TITTLE: NANOTECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION Nano technology can be define as the design, characterization, production, and application of structures, devices, and systems by controlled manipulation of size and shape at the nanometer scale (atomic, molecular, and macromolecular scale) that produces structures, devices, and systems with at least one novel/superior characteristic or property. Scientist has been trying to analyze and study about nano particles for centuries but their work has been hampered by their inability to see the structure of nanoparticles. In recent decades, with the aids of the microscopes scientist has been allowed to see what they are working with. The ability to see nano-sized materials has opened up a world of possibilities in a variety of industries and scientific research. Because nanotechnology is essentially a set of techniques that allow manipulation of properties at a very small scale, it can have many applications in various fields, such as medicine, environment, energy, information and communication, consumer goods and heavy industry. Nanotechnology also provide very helpful in biology, chemistry and biology area. Even in electronics field nanotechnology play its own special role. With the present of this technology, carrier prospect has been opened wider to young generation. There are few degrees of study specifically in nanotechnology, so look for a good, well-rounded physics program. Nanotechnology works at tiny levels of matter, so knowledge of atomic, molecular, chemical and quantum physics is essential to this field of study. Working knowledge of biochemistry, chemistry, and biophysics, as well as proficiency with complex mathematics, would also help qualify someone for this field. There are many different points of view about the nanotechnology. These differences start with the definition of nanotechnology. Some define it as any activity that involves manipulating materials between one nanometer and 100 nanometers. However the original definition of nanotechnology involved building machines at the molecular scale and involves the manipulation of materials on an atomic (about two-tenths of a nanometer) scale.

HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 1959 Feynman gives after-dinner talk describing molecular machines building with atomic precision. 1974 Taniguchi uses term nano-technology in paper on ion-sputter machining. 1977 - Drexler originates molecular nanotechnology concepts at MIT 1981 First technical paperon molecular engineering to build with atomic precision STM invented. 1985 Buckyball discovered 1986 First book published AFM invented First organization formed

1987 First protein engineered First university symposium

1988 First university course. 1989 IBM logo spelled in individual atoms First national conference

1990 First nanotechnology journal Japans STA begins funding nanotech projects

1991 Japans MITI announces bottom-up atom factory IBM endorses bottom-up path Japans MITI commits $200 million Carbon nanotube discovered
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1992 First textbook published First Congressional testimony

1993 First Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for modeling ahydrogen abstraction tool useful in nanotechnology. First coverage of nanotech from White House Engines of Creation book given to Rice administration, stimulation first university nanotech center. 1994 Nanosystems textbook in first university course US Science Advisor advocates nanotechnology

1995 First think tank report First industry analysis of military applications Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for synthesis of complex threedimensional structures with DNA molecules 1996 - $250, 000 Feynman Grand Prize announced First European conference NASA begins work in computational nanotech First nanobio conference

1997 First company founded:Zyvex First design of nanorobotic system Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for computational nanotechnology and using scanning probe micrsocopes to manipulate molecules. 1998 First NSF forum, held in conjuction with Foresight Conference

First DNA-based nanomechanical device Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for computational modeling of molecular tools for atomically-precise chemical reactions and for building molecular structures through the use of self-organization

1999 First Nanomedicine book published First safety guidelines Congressional hearings on proposed National Nanotechnology Initiative Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for development of carbon nanotubes for potential computing device applications and for modeling the operation of molecular machine designs. 2000 President Clinton announces U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative First state research initiative: $100 million in California Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for computational material science for nanostructures and for building a molecular switch 2001 First report on nanotech industry U.S announces first center for military applications Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for theory of nanometer-scale electronic devices and for synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes and nanowires 2002 First nanotech industry conference Regional nanotech efforts multiply Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for using DNA to enable the selfassembly of new structures and for advancing our ability to model molecular machine systems
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2003 Congressional hearings on societal implications Call for balancing NNI research portfolio Drexler/Smalley debate is published in Chemical & Engineering News Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for modeling the molecular and electronic structures of new materials and for integrating single molecule biological motors with nano-scale silicon devices 2004 First policy conference on advanced nanotech First center for nanomechanical systems Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for designing stable protein structures and for constructing a novel enzyme with an altered function 2005 At Nanoethics meeting, Roco announces nanomachine/nanosystem project count has reached 300. Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for designing a wide variety of single molecular functional nanomachines and for synthesizing macromolecules of intermediate sizes with designed shapes and functions. 2006 National Academies nanotechnology report calls for experimentation toward molecular manufacturing Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for work in molecular computation and algorithmic self-assembly, and for producing complex two-dimensional arrays of DNA nanostructures. 2007 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for construction of molecular machine systems that function in the realm of Brownian motion, and molecular machines based upon two-state mechanically interlocked compounds

