1

nA1lCnAL lnS1l1u1L Cl 1LCPnCLCC? 8Cu8kLLA

SUBMISSION OF PRO1ECT REPORT
DYNAMIC
CIVIL




nA1lCnAL lnS1l1u1L Cl 1LCPnCLCC? 8Cu8kLLA
SUBMISSION OF PRO1ECT REPORT
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF
Under the guidance oI ProI
DEPT OF CIVIL ENGG
NIT ROURKELA
SUBMITTED
ALAPAN BHOWMIK
CIVIL ENGG DEPT
nA1lCnAL lnS1l1u1L Cl 1LCPnCLCC? 8Cu8kLLA






SUBMISSION OF PRO1ECT REPORT
ON
ANALYSIS OF A MULTISTOREY
FRAME

Under the guidance oI ProI
A.V.Asha
DEPT OF CIVIL ENGG
NIT ROURKELA

SUBMITTED
BY
ALAPAN BHOWMIK
10501019
ENGG DEPT, NIT ROURKELA
nA1lCnAL lnS1l1u1L Cl 1LCPnCLCC? 8Cu8kLLA
SUBMISSION OF PRO1ECT REPORT
A MULTISTOREY
Under the guidance oI ProI
DEPT OF CIVIL ENGG
NIT ROURKELA
SUBMITTED
ALAPAN BHOWMIK
ROURKELA
nA1lCnAL lnS1l1u1L Cl 1LCPnCLCC? 8Cu8kLLA
SUBMISSION OF PRO1ECT REPORT
A MULTISTOREY
ROURKELA
2















This is to certiIy that Alapan Bhowmik, Roll no
10501019 has done his project work in his Iinal year
B.Tech degree course on the subject oI '
Analysis oI
ProI A.V.Asha, dept oI Civil Engg, NIT ROURKELA.










CERTIFICATION
This is to certiIy that Alapan Bhowmik, Roll no
10501019 has done his project work in his Iinal year
ech degree course on the subject oI '
nalysis oI a multi-storey Irame
ProI A.V.Asha, dept oI Civil Engg, NIT ROURKELA.
ProI A.V.Asha.
Dept oI Civil Engg
NIT ROURKELA.
CERTIFICATION
This is to certiIy that Alapan Bhowmik, Roll no
10501019 has done his project work in his Iinal year
ech degree course on the subject oI '
storey Irame under the guidance oI
ProI A.V.Asha, dept oI Civil Engg, NIT ROURKELA.
Forwarded
By
ProI A.V.Asha.
Dept oI Civil Engg
NIT ROURKELA.
CERTIFICATION
This is to certiIy that Alapan Bhowmik, Roll no
10501019 has done his project work in his Iinal year
ech degree course on the subject oI 'Dynamic
under the guidance oI
ProI A.V.Asha, dept oI Civil Engg, NIT ROURKELA.
ProI A.V.Asha.
Dept oI Civil Engg
NIT ROURKELA.
This is to certiIy that Alapan Bhowmik, Roll no
10501019 has done his project work in his Iinal year
Dynamic
under the guidance oI
ProI A.V.Asha, dept oI Civil Engg, NIT ROURKELA.
3




ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep gratitude to my project guide
ProI A.V.Asha Ior her able guidance. It is only Ior her
constant suggestions that I have been able to Iinish my project
work.





Alapan Bhowmik
8
TH
SEM,
Civil Engg







4










CONTENTS

1. Introduction............................................................ 6

2. Staad Pro an overview.............................................7

3. Theory oI static analysis..........................................8

4. Static Analysis oI a problem...................................14

5. Theory oI dynamic Analysis..................................16

6. Building under seismic load....................................25

7. Finding the natural Irequency oI a structure............35

8. Conclusion...............................................................37

9. ReIerences...............................................................38
3



















1. INTRODUCTION

In every aspect oI human civilisation we needed structures to
live in or to get what we need. But it is not only building
structures but to build eIIicient structures so that it can IulIil
the main purpose Ior what it was made Ior. Here comes the
role oI civil engineering and more precisely the role oI
analysis oI structure. There are many classical methods to
solve design problem, and with time new soItwares also
coming into play. Here in this project work recent Iem based
soItware named staad pro has been used. Few standard
problems also have been solved to show how staad pro can be
used in diIIerent cases. It was not possible to venture into
every aspect oI analysis. Static analysis, Seismic analysis and
natural Irequency have been done using Staad pro. These
typical problems have been solved using basic concept oI
loading, analysis, condition as per is code. These basic
techniques may be Iound useIul Ior Iurther analysis oI
problems. Staad pro gives more precise and accurate results
than manual techniques.
6



















