobile. This is pretty efficient and sufficient, considering you are using a free power source. Portable mobile phone chargers using batteries provide the same amount of power (sometimes, even less)but you will have to get AA batteries as your power source. Needless to say, the solar-powered mobile phone charger is a cheaper, more environmentfriendly way of charging your phone. One of the most popular solar chargers is Solio. It offers solar-powered chargers that work not only for phones but also for music players (iPods and others that have USB outlets) and PDAs. Most of the Solio chargers are handy and light (their chargers weight around five ounces, give or take a few). As stated above, the manufacturer of Solio claims to take 10 hours of sunlight to fully charge the Solio. Consider that most of it depends on the intensity of sunlight and the right positioning. An average time of 45 minutes of Sun can give enough power to make nearly a 20-minute cell phone call. Takes about 5-7 hours of direct sunlight to keep the iPod topped up. 58
Software Tools
59
60
KEIL SOFTWARE: Keil compiler is a software used where the machine language code is written and compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code which is to be dumped into the microcontroller for further processing. Keil compiler also supports C language code.
STEPS TO WRITE AN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM IN KEIL AND HOW TO COMPILE IT: 1. Install the Keil Software in the PC in any of the drives. 2. After installation, an icon will be created with the name Keil uVision3. Just drag this icon onto the desktop so that it becomes easy whenever you try to write programs in keil. 3. Double click on this icon to start the keil compiler. 4. A page opens with different options in it showing the project workspace at the leftmost corner side, output window in the bottom and an ash coloured space for the program to be written. 5. Now to start using the keil, click on the option project. 6. A small window opens showing the options like new project, import project, open project etc. Click on New project. 7. A small window with the title bar Create new project opens. The window asks the user to give the project name with which it should be created and the destination location. The project can be created in any of the drives available. You can create a new folder and then a new file or can create directly a new file.
61
8. After the file is saved in the given destination location, a window opens where a list of vendors will be displayed and you have to select the device for the target you have created. 9. The most widely used vendor is Atmel. So click on Atmel and now the family of microcontrollers manufactured by Atmel opens. You can select any one of the microcontrollers according to the requirement.
10. When you click on any one of the microcontrollers, the features of that particular microcontroller will be displayed on the right side of the page. The most appropriate microcontroller with which most of the projects can be implemented is the AT89S52. Click on this microcontroller and have a look at its features. Now click on OK to select this microcontroller. 11. A small window opens asking whether to copy the startup code into the file you have created just now. Just click on No to proceed further. 12. Now you can see the TARGET and SOURCE GROUP created in the project workspace. 13. Now click on File and in that New. A new page opens and you can start writing program in it. 14. After the program is completed, save it with any name but with the .asm extension. Save the program in the file you have created earlier. 15. You can notice that after you save the program, the predefined keywords will be highlighted in bold letters. 16. Now add this file to the target by giving a right click on the source group. A list of options open and in that select Add files to the source group. Check for this file where you have saved and add it. 17. Right click on the target and select the first option Options for target. A window opens with different options like device, target, output etc. First click on target.
62
18. Since the set frequency of the microcontroller is 11.0592 MHz to interface with the PC, just enter this frequency value in the Xtal (MHz) text area and put a tick on the Use on-chip ROM. This is because the program what we write here in the keil will later be dumped into the microcontroller and will be stored in the inbuilt ROM in the microcontroller. 19. Now click the option Output and give any name to the hex file to be created in the Name of executable text area and put a tick to the Create HEX file option present in the same window. The hex file can be created in any of the drives. You can change the folder by clicking on Select folder for Objects. 20. Now to check whether the program you have written is errorless or not, click on the icon exactly below the Open file icon which is nothing but Build Target icon. You can even use the shortcut key F7 to compile the program written. 21. To check for the output, there are several windows like serial window, memory window, project window etc. Depending on the program you have written, select the appropriate window to see the output by entering into debug mode. 22. The icon with the letter d indicates the debug mode. 23. Click on this icon and now click on the option View and select the appropriate window to check for the output. 24. After this is done, click the icon debug again to come out of the debug mode. 25. The hex file created as shown earlier will be dumped into the microcontroller with the help of another software called Proload.
63
PROLOAD: Proload is a software which accepts only hex files. Once the machine code is converted into hex code, that hex code has to be dumped into the microcontroller placed in the programmer kit and this is done by the Proload. Programmer kit contains a microcontroller on it other than the one which is to be programmed. This microcontroller has a program in it written in such a way that it accepts the hex file from the keil compiler and dumps this hex file into the microcontroller which is to be programmed. As this programmer kit requires power supply to be operated, this power supply is given from the power supply circuit designed above. It should be noted that this programmer kit contains a power supply section in the board itself but in order to switch on that power supply, a source is required. Thus this is accomplished from the power supply board with an output of 12volts or from an adapter connected to 230 V AC.
Steps to work with Proload:

