Sabp A 016

Best Practice
SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee 25 June 2007
Figure 1: Crude Unit Process Flow
Previous Issue: New
Next Planned Update: TBD
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Primary contact: Tems, Robin Douglas on 966-3-8746130 CopyrightSaudi Aramco 2007. All rights reserved.
Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Issue Date: 25 June 2007 Next Planned Update: TBD
SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control
Table of Contents
Page 1 2 3 Purpose and Scope Conflicts with Other Standards References 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 5 6 Saudi Aramco Mandatory Engineering Documents Saudi Aramco Engineering Reports and Best Practices Saudi Aramco On-line Resources Industry Codes and Standards 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 12 12 14 15 16 20 21 22 23 23 26 28 28 29 29 29 29 32 32
Abbreviations Overview of Principal Corrosion Mechanisms Process Considerations 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Process Flow Diagram Crude Oil Supply Recirculation of Slops Tank Handling Desalting Caustic Addition and Downstream Equipment Fired Heaters and Transfer Lines Distillation Overhead System
6.10 Wash Water 6.11 Coolers and Fin Fans 6.12 Overhead Receiver 7 Damage Mechanisms 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 Hydrochloric Acid Corrosion Salt Formation Shock Condensation Corrosion Sulfidation Fuel Ash Corrosion Carburization Creep Sulfur Oxy-acids Carbonic Acid Corrosion
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7.10 Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic) 7.11 Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking 7.12 Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking 7.13 Wet H2S Damage 7.14 Downtime Corrosion 8 Control of Corrosion by Chemicals 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 Chemical Injection SARCOP First Fill Chemicals Tank Aids and Desalter Aids Caustic Upstream of the Desalter Caustic Treatment between the Desalter and Heater Caustic Treatment Downstream of the Heater Caustic Quality Neutralizing Amine
32 33 33 35 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 39 39 39 41 42 42 43 43 43 44 44 45 45 45 46 46 47 47 49 49 50 52
8.10 Filming Amine 8.11 Automatic pH Control 8.12 Fireside Additives 8.13 Inhibitors for Naphthenic Acid Corrosion 9 Materials 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 10 Vessels Trays Pipework Quills Coatings
Corrosion Management Program 10.1 Responsibilities 10.2 KPIs, Example Corrosion Rates, and Reporting Schedule 10.3 Data Storage and Processing 10.4 On-Stream Inspection (OSI) Program and Inspection Methods 10.5 Injection Point Inspection 10.6 Corrosion Monitoring Systems 10.7 Laboratory Testing
Appendix 1: Crude Unit Best Practice Limits
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Purpose and Scope This SABP provides guidelines that will improve the integrity of crude units through a fundamental understanding of the damage mechanisms, process parameters, inspection techniques, corrosion monitoring, analytical needs, and corrosion control options. The Best Practice updates and replaces the previous Best Practice published in SAER-5941 in March 2004. All the content of the previous best practice is incorporated in the present document. SAER-5941 included industry experiences and assessments of crude units in Saudi Aramco. This Best Practice is summarized as a table in Appendix 1, Crude Unit Best Practice Limits, at the end of this document.
Conflicts with Other Standards 2.1 If there is a conflict between this Best Practice and other Saudi Aramco standards and specifications, please contact the Coordinator of Materials Engineering and Corrosion Control Division, Consulting Services Department, for clarification. This document is a minor update on the Saudi Aramco Crude Unit Overhead Corrosion Control Best Practice originally published as part of SAER-5941. If there are any conflicts between the recommendations of this document and SAER-5941, this document shall govern. This document and SAER-5941 supersede SAER-5573 and will govern in any cases of conflict with SAER-5573.
2.2
2.3
References 3.1 Saudi Aramco Mandatory Engineering Documents All Saudi Aramco mandatory engineering documents apply to crude units. However, the following merit specific mention. Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards SAES-A-301 SAES-F-001 SAES-L-132 SAES-L-133 Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Corrosion Cracking Design of Fired Heaters Material Selection for Piping Systems Corrosion Protection Requirements for Pipelines, Piping, and Process Equipment
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SAES-N-140 SAES-W-010 SAES-W-011
Installation Requirements Refractory Ceramic Fiber Welding Requirements for Pressure Vessels Welding Requirements for On-Plot Piping
Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedure SAEP-1135 On-Stream Inspection Administration
Saudi Aramco Materials System Specifications 01-SAMSS-016 Qualification of Pipeline, In-Plant Piping, and Pressure Vessel Steels for Resistance to Hydrogen Induced Cracking Manufacture of Trays and Packing
32-SAMSS-020
Saudi Aramco Inspection Procedure 01-SAIP-04 3.2 Inspection of Injection Points
Saudi Aramco Engineering Reports and Best Practices SAER-5573 SAER-5941 SABP-A-015 Crude Distillation Unit Overhead Corrosion Study Final Report and Guidelines on Crude Unit Overhead Corrosion Control Chemical Injection Best Practice
3.3
Saudi Aramco On-line Resources Engineering Encyclopedia AGE-105 Chevron Corrosion Manual CSD/ME&CCD Knowledge Management LiveLink site
3.4
Industry Codes and Standards NACE MR0103 NACE PUBL 34101 NACE PUBL 24226 NACE RP 0403 - 2003 NACE Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in Corrosive Petroleum Refining Environments Refinery Injection and Process Mixing Points Effect of Non-extractable Chlorides on Refinery Corrosion and Fouling Avoiding Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking Crude Unit Corrosion Control Best Practice, to be published late 2007/2008
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API RP 570 API RP 571 API RP 580 API RP 581 ASTM D 473 ASTM D 664 ASTM D 974 ASTM D 3230 ASTM D 3948
Inspection, Repair, Alteration and Re-rating of InService Piping Systems Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry Risk Based Inspection Risk-Based Inspection Base Resource Document Standard Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils by the Extraction Method Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration Acid Number by Color Indicator Titration Standard Test Method for Salts in Crude Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separometer Standard test Method for Water in Crude Oil by Distillation Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method Standard Test Method for Salt in Crude Oils (Potentiometric Method) Standard Test Methods for Water in Crude Oils by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration Standard Test Methods for Determination of Nickel, Vanadium, Iron, and Sodium in Crude Oils and Residual Fuels by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Revision A
ASTM D 4006 ASTM D 4007 ASTM D 6470 ASTM D 4928 ASTM D 5863
Abbreviations API ASTM BS&W CRA CSCC KPI American Petroleum Institute American Society for Testing and Materials International Bottom sediment and water also Basic sediment and water. Corrosion resistant alloy In Table 1, meaning is: caustic stress corrosion cracking Key performance indicator
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mpy mmpy OSI OSPAS PTB SAIF SARCOP TAN 5Cr /2Mo 9Cr1Mo 5
1
mils per year (thousandths of inches of wall loss, per year) millimeters per year (1 mmpy = 40 mpy) On-stream inspection Oil Supply, Planning, and Scheduling Department pounds of salt per thousand barrels of crude oil System Assurance and Inspection for Facilities data management system Saudi Aramco Refining Chemical Optimization Program Total Acid Number, see ASTM D 664 and D 974 5% chromium, % molybdenum steel 9% chromium, 1% molybdenum steel