2. Staad pro: An overview

Staad pro is soItware which is based on the techniques oI
Iinite element method. It is one oI the most popular soItware
available now days. The soItware mainly does design works.
The main steps in staad pro doing problems are

Creating the geometry using diIIerent methods

DeIining the Cross-Sections oI Beams, Columns, Plates

DeIining the Constants, SpeciIications, and Supports

DeIining the Load Systems

Analyzing your Model using the appropriate
Analysis method

7

Reviewing the Analysis Results

PerIorming Concrete Design

PerIorming Steel Design














3. STATIC ANALYSIS

3.1 TRUSS:
A plane truss is deIined as a system oI bars, all lying in one
plane and joined together at their ends in a such way as to
Iorm a rigid Irame work. When a truss is supported at vertical
plane and is subjected to loads at joints, reactions will be
produced at the supports. To balance the external Iorces
internal axial Iorces will be produced at the members.
Determination oI these Iorces is known as analysis oI truss.

3.2 BASIC EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIOS:

Any body initially at rest and that continues to remain at rest
as loads are applied is said to be in state oI static equilibrium.
When any motion occurs the body is said to be in dynamic
equilibrium. A single body in two dimensional space will be in
static equilibrium, iI Iorces in x direction,y direction, and
moment about a point is summed up to zero.
8





3.3 EQUILIBRIUM, COMPATIBILITY AND FORCE
DISPLACEMENT RELATION:

The complete analysis oI truss will require the use oI three
principles oI

1. Equilibrium.

2. Compatibility
.
3. Force Displacement relations.

In the cases oI two dimensional analysis the three basic
equation oI equilibrium are to be satisIied. All the Iorces in x
direction, y direction and moment about a particular point will
summed up to zero.
Compatibility is essentially a statement oI how the structure
must Iit together.
Compatibility is the relation between the deIormations oI the
system.

3.4 FORCE DISPLACEMENT RELATION:

In the study oI deIormed bodies there is a term constitutive
law which reIers
to the relations between stresses and strain.Using the
Constitutive laws Ior a given material and the concepts oI
equilibrium and compatibility we can deIine the Iorce
deIormation relation oI any structural element.
There are two basic ways to express the relations.the Iirst way
to express the relation is
Fke.
Where I and e are member Iorce and displacement.
K is the stiIIness oI the element.
The stiIIness has units oI Iorce per length and may be thought
oI as Iorce necessary to hold the element to a unit
9

displacement. the second Iorm oI Iorce displacement equation
is
e1/k*I
eFI
in this case the quantity I has units oI length per Iorce and
deIines the Ilexibility oI the structural element. A Ilexibility
coeIIicient may be thought oI as the displacement that results
Irom a unit load. We can see that in this model the Ilexibility
is simply reciprocal oI the stiIIness. the Ilexibilities and
stiIInesses oI elements with multiple element Iorces are also
related by this inverse property.


3.5 STEPS TO BASIC STIFFNESS PROPERTIES:

The steps oI the basic stiIIness method can be stated as
Iollows
1. P I(F), eI(d), FI(e).
2. eI(d),FI(e)I(d).
Substitute the compatibility relations into Iorce
displacement relation to obtain a system oI equation
oI equations relating the member Iorces to the
displacement.
3. FI(d), pI(F)I(d).
Substitute the member Iorces now in terms oI d, into
the equilibrium equation to obtain a system oI
equations relating the structural Iorces to the structural
displacement.
4. Solve the equations oI step 3, which are written in the
directions oI the degrees oI Ireedom Ior Iree
displacement.
5. solve the equations in step three that are written in the
directions oI the prescribed displacement Ior the Iorces in
the directions oI the prescribed displacements.
6. step 4 completely deIines displacements. These
displacements may now be substituted to the equations oI
step 2 to determine the member Iorces.



10

3.6 THE USE OF MATRICES:

We have already seen the use oI condition oI equilibrium;
compatibility and Iorce displacement are all expressed in
terms oI systems oI simultaneous equations. Through
series oI substitutions it is possible to Iorm a system oI n
equations in n unknowns that has a solution. The
substitution process and eventual solution can be more
conveniently expressed in a matrix Iormat. The matrix
operations are essentially an eIIicient way to carry out the
substitution process among diIIerent sets oI simultaneous
equation. In addition to convenience and compactness Ior
hand computations, matrices are conveniently represented
by arrays and vectors in computer codes. Once the steps
oI a method are described in a matrix Iormat the transIer
to computer code is reliably straightIorward.
So below are the some general notations Ior the matrices
that will be used in each oI the steps oI basic stiIIness
method.
1. Equilibrium, compatibility and Iorce displacement
relations. We have developed the idea oI statics matrix
|B| that relates applied and reactive Iorces. Using the
notations, our equilibrium equations in the directions oI
the steps oI the basic stiIIness method.