1. Install the Proload Software in the PC. 2. Now connect the Programmer kit to the PC (CPU) through serial cable. 3. Power up the programmer kit from the ac supply through adapter. 4. Now place the microcontroller in the GIF socket provided in the programmer kit. 5. Click on the Proload icon in the PC. A window appears providing the information like Hardware model, com port, device type, Flash size etc. Click on browse option to select the hex file to be dumped into the microcontroller and then click on Auto program to program the microcontroller with that particular hex file. 6. The status of the microcontroller can be seen in the small status window in the bottom of the page. 7. After this process is completed, remove the microcontroller from the programmer kit and place it in your system board. Now the system board behaves according to the program written in the microcontroller.
64
Source Code
65
/*******************Arranging the panel according to the sunlight*******************/
#include<reg52.h> #define ldata P1 sbit rs=P2^0; sbit rw=P2^1; sbit en=P2^2; sbit ldr1=P3^0; sbit ldr2=P3^1; sbit buzzer=P3^2; sbit moter1=P0^0; sbit moter2=P0^1; void lcdcmd(unsigned char); void lcd_int(void ); void lcddata(unsigned char); void msg(unsigned char d ); void msdelay(unsigned char); unsigned char msg1[]="MAX LIGHT ACHIVED"; unsigned char msg2[]=" TRACKING FOR "; unsigned char msg3[]="SUN LIGHT......"; unsigned char msg4[]="SYSTEM SHUTDOWN "; void main() { buzzer=1; 66
moter1=0; moter2=0; lcd_int(); lcdcmd(0x80); msg(" PROJECT "); lcdcmd(0xc0); msg(" SUN FLOWER "); msdelay(500); msdelay(500); lcdcmd(0x01); lcdcmd(0x80); msg("AUTOMATIC MAXIMU"); lcdcmd(0xc0); msg("POWER TRACKING "); msdelay(500); msdelay(500); msdelay(500); if(ldr2==1&&ldr1==1) { moter1=1; moter2=0; buzzer=0; msdelay(40); moter1=0; moter2=0; buzzer=1; lcdcmd(0x01); lcdcmd(0x80); msg(msg2); lcdcmd(0xC0); 67
msg(msg3); if(ldr1==1&&ldr2==1) { lcdcmd(0x01); lcdcmd(0x80); msg(msg1); buzzer=0; moter1=0; moter2=0; msdelay(500); buzzer=1; while((ldr1==0&&ldr2==0)==1); } msdelay(500); } if(ldr1==0&&ldr2==1) { moter1=0; moter2=1; buzzer=0; msdelay(40); moter1=0; moter2=0; buzzer=1; lcdcmd(0x01); lcdcmd(0x80); msg(msg2); lcdcmd(0xC0); msg(msg3); if(ldr1==1&&ldr2==1) { 68
lcdcmd(0x01); lcdcmd(0x80); msg(msg1); buzzer=0; moter1=0; moter2=0; msdelay(500); buzzer=1; while((ldr1==1&&ldr2==1)==0); } msdelay(500); } if(ldr1==1&&ldr2==0) { moter1=1; moter2=0; lcdcmd(0x01); lcdcmd(0x80); msg(msg2); lcdcmd(0xC0); msg(msg3); buzzer=0; msdelay(500); buzzer=1; msdelay(100); lcdcmd(0x01); lcdcmd(0x80); msg(msg4); moter1=0; moter2=0; 69
while((ldr1==1&&ldr2==1)==0); } }
void lcd_int(void) { lcdcmd(0x38); lcdcmd(0x80); lcdcmd(0x0e); lcdcmd(0x01); lcdcmd(0x06); lcdcmd(0xc0); } void msg(unsigned char d ) { unsigned char j; for(j=0;d[j]!='\0';j++) lcddata(d[j]); } void lcdcmd(unsigned char value) { ldata=value; rs=0; rw=0; en=1; msdelay(10); en=0; return; } 70
void lcddata(unsigned char value) { ldata=value; rs=1; rw=0; en=1; msdelay(10); en=0; return; } void msdelay(unsigned char value) { unsigned char i,j; for(i=0;i<=value;i++) for(j=0;j<=250;j++); }
71
ADVANTAGES
72
Advantages:
Highly sensitive Works according to the sun direction Fit and Forget system Night Day mode sensing Low cost and reliable circuit Complete elimination of manpower
73
APPLICATIONS
74
Applications:
Street lights Garden Lights Solar water heater Hotels, hostels and house hold applications Offices Mobile charging Industries
75
CONCLUSION
76
CONCLUSION
This project presents a solar tracking power generation system. The tracking controller based on the closed loop algorithm is designed and implemented with Atmel 89S52 MCU in embedded system domain. Set up on the solar tracking system, the light sensitivity resistors are used to determine the night day vision. The proposed solar tracking power generation system can track the sun light automatically. Thus, the efficiency of solar energy generation can be increased. Experimental work has been carried out carefully. The result shows that higher generating power efficiency is indeed achieved using the solar tracking system. The proposed method is verified to be highly beneficial for the solar power generation. The output of the solar tracker is used to drive the mobile charger.
77
REFERENCE
78
REFERENCE
Text Books: Website: www.howstuffworks.com www.answers.com www.radiotronix.com www.WineYardProjects.com Magazines: Electronics for you Electrikindia
79