Overview of Principal Corrosion Mechanisms The corrosion mechanism of greatest concern in the crude unit is hydrochloric acid condensation in the overhead system. Significant portions of the crude processing and corrosion control program are aimed at reducing this overhead corrosion. Target chloride levels measured in the overhead receiver are less than 30 ppm. The target pH is 5.5 to 6.5. Corrosion inhibitor and neutralizer are added to the system to minimize corrosion. Without adequate corrosion control, corrosion rates could be as high as 1,000 to 2,000 mpy which is 1 2 inches per year (25-50 mmpy). Under deposit corrosion from the reaction between hydrochloric acid and ammonia or neutralizing amines is another major source or corrosion. The chloride salts are hydroscopic and attract moisture resulting in heavy under-deposit corrosion. These salts can deposit on trays and walls. The crude unit also involves high temperature processing and heaters, and the next most important corrosion mechanism is sulfidation which occurs due the direct reaction of alloys with hydrogen sulfide formed from sulfur in the fuel at temperatures in excess of about 260C (500F). Sulfidation is controlled by material selection at the design stage for the required surface temp-eratures in the heater and crude tower. Common materials used in the heater are 5% chromium, % molybdenum steel (5Cr1/2Mo), and 9% chromium, 1% molybdenum steel (9Cr1Mo). Naphthenic acid corrosion has been a major problem in refineries around the world but has not been reported as a problem in Saudi Aramco refineries due to the low acid content of produced crudes. This can always change in the future as new fields are discovered and included in the crude slate. All Saudi Aramco crude units operate at higher than design capacity. This in itself is a major cause of corrosion due to reduced separation times and efficiencies, greater
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velocities in pipework, and higher firing rates required on heaters, all of which increase corrosion damage. Recommendations to minimize corrosion damage are summarized in Appendix 1 at the end of this best practice. The reader is also referred to SABP-A-015, the Chemical Injection Best Practice for specific information on chemical injection design and equipment. 6 Process Considerations The primary function of the crude unit is to separate crude oil into useful fractions by distillation. Crude oil supplied to the distillation column must have impurities removed prior to processing, so extensive pretreatment is performed. The products produced by fractionation in the crude column are further processed in downstream units to increase the value of the product streams. This involves removal of additional impurities such as sulfur or modification of the hydrocarbon molecules. 6.1 Process Flow Diagram Figure 1 shows a typical process flow diagram for a crude unit in a refinery. There are variations within Saudi Aramco facilities. Heat exchangers improve the efficiency of the crude unit, incoming crude to the desalter and after the desalter to the furnace being heated by exchange with various crude column product outputs. This can involve a large number of heat exchangers.
Figure 1: Crude Unit Process Flow
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6.2
Crude Oil Supply Crude is supplied to the refinery either by pipeline or sea-tanker. Crude can contain both inorganic and organic contaminants that can be a direct cause of corrosion. Inorganic contaminants include produced brines and solids. Chlorides in brine are a major cause of corrosion because if they are able to reach downstream of the desalter to the heaters, they will be converted to hydrochloric acid which will condense in the overhead system. Organic contaminants include organic acids, sulfur, and nitrogen complexes, all of which may contribute to corrosion. Some African crudes contain organic calcium which must be converted to be water soluble for removal in the desalter, in order to prevent contamination of downstream units such as a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process. Chemical additives may be added intentionally to the upstream production system to help cure an upstream problem, yet result in downstream corrosion and fouling problems in the crude unit. Biocides are used in the East West Pipeline that delivers crude oil to the West Coast Refineries. Typically, biocides contain quaternary ammonium chlorides that may contribute to the corrosion problems in the crude column and overhead system. Some hydrogen sulfide scavengers form amines in the crude column and can result in the formation of corrosive amine chloride deposits. The referenced NACE PUBL 24226, Effect of Non-Extractable Chlorides on Refinery Corrosion and Fouling, provides additional details on possible sources of contaminants in crude units. Impurities need to be separated to the greatest extent possible before crude is fed to the distillation column. The first stage of this separation is field desalting in gas oil separation plants. This limits the amount of contaminants. Further separation occurs in stabilization facilities such as Abqaiq Plants. Saudi Aramco pipeline specifications call for pipeline crude to have less than 10 PTB (pounds per thousand barrels) of chloride, less than 0.2 volume percent BS&W (bottom sediment and water) and less than 70 ppm H2S. However, it should be noted that with recent increases in crude production, equipment operates at near the limit of its capacity resulting in reduced separation efficiency, and ideal pipeline specification are sometimes not achieved. A level of 150 PTB chlorides has been reported reaching refineries from time to time. Saudi Aramco refineries currently process Arab Light and Arab Heavy crudes. Previously, Arab Extra Light has been fed to some refineries. Test runs have also been performed with Arab Medium at some refineries. The choice between crude or crude blends is determined by Oil Supply, Planning, and Scheduling Department (OSPAS).
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Moving from Arab Light to 100 percent Arab Medium or Arab Heavy increases the corrosion rate in the overhead system and requires an increase in the neutralizer dosage, even with well controlled chlorides. No definitive analyses have been performed, but the presence of carbonates in the produced brine associated with Arab Medium and Heavy has been suggested. Increasing the charging rate of Arab Medium or Heavy also increases the risk of fouling in downstream units making decoking of heaters more problematic. The basic properties of crude oil that affect it corrosivity in processing are the Total Acid Number (TAN), the percentage of sulfur, and its API gravity. TAN is a measure of naphthenic acids, organic acids, inorganic acids, phenolic compounds, dissolved H2S and CO2. The interpretation of TAN numbers is somewhat open to question. Various experiences are reported by other companies. One company reports that TAN numbers in any side-cut greater than 0.3 indicate that naphthenic acid corrosion may become an issue, particularly at velocities over 30 m/s (100 f/s). The same company reports that for Californian crudes, a TAN number in excess of 1.5 is required before naphthenic acid corrosion becomes problematic. Another company reports that naphthenic acid corrosion can be expected when the whole crude TAN exceeds 0.5. Saudi Aramco crudes are border line versus this categorization. Increased charging of Arab Heavy might result in the development of naphthenic acid corrosion. To date, Saudi Aramco refineries have not reported naphthenic acid corrosion. The scatter in interpretation of TAN data arises because the TAN number derived from ASTM D 664 combines the effects of sulfur and naphthenic acids. Actual organic acid levels will be considerably lower. (Reference: Tebbal et al.,
Corrosion 2004, Paper 04636, NACE International).