P}|B|F}

P is the applied loads.
B statics matrix.
F spring Iorces.
The compatibility relations connects the internal
deIormations e} to the Iree motions oI the jointsd}
e}|A|d}

e spring elongations.
A compatibility matrix.
D degrees oI Ireedom.
Finally the load displacement relations Ior the stiIIness
method are in the Iorm Fke.
So in the matrix Iorm we can write
11

F}|k|e}

Where F denotes spring Iorces.
K is unassembled stiIIness matrix.
e is spring deIormations.
With these deIinitions we can now express the remaining
steps symbolically.

2. Substituting the compatibility relation into the Iorce
displacement relation.
e}|A|d}
F}|K|e}
F}|K||A|d}

3. Now substituting F} into equilibrium condition.
F}|k||A|d}
P}|B|F}
P}|B||k||A|d}
Now here we can combine the triplet product |B||K||A|
into one matrix to obtain
P}|K|d}
Where |K| is structure stiIIness matrix.

Now solving the equation Ior the displacement d

d}P}/|K|
5. Now returning to the result oI step 2 and compute F}
Irom the equation

F}|k||A|d}

Above all the matrices Iormed it is a straightIorward set
oI matrix operations that yields a complete solution Ior all
displacements and all Iorces.



3.7
INTRODUCTION TO FINITE ELEMENT METHOD:

12

AIter having the idea oI matrices applications we can start
the Iinite element method. In a truss, every element is in
direct compression and tension. Classical methods like
methods oI sections, method oI joints are still in use but
these methods are tedious when applied to large scale
statically indeterminate structure. Further joints
displacements are not readily obtainable. The Iinite
element method method on the other hand is applicable to
statically determinate or indeterminate structure. The
Iinite element method also provides the joint deIlections.
EIIects oI temperature changes and support settlements
are also routinely handled. Elements oI a truss have
various orientations. To account Ior these diIIerent
orientations local and global co-ordinate systems are
introduced.
To assist these co ordinate systems, simultaneously local
and global stiIIness matrix is also introduced in Iinite
element method.
Global stiIIness matrix is Iormed by the superposition oI
local stiIIness matrixes.

Finally stiIIness matrix is the integral part oI Iorce
displacement equation and subsequently we can venture
into some solutions like stress calculations, joint
displacement, temperature eIIects etc.

So we can solve statically determinate or indeterminate
truss alike in Iinite element methods. It has edge over the
classical methods.











13




















4.1 A truss undergoing point load at edge

14



13

4.2 Member stresses
16



5 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

All real physical structures, when subjected to loads or
displacements, behave dynamically. The additional inertia
Iorces, from Aewton's second law, are equal to the mass times
the acceleration. II the loads or displacements are applied very
slowly then the inertia Iorces can be neglected and a static
load analysis can be justiIied. Hence, dynamic analysis is a
simple extension oI static analysis.
In addition, all real structures potentially have an inIinite
number oI displacements. ThereIore, the most critical phase oI
a structural analysis is to create a computer model, with a
Iinite number oI massless members and a Iinite number oI
node (joint) displacements that will simulate the behaviour oI
the real structure. The mass oI a structural system, which can
be accurately estimated, is lumped at the nodes. Also, Ior
linear elastic structures the stiIIness properties oI the
members, with the aid oI experimental data, can be
approximated with a high degree oI conIidence. However, the
dynamic loading, energy dissipation properties and boundary
(Ioundation) conditions Ior many structures are diIIicult to
estimate. This is always true Ior the cases oI seismic input or
wind loads. To reduce the errors that may be caused by the
approximations summarized in the previous paragraph, it is
necessary to conduct many diIIerent dynamic analyses using
diIIerent computer models, loading and boundary conditions.
It is not realistic to conduct 20 or more computer runs to
design a new structure or to

5.1
STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Because oI the large number oI computer runs required Ior a
typical dynamic analysis, it is very important that accurate and
numerically eIIicient methods be used within computer
programs.