WK 234 With Mobile Charger

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

WK 234 With Mobile Charger

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design and Implementation of Maximum Power Tracking System by Automatic control of Solar Panel Direction according to the Sun

Direction (Model Sun Flower) With Mobile charger Application

Tables & Diagrams

www.WineYardProjects.com Ph: 040-6464 6363, 6625 6695, 888 5555 212

High Sensitive LDR

Transistor Switching Circuit

H Bridge Driver AT89S52

High Sensitive LDR

Transistor Switching Circuit

Mechanical Coupling to Solar Panel

Step down T/F

Power supply to all sections

SOLAR CELL DESCRIPTION

in (1) represents the reversion saturation current of the solar power.

Further, sat I can be determined by using the following formula:

MCU sends a stop signal to motor

Explanation of Each Block

Voltage Sampling Circuit:

High Sensitivity LDR

Transistor Switching Circuit

Power Supply Section:

Step down transformer

Fig13: Power supply

PROGRAMMING THE FLASH:

Tables: Flash Programming Modes

Fig: Programming and Verifying the Flash

Fig10: LCD Pin Diagram

Table 1: Character LCD pins with 1 Controller

Name D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 EN1 R/W RS VEE VSS VCC EN2 NC

Table 2: Character LCD pins with 2 Controller

Sending Commands to LCD

LCD_rw = 0; LCD_en = 1; LCD_en = 0; LCD_busy();

//We are writing in instruction register //Enable H->L

Power Supply Design

Step down transformer

Fig: Power supply

Fig 12: Rectifier Circuit

Fig13: Rectifier output Waveforms

Fig14: H-Bridge Circuit

Fig: Block Diagram of H-Bridge

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS: 50

Fig: Pin Diagram of L293D H-Bridge

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR: 51

An LDR is an input transducer (sensor) which converts brightness (light) to

Steps to work with Proload:

/*******************Arranging the panel according to the sunlight*******************/

You might also like

/Arranging the panel according to the sunlight/