Some high TAN crudes have higher conductivity and are therefore more difficult to desalt. Low API gravity indicates higher viscosity also making a crude harder to desalt. Sulfur in crude oil may be present in various forms including mercaptans. Sulfur is converted to hydrogen sulfide in the heater and direct high temperature sulfidation occurs. Wet hydrogen sulfide corrosion mechanisms are possible in cooler downstream equipment. Table 1, below, presents typical properties for stabilized crude oils fed to the refineries. These data are measured infrequently. TAN numbers have not been measured in the past for the whole crude but rather determined for each side cut. Numbers reported for TAN represent the highest number reported for any particular side cut. The average TAN will be less than the reported figure. All
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TAN numbers reported are low to borderline which agrees with the Saudi Aramco experience of no significant naphthenic acid attack. Table 1: Stabilized Crude Oil Typical Properties
Crude Type Arab Super Light Arab Extra Light Arab Light Arab Medium Arab Heavy API 50 52 39 31 34 31 27 - 28 Sulfur, wt % 0.02 - 0.06 0.8 1-3 2.6 3 Mercaptan Sulfur, wt % n/a n/a 0.014 n/a 0.001 Highest side-cut TAN 0.12 0.18 0.06 0.33 0.48
6.3
Recirculation of Slops Refineries collect and reprocess waste streams and drainage systems. These systems are usually routed to the API Separator. Recovered oil is returned to the crude feed for reprocessing from the API Separator. This has the potential to introduce contaminants back into the crude charge that may originate in a process unit that is actually downstream of the crude unit. These contaminants include oxygen which is obtained from surface run-off water to the oily water sewer. Zinc chloride is a chemical sometimes used as a dewatering aid in waste streams. Some of this may travel with the slop oil. Waste oils may be oxidized into fatty acid esters resulting in a TAN greater than 20. Column upsets may occur from periodic wash downs of certain areas charging large volumes of contaminants to the API Separator. Tramp amines may be fed in from gas sweetening systems. Recirculated streams may be sent direct to the crude tanks. This provides the opportunity to blend a relatively small volume of contaminated stream with a large volume of diluent. However, it also provides the opportunity to contaminate a large volume that needs to be processed. The preferred alternative is direct feeding of API slops upstream of the desalter, blending the slops with the main crude oil flow. This provides the opportunity to stop the flow of slops in the event of a major column upset. An even better option is find an alternative use for slops that does not result in feeding them to the crude tower.
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6.4
Tank Handling Most Saudi Aramco refineries run crude oil into storage tanks on-site. Storage tanks provide a settling opportunity to remove additional water and sludge. Adequate settling time is the primary parameter for effective separation in tankage, though Saudi Aramco facilities are generally limited by available number of tanks and by increased throughput. Water settlement can be assisted by chemical aids that improve water separation, though chemical treatments have only been used on a trial basis in Saudi Aramco facilities. Storage tanks provide protection from abnormal flows in the pipeline including the occasional water slug. Water must be drained from the tanks on a regular basis. Automation of this function would reduce work load on tank operators. Sludge can accumulate over time in the bottom of the tank which creates operational problems, such as poor water drainage. The build up of sludge within a crude tank can also result eventually in a cleaning problem and environmental disposal problem. The build up of sludge within tanks can result in pickup of water and sludge at tank change-over when the tank level is low. The use of mixers in crude oil storage tanks during the filling operation helps to re-dissolve heavier sediment and reduces sludge accumulation at the bottom of the tank. Various chemical additives are available to help re-dissolve sludge if the problem is severe. Ras Tanura Refinery follows a different approach and tight-lines Arab Light crude to the crude unit. In this case, there is no opportunity for major upsets occurring as a result of tank changes. This provides for a very stable operation, which allows for easier control of overhead corrosion problems.
6.5
Desalting Figure 2 shows a typical desalter. In Saudi Aramco refineries, there are single desalter systems (e.g., Jeddahone for each crude unit), double desalters with two desalters in sequence (e.g., Yanbu and Rabigh). There can be multiple parallel trains of desalters. The primary purpose of the desalter is to remove salts and solids from the crude oil. The crude oil stream is washed with water containing fewer impurities, and then the water is separated out again. Any water remaining in the crude then has a much lower concentration of salt. This is achieved in a two step process. In order for the wash water to disperse intimately throughout the crude, a fine emulsion must be formed between the oil and water. This is achieved through the mix valve. The second part of the process is to separate the emulsion using an electrostatic desalter. Chemical may be added to aid the separation process if required. Optimizing desalter performance will reduce chloride content of desalted crude oil. This will reduce the acidity of the crude overhead system, which will reduce corrosion and
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fouling in the crude overhead line and fin fans. Optimizing desalter operation will reduce neutralizer cost for the overhead system. Effective desalting is enhanced by factors that include elevated temperatures, effective mixing on entering the mix valve, sufficient residence time, the use of electrostatic plates to enhance water droplet settling, and continual removal of sludge from the desalter. Ideal wash water properties are high purity and zero oxygen. Stripped sour process water or vacuum section overhead condensate is frequently used in the industry. Too alkaline a pH results in poor desalter efficiency and tramp amines partition more into the oil phase. The common deficiencies in Saudi Aramco refineries are the use of too small an amount of wash water and too low a temperature. Five to six percent wash water by volume of the crude oil charge is required. Some companies add this in about equal proportions upstream of the crude charge pump and upstream of the mix valve. A temperature between 120-150C (250-300F) is optimum for desalting. The upper limit is dependent upon the temperature limits of electrical equipment installed in the particular desalter. Overhead water is a common source of water for desalters. However, the use of overhead water streams introduces the probability of recirculating back to the crude column neutralizing amine that is injected into the overhead for pH control. With this recirculation of amines comes the possibility of salt formation, especially in cooler crude columns. The continual use of an effective mud wash system in a desalter is important in maintaining desalter performance. Deposits in the bottom of the drum reduce volume size and, therefore, decrease residence time, which is bad for separation of the phases. Similarly, increased unit throughput will also decrease residency time. A typical mud washing program followed by other companies is to mud wash every shift for 15 minutes each time at a rate of 35 m/hr (154 gpm).
