Experiment #6 Solutions Hussin, Faith Claudine U. Alcantara, Jelyne Tiu, Richard Group #6, Chem 14.1, WEGI, Mr.

Ralph Julius L. Mendoza March 18, 2009 Experiment 6 entitled Solutions, is divided into two parts. Part A, Factors Affecting Solubility, tests the effects of the nature of solute and solvent, pressure and temperature on the solubility of various solutes in a solution. Part B, Colligative Properties of Solutions, calculations of boiling point elevation and freezing point depression are made. Osmosis as a colligative property is also examined. The experiment is mainly done by mixing different solutes and solvents to form solutions required for the factors affecting solubility and colligative properties of solutions to be observed. The experiment requires the ability of the students to note the observations regarding the effects of different factors on solubility, knowledge about colligative properties, and skills in applying formulas for the computation of boiling point elevation freezing point depression and vant hoff factor of different solutions. Solutions are everywhere. We have interactions with them in our day-to-day lives. Thus, it is significant to identify the solubility rules it follows and to know its colligative properties as to be able to determine which factors are accounted for the reactions happening in the solutions. Keywords: solution, solubility, pressure, temperature, polar and nonpolar, colligative properties solubility; (2) to explain how each factor affects Introduction solubility; (3) to calculate the boiling point elevation Solutions abound in nature. We are and freezing point depression of the solution; and surrounded by the gaseous solution known as air. (4) to compare the colligative properties of solutions The oceans are water solution of sodium chloride containing electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutes. and other dissolved substances. Even water that Experimental we drink is solution made up of different substances in low concentration. Even rainwater is a solution Part A. Factors Affecting Solubilty containing different gases. But more than that, solutions play a simple yet important role in Equal amounts of copper sulfate (CuSO4) everyday life. crystals were placed into three different clean and A solution is a homogenous mixture of dry test tubes. 10 drops of water were added to the substances with variable composition. The first test tube, 10 drops of ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) substance present in the major proportion is called for the second test tube and 10 drops of hexane to the solvent, whereas the substance present in the the third test tube. The mixture was shook minor proportion is called the solute. vigorously and was observed. Solubility is a measure of the maximum The above procedure was repeated but amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given instead of using CuSO4, a pinch of sucrose amount of solvent to form a stable solution. The (C12H22O11), a drop of cooking oil and a crystal of solution may be saturated, unsaturated or iodine (I2) were used as solutes to form different supersaturated depending upon the amount of solutions. solute present relative to the amount of solvent at a A bottle of carbonated softdrink was certain temperature. opened and was observed. The physical properties that a solvent Five ml of the carbonated softdrink was possess when it is pure undergo changes when a transferred into a 5-ml test tube. The effervescence solute is added. A special group of these properties was allowed to subside and was heated over the are called colligative properties. Bunsen flame. After this, the mixture was observed. Freezing point depression, boiling point Five ml of water was measured into a 10-ml elevation and osmosis are examples of colligative test tube. Sodium chloride (NaCl) crystals were properties of solution. added with stirring until no NaCl dissolved. The kind In general, three major factorspressure, of solution obtained was identified. The solution temperature, and the nature of the solute and was then heated until all the crystals dissolved. The solventinfluence the solubility of a solute in a kind of solution obtained was then identified. solvent. Two ml of water was placed into each of The goals of the experiment no. 6, two test tubes labeled A and B. One drop of 0.1 M Solutions are: (1) to numerate the factors affecting ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and 2 drops of Chem 14.1, Solutions Page 1 of 3