2008 Technology Roadmap for Productive Nanosytems released Protein catalysts designed for non-natural chemical reactions Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for work in molecular electronics and the synthesis of molecular motors and nanocars and for theoretical contributions to nanofabrication and sensing 2009 An improved walking DNA nanorobot Structural DNA nanotechnology arrays devices to capture molecular building blocks Design from scratch of a small protein that performed the function performed by natural globins proteins Organizing functional components on addressable DNA scaffolds Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for experimental demonstrations of mechanosynthesis using AFM to manipulate single atoms, and for computational analysis of molecular tools to build complex molecular structures 2010 DNA-based robotic assembly begins Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for work in single atom manipulations and atomic switches and for development of quantum mechanical methods for theoretical and predictions of molecules and solids 2011 First programmable nanowire circuits for nanoprocessors DNA molecular robots learn to walk in any direction along a branched track Mechanical manipulation of silicon dimers on a silicon surface.

ADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY General Products could be much lighter, stronger, and more precise. Making things very small in size and making small size of memory product with high storage capacity. The example is chip that having high-speed access of stored data.

Physics

In the field of physics, there many advantage of nanotechnology. Actually, nanotechnology can revolutionize a lot of electronic product, procedures and applications. The development of nanotechnology is benefit when it comes to the electronic product. This include nanotransistors, nano diode, plasma displays, quantum computers, OLED and others. Before the development of nanotechnology, size of the components of electronic such as transistor, diode and many more is big. This is the reason why the size of the old television is bigger size compared to the current television that are flat and save the place.

Nanotechnology also can benefit the energy sector. The development of more effective energy-producing, energy-absorbing, and energy storage products in smaller and more efficient devices is possible with this technology. For example is batteries, fuel cells and solar cells can be built in smaller size and also made it more effective with this technology. We can see in the market the batteries have many size started from bigger size to smaller size like 5cents.

Besides that, another industry that can benefit from the development of nanotechnology is the manufacturing sector that will make nanotube, aerogels, nono particles and other similar items to produce their product. With the help of nanotechnology, the materials produced are often stronger, more durable and lighter. The product is better than before.

Biology

Nanoparticles are very small and can easily penetrate into the skin. So, it can help in repairing the skin tissue. Nowadays, many of the cosmetic company on the market use this technology to make their product. It is because of can easily penetrate into the skin, the product can prevent skin aging which have the nanotechnology built into it. This technology also used in preventing the hair loss and graying issues. The product are design to penetrate the upper layer of the skin and stimulate the new skin cells production which give the skin a new, look pretty, youthful appearance and attractive. LOreal is the most famous cosmetic in Malaysia. LOreal is one of the examples cosmetic that use nanotechnology which has brought the fantastic wrinklefree cream for the aged women who want look always elegant and gorgeous. The wrinkle-free cream give the immediate result because the product contain nanosiomes of Pro-Retanol A. sunscreens and some anti-aging products are the main cosmetic products currently being made by using nanotechnology. Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide is some of the nanoparticles have been included in sunscreen

Other than cosmetic, in the medical world, nanotechnology is also can help cure people faster and without the side effect that other traditional drugs have. The use of these nanotechnology in medicine include tissue regeneration, bone repair, immunity and even cures for such ailments like cancer, diabetes, and other life threatening diseases.

Besides that, nanotechnology help expanding ability to characterize genetic makeup will revolutionize the specificity of diagnostics and therapeutics Nanodevices is one of the nanotechnologies that can make gene sequencing more efficient. Nanodevices has sensor for

early detection of any disease and can prevent early. Using this technology, it is effective and less expensive health care using remote and in-vivo devices. It also more durable, rejectionresistant artificial tissues and organs.

Transportation The development of nanotechnology helps a lot in transportation. Nowadays, there is thousands type of vehicles is produced. The function of vehicle becomes sophisticated and cheaper. This development of transportation such as cars, train, aeroplane and others with the help of nanotechnology. It will make transportation today more efficient catalytic converters. The technology also enable transportation today have thermal barrier and wear resistant coatings with the use of nanomaterial. The size of battery is small and durable make transportation more efficient and not too worry if want to travel far. Besides that, it will improve display of transportation. There are so many different designs to attract the customers. With the help of technology also created wear-resistant tires.