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Desalted crude out
Optional caustic injection Possible

demulsifier injection
Figure 2 Typical Desalter System Caustic is added to adjust the pH of the desalter water in three out of five Saudi Aramco refineries. Operating a desalter at a pH between 5.5 and 6.5 helps break the emulsions and limits iron sulfide solubility. Desalters are customarily made from carbon steel with either a heavy corrosion allowance (3/4 inch), lined with gunite in the salt water zone, or clad with alloys such as alloy 825 such as in J-64 and Plant 15 at Ras Tanura. 6.6 Caustic Addition and Downstream Equipment Sodium hydroxide is added downstream of the desalter to further reduce chloride damage in the overhead system. The location of this injection point varies from refinery to refinery in Saudi Aramcos operations. It may be injected immediately downstream of the desalter or immediately upstream of the heaters. The recommended location is immediately downstream of the desalters. Further details are provided in Section 8. Correct caustic solution strength, and injection point design, fabrication, installation, and subsequent inspection are critical to the safe operation of the caustic injection system and crude unit. Improperly designed, fabricated, or installed systems have resulted in at least three major fires in Saudi Aramco, including one that resulted in loss of a unit. Over-treatment with caustic immediately downstream of the desalter has resulted in severe fouling of heat exchangers and, at two refineries (Ras Tanura and Riyadh), caustic stress corrosion of carbon steel pipework. Over-treatment is prevented by close control of the caustic injection system. However, in the case of Ras Tanura, dead spaces in the heat exchanger design contributed to the
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collection and concentration of caustic. Caustic stress corrosion cracking is reduced by stress relieving all welds. Caustic injection must follow the requirements of this Best Practice and the Chemical Injection System Best Practice, SABP-A-015. 6.7 Fired Heaters and Transfer Lines Fired heaters raise the temperature of the crude feed to the region of 360-380C (680-716F), depending upon the refinery, crude oil blend, etcetera, for entry into the crude distillation column. The more volatile components of crude oil are volatilized at this temperature and the crude vapor/liquid mix enters the column in the flash zone towards the bottom of the column. At furnace temperature, process-side sulfidation is the main cause of concern. This is reduced by usage of low-alloy steels such as 5Cr1/2Mo or 9Cr1Mo. Process-side carburization can also occur above a surface temperature of about 500C (930F). This affects 5Cr1/2Mo to some extent and 9Cr1Mo to a greater extent. Carburization can be checked by removing a tube sample for metallurgical analysis. Carburization becomes a problem during rapid start-ups and shutdowns when thermal stresses of sufficient magnitude are generated to cause cracking on the process-side surface of the tube. Caustic cracking may also be of concern if any carbon steel heater tubes are not stress relieved and caustic is injected immediately upstream of the heater. Customarily, both 5Cr1/2Mo and 9Cr1Mo materials are stress relieved. Naphthenic acid corrosion is reported in this temperature region in worldwide refineries but has not historically been an issue in Saudi Aramco refineries. Naphthenic acid corrosion may become an issue in the future if refinery crude slates are changed, especially if these changes include the import of opportunity crudes from other countries. Coke can be a problem in furnaces; however, this is normally more common in vacuum distillation units. X-ray inspection during T&Is provides information on the extent of this problem. Heater tubes fireside surface temperatures may be much higher than the nominal 380C, especially if heat transfer is impeded by coke or other deposits on the process-side surface. Fireside corrosion is an issue if the furnace uses crude or fuel oil. Fireside corrosion occurs due to the presence of vanadium, sodium, and sulfur in the fuel oil. Severe fireside corrosion has been experienced in at least two Saudi Aramco refineries with 5Cr1/2Mo and 9Cr1Mo radiant tubes. The common cure
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for fireside corrosion is the co-injection of magnesium oxide or magnesium carboxylate with the fuel. Acid dew point corrosion can occur on cold spots in the furnace. This has been experienced by the heater casing in Saudi Aramco Refineries. If the inner refractory layer of the heater casing is damaged or imperfect, flue gases can condense sulfurous/sulfuric acids on the cooler metal surface of the wall. Saudi Aramco specifications now require a vapor barrier to be applied to reduce the risk of corrosion damage to the outer walls. Where free sulfur in the fuel exceeds 500 ppm, the vapor barrier must be Type 304 stainless steel per SAESN-140, Installation Requirements - Refractory Ceramic Fiber, paragraph 9.4.4 (December 2006). Infra-red thermography is used to scan the casing for hot spots or refractory damage. High fire-box temperatures greater than 815C (1500F) can create material problems. Tube supports and hanger suffer excessive oxidation and premature failure if they are not sufficiently alloyed. Typically, HH casting alloy (25Cr12Ni) performs well in the cooler convection section, but fails in radiant regions. Usage of HK casting alloy (25Cr-20Ni) provides extra life in hot areas. Higher nickel materials give excellent performance where low sulfur fuel is used as firing medium. However, where sulfur is high, these alloys suffer from sulfidation as do welds made with Ni-base consumables. Fired heaters burning fuel oil high in sodium and vanadium should be refractory lined HK alloy supports or supports made of solid 50Cr-50Ni to combat fuel ash corrosion. Transfer lines are usually made of low-alloy steels, such as 5CrMo or carbon steel depending on temperature. For velocities exceeding 200 ft/s, transfer piping material shall be 5Cr1/2Mo minimum. In some cases, this is upgraded to 9Cr1Mo. 6.8 Distillation The distillation process involves heating the crude at temperature and slightly elevated pressure, and then fractionating the product through use of bubble trays within the tower. Different side-cuts are removed from particular trays as product. Separation of side-cuts may be further refined in side-cut strippers, the reject being returned to the tower. The reject liquid also provides liquid returning to the bubble cap trays, aiding the fractionation process. Steam is injected into side cut strippers to assist in stripping out light ends. Steam is also injected into the lower part of the tower. Heat sources include several heat exchangers which cool outgoing streams while incoming feed is heated. A fired heater is used immediately upstream of the distillation column. The temperature in the distillation column ranges from the region of 380C (716F) at the bottom of the tower to about 130C (266F) or so at the top of the
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tower, depending upon the tower design, the crude slate, and the product specifications. However, some of Saudi Aramcos crude columns operate the tower top at lower temperatures closer to 115C (240F). Corrosion damage varies through the tower depending upon temperature. At lower temperatures below the acid dew point, aqueous corrosion occurs. At higher temperatures, sulfidation occurs. At higher temperatures, naphthenic acid corrosion could also occur but has not been found with typical Saudi Aramco crude slates. Temperatures in the tower may vary considerably due to poor flow distribution across trays. In the top of the tower the injection of cold reflux streams or wild naphtha streams can significantly impact local temperatures and cause shock condensation of acid. If the top of the tower is below the dew point temperature of any corrosive vapor, then acid condensation will occur. This is most commonly hydrochloric acid, but condensation of sulfur oxy-acids (sulfurous and sulfuric) and carbonic acid is also possible. Hydrogen sulfide forms in the heater through degradation of sulfur compounds in the oil. Hydrogen sulfide also participates in the aqueous corrosion reaction at this temperature and the dominant corrosion product film commonly found is iron sulfide. Iron chloride is 105 times more soluble and is not normally found as a corrosion product. The presence of chloride salts in the tower after opening is indicative of chloride salt deposition. Commonly, the inside of the crude column top dome is lined with Monel 400. This may take the form of a clad sheet, a weld overlay, or in case of temporary repairs, strip welded plate. The top three or four trays are normally Monel 400. Galvanic corrosion between the edge of the Monel lining and the carbon steel tower has generally not been a practical problem. In cases where some galvanic corrosion has shown up, other damage mechanisms have been dominant and required repair before galvanic corrosion became a serious issue. Monel is quite resistant to H2S damage at this temperature but corrosion product films containing mixed copper and nickel sulfides are commonly found. Monel is fairly resistant to hydrochloric acid, but corrosion can be found in crude column domes with condensing HCl. Typical corrosion rates are on the order of 20 mpy. One joint venture refinery uses a Hastelloy C-276-lined dome instead of Monel. It is critical that alloy cladding be run far enough down the tower so that revaporization of condensed acid can occur on the alloy surface. Condensed acid progressing down the tower will be revaporized as it reaches hotter zones. In one joint venture refinery, acid condensing in the cooler alloy-clad regions of the tower ran down the alloy surface until it reached a carbon steel surface that was still cool enough to allow the presence of acidic liquid. Rapid corrosion of the carbon steel resulted.