phenolphthalein were added to the solutions A and B. The change in color of the solution was recorded. Test tube A was heated gently for 5 minutes and was compared to the solution in test tube B in terms of color. Conclusion was made regarding the nature of the solute in the said solution. Part B. Colligative Properties Five drops of distilled water (dH2O) were placed in a 6 x 50 culture tube. One end of a capillary tube was closed and the open end was inserted first in the culture tube. The tube was attached to a thermometer by means of a string so that the liquid was aligned with the mercury bulb. The thermometer and the tube were immersed in an oil bath (10 ml beaker containing 5 ml mineral oil). The bath was heated with an alcohol lamp until a rapid and continuous stream of bubbles (air and vapor) came out from the capillary. The flame was then removed and the bath was allowed to cool slowly. The temperature at which the bubbling stopped and the liquid just started to enter the capillary was noted and recorded. The bath was reheated slowly and the temperature at which the first bubbles came out of the capillary was noted. The average of the two temperature readings was determined and was recorded as the boiling point of the dH2O. Same procedure was used to determine the boiling point of the 1 molal sucrose and 1 molal NaCl. Three ml of a 3 molal urea solution was placed in a 20-ml test tube. The tube was covered with a cork stopper fitted with a thermometer. The thermometer was adjusted so that the bulb was immersed in the solution. The test tube was placed in an ice bath (approximately 50 grams of crushed ice mixed with 4 heaping spatulafuls of rock salt) and the thermometer was read every 30 seconds. Difficulty in reading the temperature might be the effect of the occurrence of the frost in the test tube. In this case, a piece of cotton moistened with glycerin was used to wipe off the frost. When the reading became constant, the thermometer was read and the temperature was recorded. The data was then recorded in the table provided by the lab sheet. Raisins of equal sizes were selected. One raisin was placed in a test tube with 5 ml of water and the other was placed in a test tube containing 5 ml of 3% sugar solution. The rates of swelling of the two solutions were then observed. Chem 14.1, Solutions

Results For the data in Part A please refer to appendix A table 1. I. Effect of Pressure on Solubility 1) What did you observe upon opening a bottle of carbonated drink? -When the bottle was opened, there was a fizzing sound. 2) Account for your observations. -The pressure inside the bottle is higher than the outside pressure. Upon opening the bottle, the air was escaping which caused the fizzing sound. II. Effect of temperature on solubility 1) What is the effect of temperature on the solubility of ammonia (NH3) in water? -when the temperature was increased, the solubility of NH3 in water decreased. 2) How does the temperature affect the solubility of NaCl in water? -When the temperature was increased, more NaCl became soluble in H2O. 3) What conclusion can you make regarding the solubility of a gas in liquid? -The solubility of gases in water decreases with increasing temperature. For the data in Part B please refer to appendix A table 2. Discussions The extent to which one substance dissolves in another depends on the nature of both the solute and the solvent. The general rule of solubility in solutions is simply stated as like dissolves like. The statement implies that polar liquids tend to dissolve readily in polar solvents. Also, nonpolar liquids tend to be insoluble in polar liquids. Polar molecule is a molecule that possesses a nonzero dipole moment. Nonpolar molecule, on the other hand, has a zero dipole moment. In Part A of the experiment, different solutes and solvents were used to determine the factors affecting solubility. The nature of solute and solvent was first considered. The solutes used were copper sulfate (CuSO 4) crystals, sucrose (C12H22O11), cooking oil, and iodine (I2). Water, ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), and hexane acted as solvents to form solutions with the said solutes. Water is a polar solvent; ethanol is partially polar and partially nonpolar; and Hexane is a nonpolar solvent. Since both CuSO4 and C12H22O11 are nonpolar molecules, they were observed to be soluble in water and soluble in C2H5OH. On the

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other hand, Hexane has a dialetic constant (a measure of polarity) of 2.02. This value suggests that Hexane is a nonpolar solvent. From this, CuSO4 and C12H22O11 are said to be insoluble in hexane. For the next two solutions, cooking oil and I2 were used as solutes. Oil generally refers to long hydrocarbon chain molecules of assorted types which are nonpolar substances. I2 is also a nonpolar covalent molecule. Both solutes were observed to be soluble in hexane, partially soluble in C2H5OH, and insoluble in water. The effect of pressure in the solubility of solutes in solutions was also determined in the part A of the experiment. The solubilities of solids and liquids are not appreciably affected by pressure. Because of this, only the solubility of gases was tested. To test the effect of pressure on solubility, a carbonated softdrink was opened. The cola is bottled under a carbon dioxide (CO2) pressure greater than 1 atm. The pressure inside the bottle is higher than the pressure outside the cola. Upon opening the bottle of carbonated softdrink to the air, a fizzing sound was heard. This indicates that CO2 was escaping. Fizz is a word used to describe the action or sound of gas bubbles moving through and escaping from a liquid. In this case, the partial pressure of CO2 above the solution decreases. Therefore, the solubility of CO2 decreases, and CO2 bubbles out of the solution. From these, it is concluded that the solubility of the gas increases in direct proportion to its partial pressure above the solution. Temperature is the third factor that can affect solubilities. For the case of solid solutes, NaCl was used in the experiment. When the temperature was increased during the experiment, more NaCl became soluble in H2O. To test the effect of temperature on gases, ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) was heated in the experiment. For most gases including ammonia their solubility in water decreases when temperature increases. Base from these, conclusions were made. The solubility of most solid solutes in water increases as the temperature of the solution increases. On the other hand, the solubility of gases in water decreases with increasing temperature. Part B of the experiment is concerned with the colligative properties of the solutions. Colligative properties of solutions are physical properties that depend on the quantity and not on characteristics of the particles like size, charge, etc. The nature of the solute affects these properties only at the degree that it affects the number of particles in solution. Chem 14.1, Solutions