17




5.2
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
The Iorce equilibrium oI a multi-degree-oI-Ireedom lumped
mass system as a Iunction oI time can be expressed by the
Iollowing relationship:
F(t)I F(t)D F(t)S F(t)in which the Iorce vectors at time t
are F(t)I is a vector oI inertia Iorces acting on the node masses
F(t)D is a vector oI viscous damping, or energy dissipation,
Iorces
F(t)S is a vector oI internal Iorces carried by the structure F(t)
is a vector oI externally applied loads
Equation is based on physical laws and is valid Ior both linear
and nonlinear systems iI equilibrium is Iormulated with
respect to the deIormed geometry oI the structure. For many
structural systems, the approximation oI linear structural
behavior is
made in order to convert the physical equilibrium statement,
Equation to the Iollowing set oI second-order, linear,
diIIerential equations:
Mu(t)a Cu(t)a Ku (t)a F(t)

in which M is the mass matrix (lumped or consistent), C is a
viscous damping matrix (which is normally selected to
approximate energy dissipation in the real structure) and K is
the static stiIIness matrix Ior the system oI structural elements.
The time-dependent vectors u(t)a , &u(t)a and && u(t)a are
the absolute node displacements, velocities and accelerations,
respectively. Investigate retroIit options Ior an existing
structure. For seismic loading, the external loading F(t) is
equal to zero. The basic seismic motions are the three
components oI Iree-Iield ground displacements u(t)ig that are
Known at some point below the Ioundation level oI the
structure. ThereIore, we can write Equation (2) in terms oI the
displacements u(t), velocities &u(t) and accelerations && u(t)
that are relative to the three components oI Iree-Iield ground
displacements. ThereIore, the absolute displacements,
18

velocities and accelerations can be eliminated Irom Equation
by writing the Iollowing simple equations:
u(t)a u(t) I u(t)xg I u(t)vg I u(t :g).
where Ii is a vector with ones in the 'i directional degrees-oI-
Ireedom and zero in all other positions. The substitution oI
Equation (3) into Equation (2) allows the node point
equilibrium equations to be rewritten as
Mu(t) Cu(t) Ku(t) - M xu(t)xg- M vu(t)vg -M:u(t):g

The simpliIied Iorm oI Equation (4) is possible since the rigid
body velocities and displacements associated with the base
motions cause no additional damping or structural Iorces to be
developed.
It is important Ior engineers to realize that the displacements,
which are normally printed by a computer program, are
relative displacements and that the Iundamental loading on the
structure is Ioundation displacements and not externally
applied loads at the joints oI the structure. For example, the
static pushover analysis oI a structure is a poor approximation
oI the dynamic behaviour oI a three dimensional structure
subjected to complex time-dependent base motions. Also, one
must calculate absolute displacements to properly evaluate
base isolation systems. There are several diIIerent classical
methods that can be used Ior the solution oI Equation. Each
method has advantages and disadvantages that depend on the
type oI structure and loading. To provide a general
background Ior the various topics presented in this book, the
diIIerent numerical solution methods are summarized below.

5.3
STEP BY STEP SOLUTION METHOD
The most general solution method Ior dynamic analysis is an
incremental method in which the equilibrium equations are
solved at times Dt, 2Dt, 3Dt, etc. There are a large number oI
diIIerent incremental solution methods. In general, they
involve a solution oI the complete set oI equilibrium equations
at each time increment. In the case oI nonlinear analysis, it
may be necessary to reIorm the stiIIness matrix Ior the
complete structural system Ior each time step. Also, iteration
may be required within each time increment to satisIy
19

equilibrium. As a result oI the large computational
requirements it can take a signiIicant amount oI time to solve
structural systems with just a Iew hundred degrees-oI-
Ireedom. In addition, artiIicial or numerical damping must be
added to most incremental solution methods in order to obtain
stable solutions. For this reason, engineers must be very
careIul in the interpretation oI the results. For some nonlinear
structures, subjected to seismic motions, incremental solution
methods are necessary.
For very large structural systems, a combination oI mode
superposition and incremental methods has been Iound to be
eIIicient Ior systems with a small number oI nonlinear
members. This method has been incorporated in the new
versions oI SAP and ETABS.

5.4
MODE SUPERPOSITION METHOD
The most common and eIIective approach Ior seismic analysis
oI linear structural systems is the mode superposition method.
This method, aIter a set oI orthogonal vectors are evaluated,
reduces the large set oI global equilibrium equations to a
relatively small number oI uncoupled second order diIIerential
equations. The numerical solution oI these equations involves
greatly reduced computational time. It has been shown that
seismic motions excite only the lower Irequencies oI the
structure. Typically, earthquake ground accelerations are
recorded at increments oI 200 points per second. ThereIore,
the basic loading data does not contain inIormation over 50
cycles per second. Hence, neglecting the higher Irequencies
and mode shapes oI the system normally does not introduce
errors.