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Beneath the Monel lined section, Type 410 stainless steel bubble cap trays or better are now required by Materials Specification 32-SAMSS-020, paragraph 10.8 (March 2005). Previously, carbon steel was specified for intermediate trays and down-comers in the column. In the hotter regions of the tower, Type 316L stainless steel can be used as a tray material and as a cladding material to provide protection against naphthenic acid corrosion. However, naphthenic acid corrosion has not been recorded in Saudi Aramco refineries with the present crude slates. From the corrosion point of view, the minimum temperature in the tower should always be at least 15C greater than the highest dew point temperature of any condensable corrosive acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfur-oxy acids, or carbonic acid. Towers with higher top temperatures such as Ras Tanura tend to experience far less corrosion problems than towers with cooler top temperatures such as Rabigh. Tower temperatures are always determined by process needs and the required end points of products, so in practice the corrosion engineer has little influence over these temperatures. Suggested changes in tower operating parameters can be supported by evaluating the cost of additional repairs and the downtime required to effect repairs versus possibly lower productivity but uninterrupted production. Cooler towers may experience localized corrosion over a limited area due mal-distribution of flows inside the tower or external heat sinks. In one such case, corrosion rates in the region of 1,600 mpy have been reported on the carbon steel tower wall. Evaluation of tower tray performance using advanced inspection techniques such as gamma scans or linear accelerators can indicate flow distribution problems that may be result in temperature variations. An example is provided in Figure 3. The dew point in the tower and overhead system depends upon the amount of water present, so there must be careful control of stripping steam into the tower and side strippers. Steam may also be a source of contamination by boiler water feed chemicals if volatile chemicals are carried through the system, or if liquid water is entrained with the steam. Higher pressure steam rather than saturated steam is preferred. Other water sources into the tower include the crude feed itself and any possible return in the reflux from the overhead accumulator. At least one refinery experienced severe corrosion problems when approximately 50% water was returned to the tower in the reflux due to inadequate separation in the overhead accumulator. Increased water in the column will also mean increased steam generation and greatly increased velocities in the overhead pipework. The refinery with water in the reflux was calculated to have overhead velocities in the region of about 90 m/s (300 feet per second).
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Figure 3: Example of Gamma Scan Data to Detect Tower Abnormalities Crude columns and trays can occasionally experience severe fouling or corrosion of trays and side-cuts. Leaking heat exchangers on side-cuts or poorly maintained pumps can be sources of problems. Condensation of amine chlorides can be another source of deposits. Water soluble neutralizers that enter the tower or other tramp amines may precipitate amine salts within the tower. The first line of defense against this type of corrosion is to prevent the amine product entering the tower. Nitrogen compounds in the crude feed form ammonia, and ammonia will react with chlorides to form ammonium chloride, a hydroscopic salt that can deposit on trays or pipes. Wild naphtha streams from downstream processes are sometimes returned to the crude tower to provide improved separation of the wild naphtha stream components. Such streams can be contaminated with water, ammonia, and other corrosives. If at all possible, wild naphtha streams should be routed to other units or sales. Depending upon stream temperature and injection location, they may also initiate shock condensation. Potentially corrosive re-injected streams that enter at temperature locations where flashing can occur must be injected through adequately designed injection points using Alloy 625 or equivalent injection quills. Existing injection points of these types of streams should be carefully inspected during T&Is.
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6.9
Overhead System The overhead piping system conveys the lightest products of distillation (gasoline, naphthadepending on tower operation) and water as a vapor stream from the top of the tower. The normal configuration is for a pipe to exit vertically from the center of the dome and pass through two bends to descend the outside of the tower. Other configurations may be found in some facilities. A joint venture refinery uses dual overheads. One refinery takes the exit from the side of the tower. The overhead descends to heat exchangers that condense liquids for separation in the overhead receiver (also called the overhead accumulator) as shown in Figure 1, above. A portion of the liquid hydrocarbon is recirculated to the tower to aid in separation at the bubble trays. Water is usually sent to the sour water stripper and may be returned to the unit to serve as a wash water. Product streams are sent for further processing. As the stream cools, acid components condense and cause corrosion. Hydrochloric acid is the most important of these, though sulfur-oxy acids, carbonic acid, hydrogen sulfide and other weak acids may also condense depending on stream composition. Corrosion control is obtained through a combination of process control (temperature, velocity), proper design, plus the use of corrosion resistant alloys and/or chemical treatments. Process control means maintaining the tower top temperature at least 15 degrees centigrade above the highest dew-point temperature for any of the corrosive acids. It also means minimizing water injected into the tower and side strippers to the extent possible, and optimizing the velocity in the overhead pipework. Process control also means effective tank settling, desalting, and treatment with caustic upstream of the crude distillation tower, minimizing the formation rate of hydrochloric acid. For overhead systems with severe corrosion problems, carbon steel internally clad with 3-mm Hastelloy C-276 has been used in Yanbu Refinery and in SAMREF, the joint venture refinery in Yanbu. While the carbon steel pipe thickness behind the cladding can be optimized to reduce weight and cost, this can only be done in cooperation with weld design, as thin carbon-steel clad material has presented welding problems in the past. Hastelloy C-22 clad carbon steel material is a preferred material for hot-formed elbows, in-order to avoid sensitization. Alternatively, weld-overlaid carbon steel can be used. InKingdom users on Hastelloy C-276 report corrosion rates of less than 1-mpy. Refineries planning to use Hastelloy or similar materials should be aware of the long lead times for specialty alloys and plan accordingly. Lead times may be in the region of one year or more.
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Chemical corrosion control is applied in the overhead for any portion that is not constructed from Hastelloy or an equivalent material. Water soluble neutralizer is co-injected with steam to vaporize the neutralizer. Alternatively, neutralizer may be co-injected with the overhead wash water, providing that no acid condensation can occur on carbon steel upstream of the injection point. The object for the neutralizer injected with steam is to react in the vapor phase with HCl and also to co-condense in the first drops of acid that condense in the system. The target pH is 5.5 to 6.5, measured at the overhead receiver. It is important to select a neutralizer that partitions quickly into the condensing liquid phase. Ammonia is used by some companies for neutralization, but it partitions very slowly into the condensing acid. Ammonia has been found as an impurity in Saudi Aramco overhead systems, especially where hydrotreating or similar processes are used. The presence of ammonia will increase the pH of the overhead receiver water. Too high a pH may lead to instability of iron sulfide surface films on the pipework. This can be observed as black water in the water leg of the overhead receiver. Under these circumstances, it may be necessary to reduce neutralizer addition; however, this must be done only with careful monitoring on a frequent basis. Ammonia can also result in the formation of ammonium chloride salt. Corrosion control is discussed further below. 6.10 Wash Water Wash water is added to the overhead system to dilute condensing acids and to dissolve salts that form by reaction of hydrochloric acid with neutralizing amines and with any ammonia in the system. An ideal design would be to position the wash water injection so that no condensation occurs upstream of the wash water injection location. In Saudi Aramco refineries, wash water injection is placed as near to the crude tower exit as possible, often high up on the vertical downcomer from the top of the tower. Sufficient wash water must be added to ensure that at least 25% of the water remains in the liquid phase after injection at each and every injection point. It is essential to correctly design the volume of water required for a water wash. Process simulations of the design must be run to verify adequate water wash. Injection of insufficient wash water may cause corrosion problems by creating an artificial dewpoint and possible salting out of corrosive chlorides. In order to assure this during operation, the system must include the capability to definitively measure the amount of water going to each and every location. Single pump systems in Saudi Aramco where one pump provides wash water to several different locations with little ability to measure or control the water have experienced problems in the past. In one case where a single pump fed water to both the tower overhead pipework and to the fin-fans, it was found that all the water was going to fin fans and zero was going to the overhead line.