The colligative properties are boiling-point elevation, freezing point depression and osmosis. Boiling-point elevation describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when a nonvolatile solute is added. This means that the boiling point of the solution is higher than that of the pure solvent. Freezing-point depression happens when the freezing point of the solution is lower than that of the pure solvent. The term osmosis describes the movement of a solvent through a semi permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one. Different liquids were used for the boiling point elevation and for the freezing point depression. These are Distilled water (dH2O), sodium chloride (NaCl), sucrose, and urea. Initial and final readings of boiling point were made for the first three liquids. The average readings of their values were used to determine the increase in boiling point relative to that pure solvent( T b). The o formula Tb-T b = Tb was used. Wherein Tb is the average reading of the boiling point of solvent and o T b is the boiling point of the pure solvent which in O this case is 100 . In the experiment, it can be noticed that the boiling point was elevated due to the addition of solutes, NaCl and sucrose which actually lowered the vapor pressure of the solution. Remember that lowering the vapor pressure means elevating the boiling point of the solution. For freezing point depression ( Tf ), the freezing point of urea was determined. The formula o T f - Tf = Tf was used. Wherein Tf is the determined o freezing point of the liquid and T f is the normal o freezing point of the solvent which is 0 . In the experiment, urea was used as the solute and water, as the solvent. Adding urea to the solvent (3 molal urea solution) decreased the vapor pressure which then resulted in the depression of the freezing point. Osmosis is the process in which the net movement of solvent is always toward the solution with the higher solute concentration. In the experiment, it was observed that raisin in at test tube with 5 ml water has a faster rate of swelling than the raisin in a test tube with 5 ml of 3% sugar solution. This is because water is higher than sugar solution in terms of concentration. Having a higher concentration implies a faster rate of penetration to a semipermeable material. Osmosis is accounted for the shrinking of green mangoes when pickled in brine solution. Page 3 of 3

The experimental Vant Hoff Factor (i) of the different liquids was determined in Part B. The formula i = Tb / KbM and i= Tf / Kfm were used. Kb is the molal boiling point elevation constant (Kb = o 0.51 C/m) and Kf is the molal freezing point o depression constant (1.86 C/m). The Van't Hoff factor is important in quantitative analysis of colligative properties, such as osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.

its partial pressure above the solution. The solubility of most solid solutes in water increases as the temperature of the solution increases. On the other hand, the solubility of gases in water decreases with increasing temperature. In part B, the experimental vant hoff factor for the different solutions has a great departure from the theoretical values. This only implies that experimental errors or human errors occurred during the experiment. It is highly recommended to tests the equipments first particularly the readings of the thermometer before conducting the experiment. References

Conclusion and Recommendations Since solutions play a vital role in our everyday lives, it is significant for us to be aware of the factors affecting it. It is concluded that the rule like dissolves like applies for all the solutions. The Pressure does not affect the solubility of solids and liquids only the gases. It was found out that solubility of the gas increases in direct proportion to

www.answers.yahoo.com www.answers.com Brown, Bursten and LeMay. Chemistry: The Central th Science, 9 Edition Re I hereby certify that I have given substantial contribution to this report Hussin, Faith Claudine U.

.Alcantara, Jelyne

Tiu, Richard R.

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