Cell Division Mitosis Interphase is the largest part of cell cycle G1 phase is first growth of cytoplasm and organelles

s S phase duplicate half of chromatid result is homologous pair of chromosomes. Even though the chromosomes have been duplicated, they are still considered a single unit. G2 complete growth prepare for mitosis again Surface to Volume ratio makes cell divide. Double radius- square surface area and cube volume if volume is too big can't take in enough nutrients Sends signal for g2 phase to end and mitotic phase starts again Genome to volume ratio the sum of all genetic material that a cell has S phase inc genome G phase inc volume and will lose control of cell if it keeps growing Certain cells have check points Checkpoints regulate cell cycle. Cell stops to evaluate internal and environmental stats 1st checkpoint toward end of g1 phase Something is wrong picked up at checkpoint Cell stops growth in the g0 phase starts later Nerve cells permanently in g0 phase no replication G2 in middle of g2 phase proofread just replicated DNA stops production of abnormal cells Timing of cell division is also controlled by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases Prophase Nucleolus disappears, chromosomes thicken into coils and become visible (chromatin) Nuclear envelope breaks down Mitotic spindle is assembled. Several MTOCs in animal cells. Tubulin makes them get longer and anchor to chromosomes Centrioles move toward opposite ends of the cells. Sister chromatids are held together by a centromere (which is a microtubular organizing center) which contains a specialized section inside called a kinetochore where the spindle fibers will attach Metaphase Chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane/metaphase plate. Anaphase Sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move to opposite poles. They are pulled apart by microtubules which begin to disassemble. Chromatids contain DNA and are considered to be the same as chromosomes Telophase

Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and nucleoli reappear. Nuclear membrane divides Cytoplasm divides in a process called cytokinesis Cleavage furrow is produced by actin and myosin microfilaments Cell membrane forms around each cell and they split into 2 distinct daughter cells In plants the cell doesn't form a cleavage furrow but a cell plate forms down the middle (formed by the fusion of vesicles from the golgi apparatus) Goes back into Interphase

Meiosis aka reduction division Meiosis I Prophase I Nuclear membrane disappears, chromatid condense into chromosomes, nucleoli disappear, and centrioles move to opposite poles of nucleus. Spindle apparatus created. Chromosomes line up side-by-side with their homologues, called Synapsis 2 sets of chromosomes come together to form a tetrad/bivalent. Consists of 4 chromatids Corresponding regions along nonsister chromatid form close associations called chiasmata Crossing over occurs and is the exchange of segments between homologous chromosomes at chiasmata The longer the chromatid the greater the chance it will break off Homologous chromosomes are held together at chiasmata Synaptonemal complex is the tetrads together with chiasmata and crossing over events. Metaphase I Tetrads line up at the metaphase plate Spindle apparatus to kinetochore Microtubules to first and second pair Anaphase I One pair of chromosomes within a tetrad separates and moves to opposite poles Chromosomes do NOT separate at the centromere and the centromeres remain intact Telophase I Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes (half the number of chromosomes but each chromosome contains 2 chromatids instead of just 1). 2 daughter cells after cytokinesis Nucleus contains haploid number of chromosomes but each chromosome is a duplicated chromosome

Meiosis II Prophase II- Chromosomes condense and become visible, nuclear envelope disappears and spindle apparatus develops. There is no crossing over or chiasmata Metaphase II- Chromosomes move toward metaphase plate. Half number of chromosomes Anaphase II- Chromatids of each chromosome split at the centromere and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. 2 chromatids per chromosome Telophase II- Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and a total of 4 haploid cells are produced. Contact Inhibition Is a phenomenon when cells cease dividing when they become crowded. Also called density-dependent inhibition. A property of normal cells grown in culture. Cancer cells do not exhibit this characteristic; their growth is uncontrolled.