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Water wash injection sprays or quills should preferably be fabricated from corrosion resistant alloys. Cast spray heads have been made from a variety of alloys including stainless steels, though corrosion resistant alloys such as Incoloy 825 or Inconel 625 are preferred. CRA spray heads have limited availability from manufacturers and sometimes have minimum order quantities. Stainless steel wash water quills in the Ras Tanura J-64 Khuff Gas Condensate Unit experienced chloride stress corrosion cracking and were temporarily replaced with carbon steel quills. These quills must be inspected on a much more frequent basis. 6.11 Coolers and Fin Fans After water wash injection, the stream flows to coolers and an overhead receiver. The coolers are most commonly horizontal air coolers. The purpose of the overhead fin fans is to cool the overhead stream before it reaches the overhead receiver. Well designed and operated fin fans have a life expectancy of at least 15 years. Long banks of fin fans lead to poor distribution of wash water and insufficient neutralizer and inhibitor reaching some tubes. Improved fin fan life can be achieved by balanced piping systems that give even distribution of all phases. In exiting systems, the installation of flow control valves may allow more effective balancing of heat exchanger flows. Some air coolers use a supplemental periodic wash of a bank of tubes at a sufficient velocity to remove tube deposits. One source of the fouling and corrosion within the system which will also affect the fin fans is system pH. When systems are operated for periods of time in the pH range of 6.8 to 7.3, the semi-protective iron sulfide film is unstable and the tube material is more vulnerable to corrosion. Oxygen contamination has been shown to contribute to corrosion in some crude unit air coolers. Oxygen contamination results in the deposition of sulfur that interferes with the effectiveness of the corrosion inhibitor package. One refinery uses a vertical heat exchanger rather than horizontal air cooler to cool the overhead flow. The vertical design is preferred as it is less prone to fouling deposits and corrosion. The corrosives in the fin fans and coolers are the same as those in the overhead. Corrosion control is achieved by chemical neutralization, chemical inhibition, and water wash. Internal tube coatings offer an excellent means to extend tube life and may be applied to a new air-cooler bundle or to a bundle undergoing renovation. Internal tube coating has been adopted as a best practice by the Refining Corrosion Best Practices Team. Full length metallic inserts are also an effective repair method and have been used in Saudi Aramco.
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6.12
Overhead Receiver The overhead receiver is the last piece of equipment in the overhead system. The receiver separates hydrocarbon from water. Most of the separated hydrocarbon is used as naphtha but part of it is recycled (reflux) to the crude tower. The reflux should be dry to avoid corrosion in the crude tower. Provided that corrosion is adequately controlled within the system, the water accumulated in the water boot is low in total dissolved solids (TDS) and is a good source to be used as wash water in the overhead system. The capacity of the overhead receiver has to be sufficient to handle and separate the overhead hydrocarbon. The residence time of water in the water boot should be 4 to 5 minutes. The capacity of the receiver has to be considered before increasing the units charge rate. Some overhead systems may actually be constructed with dual overhead receivers, where the vapor line from the first overhead receiver is taken to additional coolers and a second overhead receiver. Chemical injection for corrosion control must be done wherever condensation may occur, and chemicals injected ahead of the first receiver will be removed with the liquid phase. Therefore, supplemental injection may be required on the second overhead line.
Damage Mechanisms Figure 4 shows the most common damage locations in a typical atmospheric crude dilation unit. At lower temperatures at the top of the column and through the overhead system, hydrochloric acid condensation is dominant. At higher temperatures, sulfidation is the principle damage mechanism. Naphthenic acid corrosion can also occur in refineries around the world; however, it has not yet been discovered to be an issue in Saudi Aramco refineries. Figure 5 shows a more detailed diagram of all recognized corrosion mechanisms based on API RP 571. Not all these mechanisms occur in Saudi Aramco Refineries, but many of them are possibilities.
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H2S Corrosion
Figure 4: Principal Damage Mechanisms in a Crude Unit
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Figure 5: Recognized Damage Mechanisms for a Crude Unit, API RP 571
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7.1
Hydrochloric Acid Corrosion Hydrochloric acid corrosion occurs where liquid hydrochloric acid condenses in cooler parts of the crude distillation column, overhead pipework, or overhead system heat exchangers/coolers. Crude feeding the refineries contains water and inorganic salts (magnesium, calcium, and sodium chloride). Arabian Light crude usually has a salt content of 2-10 PTB and 0.05-0.2 % BS&W. Hydrolysis of magnesium and calcium chlorides occurs while heating the crude unit in the pre-heat exchangers and fired heaters. This leads to the formation of hydrochloric acid (HCl) as in the following chemical reactions:
MgCl2 + CaCl2 NaCl + + 2H2O 2H2O H2O Mg(OH)2 + Ca(OH)2 + NaOH + HCl 2HCl 2HCl > 230C (450F) > 120C (250F) > 205C (400F)
Magnesium chloride starts to hydrolyze above 120C (250F) and at fired heater exit temperatures about 360-380C (680-716F), the reaction is about 95 percent complete. However, only about 15% of calcium chloride will hydrolyze at these temperatures. Sodium chloride starts to hydrolyze at about 230C (450F) but does not hydrolyze as
Figure 6: Hydrolysis of Chloride Salts in Crude Oil

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Effectively, as shown in Figure 6. Therefore, sodium chloride is considered to be essentially stable at fired heater temperatures. HCl that forms will enter the overhead as vapor. In the overhead system, corrosion from HCl acid occurs as the first droplets of water condense from the vapor stream as it cools below the water dew point temperature. This water can have a very low pH and can result in high rates of corrosion. In addition to corrosion caused by hydrolysis of inorganic chloride salts, organic chlorides may also contribute to corrosion. Organic chlorides are also called undesaltable chlorides because they are not removed in the desalting process. They are released by heating downstream of the desalter and cause corrosion and fouling. Sources of organic chlorides include oil field chemical treatments and recirculation of contaminants from refinery processes. The primary method of control is to remove magnesium and calcium chlorides to prevent their hydrolysis in the heaters. This is achieved by effective crude management, minimizing the amount of field water in the crude, washing the crude with relatively fresh water in the desalter and then separating as much water as possible in the desalter. In some systems, caustic is added upstream of the desalter and may help in removing magnesium and calcium salts. Demulsifier added to the desalter helps separate water and therefore reduces salt. The secondary method of corrosion