Seismology is a science of elstic seismic waves, i.e. a.) Their origin (earthquakes, explosion, etc.) b.

.) Their propagation through the earths interior. c.) Their recording, including the interpretation of the records. Seismograph an instrument which gives a continuous record of the ground motion; the records are proportional to ground displacement. [f = 1 to 0.1 hertz] Accelerograph records strong ground motion in three directions; natural period lies in the range of 0.05 to 0.10 sec [f = 10 20 hertz]; records represents ground acceleration. Focus a point from which the seismic wave first emanates. Epicenter point on the ground directly above the focus. CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKES ACCORDING TO SOURCE MECHANISM: a.) b.) c.) d.) Tectonic earthquake due to movement of the plates of the earth surface. Volcanic earthquake associated with volcanic activity. Explosion earthquake due to underground detonation of chemical or nuclear devices. Collapse earthquake occurs in regions of underground caverns and mines due to sudden collapse of the roof of mine or cavern. Mine Burst induced stresses around the mine workings cause large masses of rock to fly off the mine face explosively, producing seismic waves. e.) Earthquake due to massive landsliding. CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE S ACCORDING TO DEPTH OF FOCUS: a.) Shallow focus focus less than 70 km; most destructive type; accounts for 75% of energy released during earthquake. b.) Intermediate focus focus from 70 300 km deep. c.) Deep focus focus deep greater than 300 km. Faults offsets of geological structure. Dip angle that the fault surface makes with a horizontal plane. Strike direction of the fault line exposed at the ground surface relative to the North.

TYPES OF FAULTS: a.) Strike-slip fault (Transcurrent Fault) involves lateral displacement of rock parallel to the strike. Right lateral motion of the other side is from left to right. Left lateral motion of the other side is from right to left.

b.) Dip-slip fault motion is largely parallel to the dip and has, therefore, a vertical component of displacement. Normal fault the rock above the inclined fault surface moves downward relative to the underlying crust. Reverse fault the crust above the inclined fault surface moves upward relative to the block below. Thrust fault reverse fault with relatively small dip angle. c.) Oblique fault combined strike-slip and dip-slip. SEISMIC WAVES: Body waves cause high frequency ( > 1 hertz) vibrations. P waves first wave to cause vibration of the ground; propagated like sound waves or like the moving ripples produced by a pebble thrown into a still body of water; causes alternate compression and expansion on the ground. S waves produces lateral motion. Surface waves cause low frequency (< 1 hertz) vibrations. Love waves cause the ground surface to sway from side to side. Rayleigh waves induces up down motion. Note: surface waves decay less rapidly away from the epicenter than that of P and S waves. QUANTIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKES: Earthquake Intensity measure of damage to works of man, to the ground surface, and of human reaction to the shaking; depends on density of population and type of construction. a.) Rossi Forrel Scale (10 intensities) develop in the 1880s. b.) Adapted Rossi Forrel Scale (9 intensities) 1935 c.) Modified Mercalli Scale of 1931 Earthquake Magnitude measure of energy released. a.) Ritcher (local) Magnitude (ML) developed in 1935 by Charles Ritcher. -logarithm to the base ten of the maximum seismic waves amplitude in microns ( 10 cm ) recorded on a Wood Anderson seismograph located at a distance of 100 km from the earthquake epicenter. Properties of Wood Anderson seismograph: Period = 0.8 sec (f= 0.5 to 10 hertz) Damping factor = 0.8 Magnification = 2800 Note: Wood Anderson seismograph selectively amplifies seismic waves with a period ranging from 0.1 to 2 sec. (f= 0.5 to 10 hertz). b.) Surface Wave Magnitude (MS) developed by Gutenberg in 1936. -based on the amplitude of surface waves with a period of 20 sec (f = 0.5)

MS = log A + 1.656 log (delta) + 1.818 Delta is the distance between 15 and 130 degrees. c.) Body Wave magnitude (mb) -based on the amplitude of P wave; not affected by the focal depth of the source mb log (A/T) + Q T is between 18 and 22 sec Q is a function of distance and focal depth empirically determined by Gutenberg-Ritcher.

ADAPTED ROSSI FIREL SCALE (9 INTENSITIES) 1935

I. II. III. IV. V. VI.

VII.