Computing

A long time ago, thousands of people sharing a mainframes computer. Nowadays, most of the people has a least one personal computer in one family. A personal computer is one intended for individual use that oppose to a mainframe computer where at the end users requests are filtered through operating staff or a time sharing system in which one large processor is shared by many individuals. Nanotechnology makes the life easier and save the time. For the future is ubiquitous computing means that thousands of computers sharing each and every one of us. Computer is embedded in everywhere like walls, clothing, chairs, cars and other public location.

Energy Production and Utilization

Energy is one of the most important for life. Without energy, we cannot do work properly because most of the work we need energy. Nanomaterial makes the process production of energy clean and inexpensive. In addition, nanotechnology improved solar cells. Solar cells are actually made up of semiconductor materials like silicon and Gallium Arsenic (GaAs). Advance of technology at this time has been increase the use of solar cell technology in the process of collecting solar energy from the sun to be converted into electrical energy that can be used in various industrial applications.
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Environment Sector Nanomaterials are one of the nanotechnologies that have a large surface area. For example, single-walled carbon nanotubes show ~ 1600 m2/g. This is equivalent to the size of a football field for only 4 gms of nanotubes. The large surface area of nanomaterial enables large absorption rates of various gases or vapors. Nanotechnology is also helpful in identification of pollutants through the use of the electronic sensor and thus develops recovery technology of the environment segment.

DISADVANTAGES Nanotechnology is based on the principles of controlling matter at its basic level. This technology is about the controlling matter at an atomic and molecular level. Nanotechnology is expected to prove helpful in the production of new materials. It can prove being useful in a variety of fields like electronics and medicine. But we need to look at the dangers it may pose to the life forms on Earth. But little do they know of the hidden dangers and potential risks involved with Nanotechnology running under the carpet. Some of the problems with nanoscience are practical while others fall under the ethical realm. One of the disadvantages of nanotechnology is in terms of security. Nanotechnology can cause a brutal risk in the field of terrorism. The terrorism and anti groups can make use of nanotechnology as a new form of torturing the communities as nanotechnology also has the capability of destructing the human body at the molecular level. This can be done when terrorist applying this technology to create small, undetectable biological or atomic weaponry. Ethical concerns of misuse also include the possibility of altering the genetic make-up of humans by engineering specific traits. Such a procedure would be directed toward the highincome section of society and could further divide the population into a super class of intelligent, strong beings and a lower class of average people. The serious complications with such issues include the idea that the scientific technology would only be available to those who can afford it. That would mean there would be an underclass of people as the people we are now.

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Nanotechnology poses certain serious social implications. Nanotechnological products may replace natural substances. Farmers and factory workers whose livelihood depends on the production and distribution of these natural substances will face difficulties. Nanotechnology will thus lead to people losing their jobs. Agricultural countries will have to face financial losses if nanomaterials produced in developed countries begin substituting for their agricultural products. Nanotechnology also can disturb our ecosystem. For example, silver nanoparticles used in socks to fight foot odor if released in water can prove detrimental to the purity of water. Silver nanoparticles are bacteriostatic which is meaning that they limit the growth of bacteria. This may result in the destruction of bacteria that help in breaking down the organic matter in water treatment plants. While iron nanoparticles which are effective at removing toxic metals such as chromium and lead from contaminated water could be lethal to cells and micro-organisms as it is toxic to neutral cells. Micro-organisms are essential for healthy soil as they recycle nutrients by decomposing dead matter. Thus the damaged the micro-organism part of the ecosystem could have a dominant effect on the surrounding area and cause unintentional damage to plant and animal life. Nanotechnology also can affect our health. Nanoparticles are being used in a number of products which are placed in direct contact with skin, including clothing, cosmetics and sun cream. Particles on a nanoscale can cause toxic effects in humans as they are so small and thus have the potential to cross the blood-brain barrier, which could cause mass poisoning or unwanted neurological effects. Mass poisoning could happen if the coatings that nanotechnology has the potential to produce poisonous microparticles that can cross over into the brain. Coating all of our products with particles that are small enough to cross over this barrier runs the risk of creating a mass poisoning There is a barrier between the blood stream and the brain known as the bloodbrain barrier.