control is to add caustic at a location between the desalter and the heater. The exact mechanism is unclear but most authorities propose that caustic reacts with HCl as it is formed. Others propose several intermediate reactions. Another proposal is that caustic precipitates the calcium and magnesium salts preventing their hydrolysis. The third method of corrosion control is to chemically treat any hydrochloric acid that is formed and condenses in the crude unit overhead system. A neutralizing amine is used to co-condense with the first droplets of acid in the overhead. The objective of the neutralizing amine is to raise the pH of these condensing droplets to about 5.5 to 6.5. At this pH, the liquid is less corrosive. Also at this pH, film-forming corrosion inhibitors can be used to further reduce corrosion. The fourth method of corrosion control is to prevent under deposit corrosion through the continuous use of wash water to help carry solids through the system. The use of wash water also forces the condensation of hydrocarbon and water and dilutes the hydrochloric acid. The addition of treating chemicals: caustic, neutralizing amine, and filmforming inhibitors, means that for effective control, system operating conditions should fluctuate as little as possible. Fluctuating system conditions require
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frequent adjustments to chemical additives. This is difficult to achieve in a timely fashion. Also, chemicals that are added to the system must be of consistent quality. Of particular concern is the caustic that is usually made up on a batch basis by the plant. 7.2 Salt Formation Ammonia and amines will react with chlorides to form salts. Neutralizers containing amines are deliberately added to the overhead system to control pH. Amines may also be available from tramp or contamination sources. Ammonia can be fed to the crude column through sour water or wild naphtha or in some companies, may be fed deliberately as a neutralizing agent. These reactions can occur in the vapor phase at a higher temperature than the water dew point resulting in precipitation of ammonium or amine chloride salts. These salts may form in the overhead system or in the crude distillation tower. The salts may form as solids or also as liquids which can be found on tower trays. The salts are hydroscopic and can absorb moisture from the vapor phase resulting high corrosion rates. Corrosion rates in excess of 100 mpy (2.5 mmpy) can result. This type of damage can be minimized by the addition of appropriately placed water wash, increasing the system temperature above the salt point, or by limiting the concentrations of the critical reactants. Alloys may reduce the corrosion rate somewhat. Salting can be predicted by the use of ionic modeling programs. Various programs are available through chemical vendors. Salting on trays may be indicated by mal-distribution found by gamma scans. Salting in heat exchangers may be found by abnormal pressure drops. 7.3 Shock Condensation Corrosion Shock condensation corrosion can occur when cold streams are injected into hotter process streams containing water and other corrosives. Naphtha reflux from the overhead receiver can be significantly colder (by perhaps 50C (100F) or more) than the tower top to which it is re-injected. The cooling provided by the naphtha condenses water from the fluids in the crude distillation column and corrosion results. Localized wall temperatures may be significantly different to bulk fluid temperatures that are indicated by thermocouples that project deep into a stream through a thermowell. In one case, a flowing stream with a nominal 138C (280F) thermowell temperature was found to have wall surface temperatures on the order of 85C (185F).
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Cold naphtha reflux may also be used as a source for dilution of overhead film forming inhibitors. Over -dilution of the inhibitor stream, which can happen if the flow rates of both the inhibitor or the diluents are not measured, can result in the injection of large quantities of a colder stream which again may result in shock condensation corrosion. Wild naphtha streams reinjected from other process units may also cause shock condensation depending upon the temperature and exact injection location. 7.4 Sulfidation Sulfidation is high temperature wastage of carbon steels and other alloys due to their reaction with sulfur compounds. It is accentuated by the presence of hydrogen or mercaptans. Figure 7 shows corrosion rate data due to sulfidation for carbon steel with increasing temperature in a number of different crude oils. Based on this data, there is a 100-times increase in corrosion rate between about 290C and 380C (560F - 720F) for Middle East crudes. Figure 8 presents the modified McConomy curves for sulfidic corrosion of carbon steel and stainless steels. These data predict an increase in corrosion rate more on the order of 10 times for the same temperature range. Selecting 5Cr1/2Mo or 9Cr1Mo steel grades reduces the corrosion rate significantly, as shown in Figure 8. Sulfidation is caused by hydrogen sulfide that is formed on heating the crude to high temperatures. The amount of hydrogen sulfide formed is not linearly related to the sulfur content of the oil. Therefore, the true corrosiveness of a crude must be determined by laboratory tests. Recent data for carbon steel suggest that sulfidation can be accentuated by the presence of mercaptans. The temperature for the on-set of increased corrosion when mercaptans are present is approximately 50C (100F) cooler than would be predicted by the McConomy curve.
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Figure 7: Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steel in Various Crudes with Increasing Temperature (F)
Figure 8: Modified McConomy Curves for Corrosion Rate of Various Steels and Stainless Steels in 0.6 weight % Sulfur Containing Environment & Corrosion Rate Multiplier for Varying Sulfur Content 7.5 Fuel Ash Corrosion
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Fuel ash corrosion is accelerated high temperature wastage of materials that occurs when contaminants in the fuel form deposits and melt on the metal surfaces of fired heaters. Fuel ash corrosion has been a source of failure in at least two Saudi Aramco refineries. Liquid fuels containing vanadium, sodium, and sulfur form low melting point slags that cause damage at temperatures in the region of 500C (930F) and higher. Fuel ash corrosion can be controlled by magnesium oxide/carboxylate treatment, reduced excess air, and reduced temperature. Alloys can be used if necessary. An effective soot blowing program is essential. 7.6 Carburization Carburization is the absorption of carbon into a metallic structure at elevated temperature caused by contact with a carbon-containing material. Typically this occurs typically above 590C (1100F) in a carbon rich environment such as a heavy crude oil. Carbon enters the matrix resulting in a change in mechanical properties. These changes may become most evident on rapid shutdown or start up. To evaluate the presence of carburization, a sample of tube must be cut out. 7.7 Creep Creep is the slow continuous deformation of metal components that can occur at high temperatures when materials are stressed with loads less than their yield stress. Overheating heater tubes, supports, and related equipment can result in various types of permanent damage including creep. Initial damage morphology can only be detected by metallography. Later stages include bulging and cracking.