VIII. IX.

Hardly Perceptible Shock: Felt only by an experienced observer under favorable conditions. Extremely Feeble Shock: Felt by a small number of persons at rest. Very Feeble Shock: Felt by several persons at rest. Duration and direction may be perceptible. Sometimes dizziness or nausea experienced. Feeble Shock: Felt generally indoors, outdoors by a few. Hanging objects swing slightly. Creaking of frames of houses. Shock of Moderate Intensity: Felt generally by everyone. Hanging objects swing freely. Overturn of all tall vases and unstaked objects. Light sleepers awaken. Fairly Strong Shock: General awakening of those asleep. Some frightened persons leave their houses. Stopping of pendulum clocks. Oscillation of hanging lamps. Slight damage in very old or poorly built structures. Strong Shock: Overturn of movable objects. General alarm, all run outdoors. Damage slight in wellbuilt houses, considerable in old or poorly-built structures, old walls, etc. Some landslides from hills and steep banks. Cracks in road surface. Very Strong Shock: People panicky. Trees shaken strongly. Changes in the flow of springs and wells. Sand and mud ejected from fissures in soft ground. Small landslides. Extremely Strong Shock: Panic general. Partial or total destruction of some buildings. Fissures in ground. Landslides and rock falls.

MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE OF 1931 I. II. III. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable circumstances. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors or buildings. Delicately suspended objects my swing. Felt quite noticeably indoors. Especially on upper floors of buildings, but many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibration like passing of truck. Duration estimated. During the day felt indoors by many, outdoors by few. At night some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed: walls like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.

IV.

V.

VI. VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows, etc. broken few instances of cracked plaster; unstable objects overturned. Disturbance of trees, poles and other tall objects sometimes noticed. Pendulum clocks may stop. Felt by all; many frightened and run outdoors. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster or damaged chimneys. Damage slight. Everybody runs outdoors. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary considerable in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. Noticed by persons driving motor cars. Damage slight in specially-designed structures; considerable in ordinary substantial collapse; great in poorly built structures. Panel walls thrown out of frame structures. Fall or chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. Sand and mud ejected in small amounts. Changes in well water. Disturbed persons driving motor cars. Damage considerable in specially-designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb; great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. Ground cracked conspicuously. Underground pipes broken. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations; ground badly cracked. Rails bent. Landslides considerable from river banks and steep slopes. Shifted sand and mud. Water splashed (slopped) over banks. Few, in any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Broad fissures in ground. Underground pipe lines completely out of service. Earth slumps and land slips in soft ground. Rails bent greatly. Damaged total. Waves seen on ground surfaces. Lines of sight and level destroyed. Objects thrown upward into the air.

SEISMICITY OF THE EARTH Major Plates of the Earths Surface 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) 5.) 6.) Eurasian Plate Pacific Plate Indo Australian Plate American Plate African Plate Antarctic Plate

Other Plates 7.) Philippine Plate 8.) Fiji Plate 9.) Caribbean Plate 10.) Cocos Plate 11.) Nazon Plate

SEISMICITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Seismic Source Zones of the Philippines (Ref. Fr. Sergio S. Su, S.J.) Zone 1: East Luzon Subduction Zone and the submarine ridges and troughs off the North-East coast of Luzon. Zone 2 & 3: Philippine Trench (2B & 3B) and the Quaternary volcanic forearc (2A & 3A) Zone 4: Double forearc associated with the Manila Trench 4B & 4D (inner volcanic forearco); 4A & 4C (outer non volcanic forearc) Zone 5: Manila Trench Zone 6: Negros & Sulu Trenches Zone 7 & 8: Southern and South-West Mindanao and the Molucca Sea to the South Strike-Slip (Transcurrent Faults) Zone 9: Philippine Fault extending 1200 km from Lingayen Gulf in Luzon to Davao Gulf south of the Mindanao; leftlateral slip Zone 10: Tables Lineament: 350 km from Western Panay northward through the Tablas Island to the Tayabas Isthmus; right lateral strike-slip Zone 11: Mindanao Fault; 400 km from Davao Gulf northwest to the Sindangan Valley of Northern Zamboanga Normal Faults Zone 12: Northeast of Mindoro Zone 13: Cotabato Normal Fault of the South West flank of Mindanao Thrust Faults Zone 14: Zambales Thrust Fault on the Wastern Part of Luzon Zone 15: South West side of Mindoro Zone 16: Western flank of Panay Transform Faults (sea-floor spreading) Zone 17: North Latitude 15.5 degrees linking the East Luzon Trench with the Philippine Trench Zone 18: Runs along the Verde Island Passage North of Mindoro Other Possible Sources Marikina Fault Zamboanga Peninsula