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Nanoparticles breathed into the lungs can cause damage and scarring, which over long periods of exposure can lead to long term breathing difficulties. For example, carbon nanotubes can be very similar to asbestos fibers as they are strong and can have a similar shape to asbestos fibers. This asbestos fiber can cause asbestosis, mesothelioma and cancerous cells. The fibers lodge deep within the lungs and trigger the local immune system, which sends specialized immune cells that try to digest the fibers and repair any damage by depositing new tissue. As the fibers are highly resistant, the immune cells cannot digest them, die off, cause more immune cells to attack the foreign body, and yet more tissue to be deposited. In some cases this can also cause the cells to become cancerous. Over many years of exposure this leads to thickening of the lung walls and reduces the amount of oxygen that can be absorbed from the air and decreases the amount of carbon dioxide that can be breathed out. This causes a shortness of breath and hence a reduced ability to perform any activities that require exertion and costly oxygen therapy may be required.

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WHAT CAN WE USE NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR? Most of nanotechnology's benefits will happen decades in the future, but it's already helping to improve our world in many different ways. We tend to think of nanotechnology as something new and alien, perhaps because the word "technology" implies artificial and human-made, but life itself is an example of nanotechnology: proteins, bacteria, viruses, and cells all work on the nanoscopic scale. Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are among the most exciting of nanomaterials. These rod-shaped carbon molecules are roughly one nanometer across. Although they're hollow, their densely packed structure makes them incredibly strong and they can be grown into fibers of virtually any length. Nanotubes can be divided into 2 types. First, single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNTs) can be considered to be formed by the rolling of a single layer of graphite (called a graphene sheet) into a seamless cylinder. Second, multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) can similarly be considered to be a coaxial assembly of cylinders of SWCNTs, one within another. Depending on the direction of hexagons, nanotubes can be classified as either zigzag, armchair or chiral. Different types of nanotubes have different properties.

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(a) Armchair (b) Zigzag (c) Chiral

When a nanotube is put into an electric field, it will emit electrons from the end of the nanotube like small cannon. If those electrons are allowed to bombard a phosphor screen then an image can be created. Several companies (Samsung, in particular) are researching how to use this technology to replace the bulky electron guns of conventional TV sets with these significantly smaller carbon nanotube electron guns. In the spring of 2005, Motorola announced a new NanoEmissive Display (NED) technology that could make more energy efficient and costeffective ultra-flat (<1 thick) display screens a reality.

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Nanochips One form of nanotechnology we all use is microelectronics. The "micro" part of that word suggests computer chips work on the microscopic scaleand they do. But since terms like "microchip" were coined in the 1970s, electronic engineers have found ways of packing even more transistor switches into circuits to make computers that are smaller, faster, and cheaper than ever before. In 1998, scientists made a transistor from a single carbon nanotube. And it's not just the chips inside computers that use nanotechnology. The core technology contained in our memory chips is created by the use of arrays of atomic force probe tips to write, read, and record data bits on a continuous storage medium. A voltage is passed from the tip into the recording layer. This voltage changes the state of the memory medium. In the reading mode, a low voltage on the tip is used to sense the 1,0 state of the media without erasing or affecting the stored data. The nano-chips are assembled by wafer bonding a media wafer to a tip-array wafer. As seen in the drawing below, after the wafer bonding process, the nano-chips will be diced and packaged. Writing, reading, and erasing are done while scanning the media platform in X and Y. The displays on everything from iPods and cell phones to laptops and flat screen TVs are shifting to organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), made from plastic films built on the nanoscale. * Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems

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Nanomachines Nanomachines could be made into nanorobots that could be injected into our bodies to carry out repairs or sent into hazardous or dangerous environments. As is so often the case, nature leads humans here. Scientists have already found numerous examples of nanomachines in the natural world. For example, the inventions for detection of DNA hybridization and DNA damage. Electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensors rely on the conversion of the DNA base-pair recognition event into a useful electrical signal. Biosensors are small devices employing biochemical molecular recognition properties as the basis for a selective analysis. The major processes involved in any biosensors system are analyte recognition, signal transduction, and readout. Due to their specificity, speed, portability, and low cost, biosensors offer exciting opportunities for numerous decentralized clinical applications. One of the uses is detection of DNA Hybridization and DNA damage. Electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensors rely on the conversion of the DNA base-pair recognition event into a useful electrical signal. In such biosensors, the electrode is modified with single stranded oligonucleotide which acts as a probe to detect the specific DNA sequence or pair the damaged DNA. The signal is produced when the probe molecule base pairs
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(hybridization) with the target or damaged DNA strand. The stepwise detection based on the hybridization followed by signal transduction has been demonstrated as below Probe G A T G T A C C T G
Hybridization