5.5
RESPONSE SPECTRA ANALYSIS
The basic mode superposition method, which is restricted to
linearly elastic analysis, produces the complete time history
response oI joint displacements and member Iorces due to a
speciIic ground motion loading |1,2|. There are two major
disadvantages oI using this approach. First, the method
produces a large amount oI output inIormation that can require
20

an enormous amount oI computational eIIort to conduct all
possible design checks as a Iunction oI time. Second, the
analysis must be repeated Ior several diIIerent earthquake
motions in order to assure that all the signiIicant modes are
excited, since a response spectrum Ior one earthquake, in a
speciIied direction, is not a smooth Iunction. There are
signiIicant computational advantages in using the response
spectra method oI seismic analysis Ior prediction oI
displacements and member Iorces in structural
systems. The method involves the calculation oI only the
maximum values oI the displacements and member Iorces in
each mode using smooth design spectra that are the average oI
several earthquake motions. In this book, we will recommend
the CQC method to combine these maximum modal response
values to obtain the most probable peak value oI displacement
or Iorce. In addition, it will be shown that the SRSS and
CQC3 methods oI combining results Irom orthogonal
earthquake motions will allow one dynamic analysis to
produce design Iorces Ior all members in the structure.


5.6
SOLUTION IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN
The basic approach, used to solve the dynamic equilibrium
equations in the Irequency domain, is to expand the external
loads F(t) in terms oI Fourier series or Fourier integrals. The
solution is in terms oI complex numbers that cover the time
span Irom - to . ThereIore, it is very eIIective Ior periodic
types oI loads such as mechanical vibrations, acoustics, sea-
waves and wind |1|. However, the use oI the Irequency
domain solution method Ior solving structures subjected to
earthquake motions has the Iollowing disadvantages:

1. The mathematics, Ior most structural engineers including
myselI, is diIIicult to understand. Also, the solutions are
diIIicult to veriIy.

2. Earthquake loading is not periodic; thereIore, it is necessary
to select a long time
21

period in order that the solution Irom a Iinite length
earthquake is completely damped out prior to the application
oI the same earthquake at the start oI the next period oI
loading.

3. For seismic type loading the method is not numerically
eIIicient. The transIormation oI the result Irom the Irequency
domain to the time domain, even with the use oI Fast Fourier
TransIormation methods, requires a signiIicant
amount oI computational eIIort.

4. The method is restricted to the solution oI linear structural
systems.

5. The method has been used, without suIIicient theoretical
justiIication, Ior the approximate nonlinear solution oI site
response problems and soil/structure interaction problems.
Typically, it is used in an iterative manner to create linear
equations. The linear damping terms are changed aIter each
iteration in order to approximate the energy dissipation in the
soil. Hence, dynamic equilibrium,within the soil, is not
satisIied.

The step-by-step solution oI the dynamic equilibrium
equations, the solution in the
Irequency domain, and the evaluation oI eigenvectors and Ritz
vectors all require the
solution oI linear equations oI the Iollowing Iorm:
AX B Where A is an `N by N` symmetric matrix which
contains a large number oI zero terms. The `N by M` X
displacement and B load matrices indicate that more than one
load condition can be solved at the same time. The method
used in many computer programs, including SAP2000 |5| and
ETABS
|6|, is based on the proIile or active column method oI
compact storage. Because the matrix is symmetric, it is only
necessary to Iorm and store the Iirst nonzero term in each
column down to the diagonal term in that column. ThereIore,
the sparse
22

square matrix can be stored as a one dimensional array along
with a A by 1 integer array that ndicates the location oI each
diagonal term. II the stiIIness matrix exceeds the high-speed
memory capacity oI the computer a block storage Iorm oI the
algorithm exists. ThereIore, the capacity oI the solution
method is governed by the low speed disk capacity oI the
computer. This solution method is presented in detail in
Appendix C oI this book.



