Chapter 2 TET411 Power Electronics & Drive Semester 1 2011/2012

E.A. Rafiqi, PPKSE 2011

2.1 Introduction of DC Motor

The DC motors are popular because the staring torque of DC

machine is large, some of them can be used with either AC or Stator DC supply & they are cheap, simple N to operate & control.
The main components of the

DC machine are: field circuit, armature circuit, commutator & brushes.

The field is normally an

+ VDC Rotor

Brush

Armature windings

electric magnet fed by a DC power source. In small machines, the field is energized by permanent magnet.
TET411 Semester 1 - 2011/2012

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2.1 Introduction of DC Motor (contd)

The armature circuit is composed of the windings, commutator

& brushes. The windings & the commutator are mounted on the rotor shaft which will rotate together with the shaft.
The brushes are mounted on the stator & are stationary but

they are in contact with the rotating commutator segments.

The brushes allow the

+ VDC Rotor

Brush

commutator segments to be connected to an external DC source.

Armature windings

TET411 Semester 1 - 2011/2012

2.1 Introduction of DC Motor (contd)

The rotor windings are composed of several coils; each has two

(2) terminals connected to the commutator segments on the opposite sides.

The commutator segments are electrically isolated from one

another. The segments are exposed & the brushes touch two (2) opposing segments.
VDC

+ Rotor

Brush

Armature windings

TET411 Semester 1 - 2011/2012

2.1 Introduction of DC Motor (contd)

The stator field produces flux, from the north, N pole to the

south, S pole. The brushes touch the terminals of the rotor coil Stator under the pole.
N

When the brushes are connected to an

external DC source of potential V, a current, I enters the terminal of the rotor coil under the N pole & exits from the terminal under VDC the S pole.

+ Rotor Brush

Armature windings

S
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2.1 Introduction of DC Motor (contd)

The presence of the stator flux & rotor current produces a

force, F on the coil known as the Lorentz force.

Stator

This force produces torque that rotates

N F + Rotor Brush

the armature counterclockwise.

The coil that carries the current

moves away from the brush & is disconnected from the external source.
The next coil moves under the

VDC

Armature windings F

brush & this produces a continuous force & continuous rotation.

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2.1 Introduction of DC Motor (contd)

The DC motors can be classified into four (4) groups which

are:
1. Seperately-excited the field winding is composed of a

large number of turns with small cross-section wire. This type of field winding is designed to withstand the rated voltage of the motor. The field & armature circuits are excited by separate sources.
2. Shunt the field circuit is the same as that for seperately-

excited machines but the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature circuit. A common source is used for the field & armature windings.

TET411 Semester 1 - 2011/2012

2.1 Introduction of DC Motor (contd)

3. Series the field winding is composed of a small number

of turns with a large cross-section wire. This type is designed to carry large currents & is connected in series with the armature winding.
4. Compound this type uses the shunt & series windings.

TET411 Semester 1 - 2011/2012

2.2 Separately-excited Motor

The equivalent circuit of a separately-excited motor which

consists of field & armature circuit is shown below.

The field circuit is mounted on the stator & is energized by a

separate DC source, Vf. The field current is:

Ia

If

Vf Rf
If Ra Vt Vf Rf Ea

In small motor, the field circuit

is a permanent magnet. Thus the flux of the field is constant & cannot be adjusted.
TET411 Semester 1 - 2011/2012

2.2 Separately-excited Motor (contd)

The armature circuit is mounted on the rotor & is composed of

a rotor winding & commutator segments.

The external voltage source, Vt is connected to the armature to

drive the load via the commutator segments & brushes.

Relative to the field circuit, the armature carries

Ia

a much higher current. Thus, the armature If resistance, Ra is much smaller than the field resistance, Rf.
The field voltage is usually in

Ra Vt Ea

the same order of magnitude as the armature voltage.

TET411 Semester 1 - 2011/2012

Vf

Rf

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2.2 Separately-excited Motor (contd)

Vt E a The armature current, Ia is: I a Ra
The developed power, Pd is: Pd E a I a Td
The back-emf, Ea is: Ea K The developed torque, Td is: Td K I a By substituting Ia & Ea into Td equation, we get:

Td K
TET411 Semester 1 - 2011/2012

Vt K Ra
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2.2 Separately-excited Motor (contd)

Thus, the speed equation, is:
Speed Load

Vt Ra T 2 d K K
At no-load operation, assuming the

0 Operating point

rotational losses can be ignored, the developed torque, Td & Ia is 0, which makes the no-load speed is:

Vt 0 K

Tm

Torque

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2.2 Separately-excited Motor (contd)

At starting, assuming the motor is initially at rest, the motor

speed is 0. Thus, the starting torque, Tst & starting current, Ist are: Vt Vt Tst K I st Ra Ra
From the Tst equation, Tst is proportional to the source voltage.

If Vt is at rated value, Tst is very large. Hence, this feature is highly desirable when starting under heavy loading conditions.
However, Ist is also proportional to the source voltage & when

Vt is at rated value during starting, Ist will be large & might damage the motor windings.
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TET411 Semester 1 - 2011/2012

2.2 Separately-excited Motor (contd)

Example 1:

A DC, separately-excited motor has the following data: K = 3 Vsec Vt = 600 V Ia = 5 A at full load Calculate the rated torque, Td, starting torque, Tst & starting current , Ist at full voltage. Sketch the speed vs. current characteristic of the motor. Ra = 2

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2.2 Separately-excited Motor (contd)

Example 2:

Using the same separately-excited motor from the previous example, if the starting current must be limited to six (6) times the rated value, calculate the new source voltage, Vt. Sketch the speed-current characteristic of the motor.

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2.2 Separately-excited Motor (contd)

Example 3:

Using the same separately-excited motor from the 1st example, if the starting current must be limited to six (6) times the rated value, calculate the value of added resistance, Radd. Sketch the speed-current characteristic of the motor.

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