Target G=C A=T T=A G=C T=A A=T C=G C=G T=A G=C
Signal

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures, such as semiconductor or conducting- polymer nanowires (NW), are extremely attractive for designing high-density protein arrays. Because of their high surface-to-volume ratio and novel electron transport properties, their electronic conductance is strongly influenced by minor surface perturbations (example: binding biomolecules). The detection of specific base sequences in human, viral and bacterial nucleic acids is becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis of disease DNA biosensors based on nucleic acid hybridization processes are rapidly being developed towards the goal of rapid and inexpensive diagnosis of genetic and infectious diseases. An electrochemical biosensor for the voltammetric detection of DNA sequences related to the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and TT virus (TTV) from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified real samples has been reported.

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CONCLUSIONS Since, nanotechnology have been introduced most of the thing get easier and even an unseen things can be analyzed and a lot of helpful tools has been developed originates from this nanotechnology. Even it is having a lot of advantages and widely used for nanomachines, nanochips, and nanotubes and many others advantages but it still got some disadvantages just like other technology that have been told before. Nanotechnology surely will develop well until even a small kid knows what nanotechnology used for. While the future is becoming more difficult to predict with each passing year, so, we conclude that nanotechnology is the next great technology wave and the next phase of Moores Law. Nanotechnology innovations enable myriad disruptive businesses that were not possible before, driven by entrepreneurship. Only time will tell how nanotechnology will affect our lives and hopefully it will bring a lot of advantages instead of disadvantages. Here are some nanotechnology quotes collections:
"Every industry that involves manufactured items will be impacted by nanotechnology research. Everything can be made in some way betterstronger, lighter, cheaper, easier to recycleif its engineered and manufactured at the nanometer scale." -- Stan Williams, Director of Quantum Science Research, HP Labs "We see it (nanotechnology) as having virtually unlimited potential to transform the way we produce, deliver, and use energy, not to mention its likely effect on medical technology and national security." -- U.S. Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham "Nanotechnology is the base technology of an industrial revolution in the 21st century. Those who control nanotechnology will lead the industry." -- Michiharu Nakamura, Executive VP at Hitachi "Just as silicon transistors replaced old vacuum tube technology and enabled the electronic age, carbon nanotube devices could open a new era of electronics." -- Margaret Blohm, GE's Advanced Technology Leader for Nanotechnology "Nanotechnology is going to change America on a scale equal to, if not greater than, the computer revolution. Harnessing the power of nanotechnology is one of the keys to ensuring that our nation continues to be an economic powerhouse in this new century." -- U.S. Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR)

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"We believe that nanotech is the next great technology wave, the nexus of scientific innovation that revolutionizes most industries and indirectly affects the fabric of society. Historians will look back on the upcoming epoch with no less portent than the Industrial Revolution." -- Steve Jurvetson, Partner, Draper Fisher Jurvetson "Nanotechnology is probably, as a phenomenon, the single most important new emerging force in technology." -- Charlie Harris, CEO, Harris & Harris Group "There is a full court press in every advanced nation in the world to leverage nanotech with economic muscle." -- Arden Bement, Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology "We think that the biggest breakthroughs in nanotechnology are going to be in the new materials that are developed." -- Troy Kirkpatrick, GE Global Research.

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REFERENCES B.Viswanathan (2009). Nano Materials. Alpha Science International Ltd. Morris Sylvin (2006). Nanotchnology. Sarup & Sons Dr.Parag Diwan, Ashish Bharadwaj (2006). Nanoelectronics. Pentagon Press. Lund University (2008, April 24). First Transistor Using Nanotechnology is 50 Times More Energy than Current Models. Nanotechnology recent developments, risks and opportunities, Lloyds (2007),retrieved November 15, 2011, from http://www.nano.dtu.dk/upload/centre/nanet/nyheder/lloydsemergingrisksteamrep ort nanotechnology_report.pdf Potential disadvantage of nanotechnology, Retrieved November 15, 2011 from http://nanogloss.com/nanotechnology/the-potential-disadvantages-ofnanotechnology/#ixzz1eCGpdZW0 Laras sains dan technology, Retrieved November 18,2011,from

http://goaypastpm.wordpress.com/category/kertas-2- stpm/bahagian-b-karanganlaras-sains-dan-teknologi/page/2/ Nanoteknologi, Retrieved December 1,2011,from

http://www.infodesa.gov.my/web/guest/ict//asset_publisher/7ICc/content/nanoteknologi:-teknologi-seni-berimpakbesar?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fict

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