5.7
UNDAMPED HARMONIC RESPONSE
The most common and very simple type oI dynamic loading is
the application oI steady-state harmonic loads oI the Iollowing
Iorm:

F(t) f sin(w t) The node point distribution oI all static load
patterns, f , which are not a Iunction oI time, and the
Irequency oI the applied loading, w , are user speciIied.
ThereIore, Ior the case oI zero damping, the exact node point
equilibrium equations Ior the structural system are
Mu(t) Ku(t) f sin(w t) The exact steady-state solution oI
this equation requires that the node pointdisplacements and
accelerations are given by
u(t) v sin( t) , ThereIore, the harmonic node point response
amplitude is given by the solution oI the Iollowing set oI
linear equations:
Kv f
It is oI interest to note that the normal solution Ior static loads
is nothing more than a solution oI this equation Ior zero
Irequency Ior all loads. It is apparent that the computational
eIIort required Ior the calculation oI undamped steady-state
response
is almost identical to that required by a static load analysis.
Note that it is not necessary to evaluate mode shapes or
Irequencies to solve Ior this very common type oI loading.
The resulting node point displacements and member Iorces
vary as sin(w t). However, other types oI loads that do not
23

vary with time, such as dead loads, must be evaluated in a
separate computer run.



5.8
UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATIONS
Most structures are in a continuous state oI dynamic motion
because oI random loading such as wind, vibrating equipment,
or human loads. These small ambient vibrations are normally
near the natural Irequencies oI the structure and are terminated
by energy dissipation in the real structure. However, special
instruments attached to the structure can easily measure the
motion. Ambient vibration Iield
tests are oIten used to calibrate computer models oI structures
and their Ioundations.AIter all external loads are removed
Irom the structure, the equilibrium equation, which governs
the undamped Iree vibration oI a typical displaced shape v, is

Mv Kv 0
At any time the displaced shape v may be a natural mode
shape oI the system, or
any combination oI the natural mode shapes. However, it is
apparent the total energy within an undamped Iree vibrating
system is a constant with respect to time. The sum oI the
kinetic energy and strain energy, at all points in time, is a
constant
and is deIined as the mechanical energy oI the dynamic
system and can be calculated Irom:

E(m)1/2v(t)Mv+1/2v(t)Kv.


Dynamic analysis oI three dimensional structural systems is a
direct extension oI static analysis. The elastic stiIIness
matrices are the same Ior both dynamic and static analysis. It
is only necessary to lump the mass oI the structure at the
joints.The addition oI inertia Iorces and energy dissipation
Iorces will satisIy dynamic equilibrium. The dynamic solution
Ior steady state harmonic loading, without damping, involves
24

the same numerical eIIort as a static solution. Classically,
there
are many diIIerent mathematical methods to solve the
dynamic equilibrium equations. Energy is Iundamental in
dynamic analysis. At any point in time the external work
supplied to the system must be equal to the sum oI the kinetic
and strain energy plus the energy dissipated in the system.It is
my opinion, with respect to earthquake resistant design, that
we should try tominimize the mechanical energy in the
structure. It is apparent that a rigid structure will have only
kinetic energy and zero strain energy. On the other hand, a
completely base isolated structure will have zero kinetic
energy and zero strain energy. A structure cannot Iail iI it has
zero strain energy.


























23




BUILDING UNDER SEISMIC LOAD

6.1
Theoretical background:

Any type oI movement in the earth surIace is known as
earthquake. It may be caused by natural or man-made
activities. For design purposes ground motions are derived
Irom strong motion accelerograms that are recorded by special
accelerograph instruments. The velocity and displacement
may be Iound by integrating acceleration.

There are several methods Ior Iinding the duration oI shaking.
The summation method TriIunac and Brady is a Iamous one
(1975).

6.2
Response spectra:

A response spectrum is a plot oI the peak values oI the
response (displacement, velocity, or acceleration) oI a number
oI SDOF systems with diIIerent natural vibration periods
subjected to the same seismic input. ThereIore, an acceleration
response spectrum represents the peak accelerations that a
suite oI SDOF systems with a range oI natural periods may
exhibit when subject to a given ground motion component.

Site-speciIic response spectra are developed using source to
site distances, appropriate attenuation relationships, expected
magnitudes, and actual local site conditions. ThereIore, it is
typically assumed that site-speciIic studies will provide more
accurate acceleration spectra than using the codiIied standard
acceleration spectra. Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps oI
Engineers (1999) describes the conditions requiring a site-
speciIic ground motion study. Site-speciIic response spectra
can be generated by means oI a deterministic seismic hazard
analysis (DSHA) or a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis
26

(PSHA). In the DSHA, the site ground motions are estimated
Ior a speciIic earthquake scenario, deIined as a seismic event
oI a certain magnitude Ior a particular seismic source
occurring at a certain distance Irom the site. The
representation oI the ground motions in terms oI the
corresponding site-speciIic response spectra is achieved by
using appropriate attenuation relationships. InIormation on
this approach can be Iound in HQUSACE (1999). The PSHA
is an approach that uses the likelihood (probability) that a
given level oI ground motion will occur during a speciIic
exposure period. In the PSHA, the site ground motions are
deIined Ior selected values oI
the probability oI exceedance in a given time exposure period,
or Ior selected values oI annual Irequency or return period Ior
ground motion exceedance.

6.3
Seismic zones in india:

The varying geology at diIIerent locations in the country
implies that the likelihood oI damaging earthquakes taking
place at diIIerent locations is diIIerent. Thus, a seismic zone
map is required to identiIy these regions. Based on the levels
oI intensities sustained during damaging past earthquakes, the
1970 version oI the zone map subdivided India into Iive
zones I, II, III, IV and V (Figure 3). The maximum ModiIied
Mercalli (MM) intensity oI seismic shaking expected in these
zones were J or less, JI, JII, JIII, and IX and higher,
respectively.

6.4
Seismic coefficients:
The Seismic CoeIIicients are dimensionless coeIIicients
which represent the (maximum) earthquake acceleration as a
Iraction oI the acceleration due to gravity. Typical values are
in the range oI 0.1 to 0.3.
27

When a seismic coeIIicient is deIined, an additional Body
Force will be applied to each finite element in the mesh, as
Iollows:
Seismic Force Seismic CoeIIicient * Body Force (due to
gravity)
Seismic CoeIIicient * (area oI element
* Unit Weight oI element material)
Body Force (due to gravity) is simply the selI-weight
oI a Iinite element.
The Seismic body Iorce is vectorially added to the
(downward) Body Force which exists due to gravity,
to obtain the total body Iorce acting on the element.
6.5
Seismic zone factor:
The seismic zone Iactor (or Z Iactor) corresponds numerically
to the eIIective horizontal peak bedrock acceleration (or
equivalent velocity) that is estimated as a component oI the
design base shear calculation. For instance, the area within
seismic Zone 1 (Z-Iactor oI 0.1) should expect an earthquake-
related eIIective peak bedrock acceleration oI 0.1 times the
Iorce oI gravity. These values correspond to ground motion
values with a 10 percent probability oI being exceeded in 50
years.
Seismic Zone 2 is subdivided into two regions. Seismic Zone
2A has a Z-Iactor oI 0.15 and is not associated with a
particular Iault zone: Seismic Zone 2B (not in this mapping
area) has a Z Iactor oI 0.20 and indicates an association with
known crustal Iaults.

28

6.6
Structure importance factor:
Most building codes over the world require that very
important structures be designed Ior a seismic coeIIicient
equal to that used Ior ordinary structures multiplied by a Iactor
greater than one, called the importance Iactor. This Iactor is
set intuitively or arbitrarily, varying between very wide limits
and always independent oI the design coeIIicients oI ordinary
structures; in other words, independent oI the site seismicity
and the properties oI the structures. Thus, the International
Building Code stipulates Iactors oI 1 or 1.5 depending on the
type oI Iacility.

6.7
Criteria for designing building under seismic loading:

Earthquakes cause random motion oI ground which can be
resolved in any three mutually perpendicular directions. This
motion causes the structure to vibrate. The vibration intensity
oI ground expected at any location depends upon the
magnitude oI earthquake, the depth oI Iocus, distance Irom the
epicentre and the strata on which the structure stands.
The predominant direction oI vibration is horizontal. Relevant
combinations oI Iorces applicable Ior design oI a particular
structure have been speciIied in the relevant clauses.
3.1.2 The response oI the structure to the ground vibration is a
Iunction oI the nature oI Ioundation soil; materials, Iorm, size
and mode oI construction oI the struture; and the duration and
the intensity oI ground motion. This standard speciIies design
seismic coeIIicient Ior structures standing on soils or rocks
which will not settle or slide due to Ioss oI strength during
vibrations.





29

6.8
IS: 1893 - 1984 SPECIFICATION:

The seismic coeIIicients recommended in this standard are
based on design practice conventionally Iollowed and
perIormance oI structures in past earthquakes, It is well
understood that the Iorces which structures would be subjected
to in actual earthquakes, would be very much larger than
speciIied in this standard as basic seismic coeIIicient. In order
to take care oI this gap, Ior special cases importance Iactor and
perIormance Iactor
( where necessary ) are speciIied in this standard
elsewhere.3.1.4 In the case oI structures designed Ior
horizontal seismic Iorce only, it shall be considered to act in
any one direction at a time. Where both horizontal and vertical
seismic Iorces are taken into account, horizontal
Iorce in any one direction at a time may be considered
simultaneously with the vertical Iorce as speciIied in 3.4.5.
3.1.5 The vertical seismic coeIIicient shall be considered in
the case oI
structures in which stability is a criterion oI design or, Ior
overall stability, analysis oI structures except as otherwise
stated in the relevant clauses. 3.1.6 Equipment and systems
supported at various Iloor levels oI structures will be subjected
to motions corresponding to vibrations at their support points.
In important cases, it may be necessary to obtain Iloor
response spectra Ior design.

Assumptions - The Iollowing assumptions shall be made in
the earthquake resistant design oI structures:

1) Earthquake causes impulsive ground motion which is
complex and irregular in character, changing in period and
amplitude each lasting Ior small duration. ThereIore,
resonance oI the type as visualized under steady state
sinusoidal excitations will not occur as it would need time to
build up such amplitudes.

2) Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind
or maximum Ilood or Maximum sea waves.
30


3) The value oI elastic modulus oI materials, wherever
required, may be taken as Ior static analysis unless a more
deIinite value is available Ior use in such condition.






6.9
Permissible Increase in Stresses and Load Factors

Whenever earthquake Iorces are considered along with other
normal design Iorces, the permissible stresses in materials, in
the elastic method oI design, may be increased by one-third.
However, Ior steels having a deIinite yield stress, the stress be
limited to the yield stress; Ior steels without a deIinite yield
point, the will stress will be limited to 80 percent oI the
ultimate strength or 0.2 percent prooI stress whichever is
smaller and that in prestressed concrete members, the tensile
stress in the extreme Iibres oI the concrete may be permitted
so as not to exceed 213 oI the modulus oI rupture oI concrete.

Load Factors - Whenever earthquake Iorces are considered
along with other normal design Iorces, the Iollowing Iactors
may be adopted:

a) For ultimate load design oI steel structures:
UL 1*4(DLLLEL) where

UL the ultimate load Ior which the structure or its elements
should be designed according to the relevant Indian Standards
Ior steel structures;

DL the dead load oI the structure;

LL the superimposed load on the structure considering its
ModiIied values as given in the relevant clauses oI this
Standard
31


EL the value oI the earthquake load adopted Ior design,



For limit state design oI reinIorced and prestressed concrete
Structures.

The partial saIety Iactors Ior limit states oI serviceability and
collapse and the procedure Ior design as given in relevant
Indian Standards ( ste IS : 456-1978* and IS . 1343-1980t )
may be used Ior earthquake loads combined with other
normal loads, The live load values to be used shall be as given
in the relevant clauses oI this standard.


6.10
Design Criteria for Multi-storeyed Buildings:

A) The criteria Ior design oI multi-storeyed buildings &ail be
as In case oI buildings with Iloors capable oI providing rigid
horizontal diaphragm action, a separate building or any block
oI a building between two separation sections shall be
analyzed as a whole Ior seismic Iorces .The total shear in any
horizontal plane shall be distributed to various elements oI
lateral Iorces resisting system assuming the Iloors to be
inIinitely rigid in the horizontal plane, In buildings having
shear walls together with Irames, the Irames shall be designed
Ior at least 25 percent oI the seismic shear.

B) In case oI buildings where Iloors are not able to provide the
diaphragm action as independently; in (a) above the building
Irames behave and may be analyzed Irame by Irame with
tributary masses Ior seismic Iorces.

C) II the building height is above 90 meters and it is in the
seismic zone one or two response spectra method is to be
applied.

32

II the building height is between 40 to 90 meters and is in all
zones response spectra and seismic coeIIicient method may be
applied.

II the building height is below 40 meters and is in all seismic
zones seismic coeIIicient method may be applied.


































33

FRAME OF THE BUILDING



DIFFERENT MEMBERS


34


ONE DESIGN DETAILS FOR A BEAM
33


8. CONCLUSION

From the above study and results it has been Iound that Staad
pro is very useIul in civil engineering design and analysis
purposes. There may be some minor errors and warnings
which may be evaded by the application oI more practical data
and skilIully taken input value and commands.
































36

9. REFERENCES:

1. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF TRUSS- MARIO PAZ,CBS
PUBLICATION.

2.THEORY OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD,
CHANDRAPUTLU, NEW AGE BOOKS

3. STAAD PRO USER GUIDE

4. IS CODES 875,13920.

5. EARTHQUAKE RESISITING STRUCTURES ASIT
SENGUPTA NEW AGE BOOKS