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Figure 9: Creep Damage 7.8 Sulfur Oxy-acids Sulfurous and sulfuric acids can form when the system upstream of the heater is contaminated with oxygen. Sources of oxygen include oxygenated desalter wash waters, or contaminated water returning to the API separator. Sulfurous and sulfuric acid typically have higher dew points and therefore can condense more readily than hydrochloric acid. This type of corrosion may be present in the top of colder crude towers and in the overhead system. 7.9 Carbonic Acid Corrosion Carbonic acid corrosion is a potential cause of overhead corrosion, carbon dioxide originating from carbonates in the crude feed or from the decomposition of organic acids. It has been suggested that Northern Area Production contains some carbonates resulting in somewhat increased use of neutralizer with Medium and Heavy grades. 7.10 Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic) Sodium hydroxide (caustic) can cause severe flow-induced corrosion of carbon steel at elevated temperatures. Corrosion rates on the order of 1,500 mpy have been experienced in Saudi Aramco facilities at about 260C (500F). Injection immediately upstream of the fired heater, therefore, is not the first choice location to inject caustic as any impingement on the pipe wall can lead to rapid failure. See the Saudi Aramco Chemical Injection Best Practice, SABP-A-015, and Section 8 and Appendix 1 of this document for further information on caustic injection. General corrosion will also occur if high concentrations are injected downstream of the desalter. Caustic also contributes to fouling if the injected stream is too high a concentration. 7.11 Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking Caustic also causes caustic stress corrosion cracking of carbon steels, austenitic stainless steels, and alloys including Incoloy 825. Caustic stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel has been reported when higher concentrations are injected even immediately downstream of the desalter. Therefore, for caustic injection, use Monel 400 or Inconel 625. Stress relieve all carbon steel pipework downstream of the caustic injection point. Caustic cracking regions for various alloys and various steel heat treatments are shown in Figure 10. NACE Internationals Recommended Practice RP 0403 - 2003 addresses measures to avoid caustic cracking. 7.12 Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking
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Chloride stress corrosion cracking may occur in systems where austenitic stainless steels are exposed to chloride containing environments at temperatures, most commonly, in excess of 60C (140F).. Generally, chloride concentrations below 50 ppm are considered to be of little risk, except in circumstances where concentration may occur. Failures can be reduced by minimizing stress (higher wall thickness). The failure shown below in Figures 11 and 12 occurred in Type 316L stainless steel. Material upgrades or downgrades provide a permanent solution. The quill below will be upgraded to Inconel 625 as soon as material becomes available. Temporarily, carbon steel quills were installed; however, these require more frequent inspection. Connecting pipework was downgraded to carbon steel, and some general corrosion accepted as a result. The two photographs (Figure 11, Figure 12, below) are from a failure in a condensate distillation unit overhead system, where the quill was used to inject recirculated process water ahead of each fin fan cooler.
(Reference: Environmental Cracking: Learning from FailuresGraham Lobley & Robin Tems, 11th Middle East Corrosion Conference, Bahrain, February 2006, Bahrain Society of Engineers & NACE).
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Figure 10: Caustic Service Stress Relief Requirements
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Figure 11: Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking of a Water Injection Quill
Figure 12: Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking of a Water Injection Quill 7.13 Wet H2S Damage Wet H2S damage includes sulfide stress cracking (SSC), hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) and stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking (SOHIC). In general, these are minor have problems in crude units. NACE RP 0296 reports that only 18% of crude units experience wet H2S problems, the lowest percentage damage of all the processes surveyed. Wet overhead systems are
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inhibited and neutralized to a neutral, pH, so little damage would be expected. However, any location that could experience wet sour service must use materials and welding procedures necessary to avoid each of the failure mechanisms. These are defined in SAES-L-133, SAES-A-301, 01-SAMSS-016, SAES-W010, and SAES-W-011. 7.14 Downtime Corrosion One joint venture refinery experienced very high corrosion rates of the crude tower when it was shut down, steamed out and left open to the atmosphere. It is postulated that ammonium or amine chloride deposits were wetted and became highly corrosive during the several week shut down. This has not been reported as a problem in Saudi Aramco refineries where salt formation has not been reported as being a major concern. The corrosion product that forms during crude unit operation is most commonly iron sulfide. Iron sulfide can be pyrophoric, though this has not generally been a problem in Saudi Aramco crude units. 8 Control of Corrosion by Chemicals 8.1 Chemical Injection Chemical injection must be performed following the requirements of Best Practice A-015 and the recommendations in this document. Errors in chemical injection can result in fires, inadequate chemical treatment, or corrosion damage to the system. 8.2 SARCOP SARCOP, the Saudi Aramco Refineries Chemical Optimization Program, is the program that governs the purchase and application of corrosion control chemicals in Saudi Aramco refineries. The form of SARCOP is a team building structure where vendor personnel, refinery personnel, Refining Planning and Technical Staff, and Engineering Services work in a cooperative environment to maximize refinery safety, profit, and reliability. The contract for each refinery is awarded for a term of three to five years on a competitive basis through normal Purchasing Department procedures but covering service aspects in addition to the supply of chemicals and equipment. Each refinery has its own SARCOP Team. SARCOP covers both water treatment chemicals and process corrosion control chemicals. All chemicals used in the crude unit for corrosion control must be supplied through the contracted agreements of SARCOP. All chemicals used must be approved by Consulting Services Department. New technologies available from alternate vendors may be used, but the procedures
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of SARCOP must be followed. SARCOP does not cover catalysts or bulk chemicals such as amines for amine systems. 8.3 First Fill Chemicals New construction projects developed by Project Management Teams provide chemicals for corrosion control for the initial operation of the new unit. All chemicals must be reviewed and approved by the refinery SARCOP team and CSD. Unless there are exceptional circumstances, the existing SARCOP chemical vendor for that refinery shall supply the first fill corrosion control chemicals. 8.4 Tank Aids and Desalter Aids Tank aids may be used to assist in settling water or to assist in redissolving sludge. Desalter aids can be used to help break emulsions in the desalter. To date these have only been used on a limited trial basis in Saudi Aramco facilities. 8.5 Caustic Upstream of Desalter Caustic may be added upstream of the desalter in the wash water feed to the desalter to adjust desalter pH. Caustic injected upstream of the desalter can contribute to emulsions in the desalter. Some of this caustic will be carried though with the crude charge but the great majority will be discharged with water from the desalter. Critical factors are (1) Excellent quality control on the concentration of caustic and the volumes injected including on-site tests of caustic strength, and (2) Elimination of oxygen through gas blanketing. Caustic is injected through a Monel 400 quill. 8.6 Caustic Treatment between the Desalter and Heater Caustic is added between the desalter and the heater to help minimize hydrolysis of chloride salts remaining in the crude charge. Correct treatment with caustic will reduce overhead corrosion significantly. Incorrect treatment with caustic will cause significant problems. Over-treatment with caustic immediately after the desalter can result in fouling of the heat exchangers. Over-treatment in any location can result in and stress corrosion cracking of pipe and equipment. It may also result in excessive sodium in crude tower bottoms. Sodium can affect downstream catalysts in FCC and hydrocracker units. Sodium can cause coking and fouling in Visbreakers. The sodium content of the Visbreaker feed must be less than 50 ppm. A lower level below 25 ppm is preferred if achievable. Injection immediately downstream of the desalter: Caustic injection downstream of the desalter is an effective method to reduce overhead corrosion. Various reaction mechanisms have been proposed. Most commonly, it is
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assumed that caustic reacts directly with HCl as it is formed. Others suggest that caustic converts undesirable salts (MgCl2 and CaCl2) to form less soluble hydroxides, which would provide an explanation of fouling that occurs after caustic injection. Caustic injected at this location must be thoroughly mixed with the crude stream. This is best achieved by use of a crude slip stream and static mixer. The crude slip stream should preferably be obtained from a location after the desalter to eliminate un-desalted crude from being re-injected into the stream. In some cases, injection into the crude pump suction has had an equally effective mixing role as using a slip stream. Inadequate mixing can result in excessive fouling of heat exchanger trains. Caustic is injected at a low concentration, of the order of 1 to 5 weight percent. This low concentration requires a greater volume, and this aids effective mixing with the crude stream. The injection of a low concentration also reduces the risk of caustic corrosion and caustic stress corrosion cracking. In order to minimize fouling of the heat exchangers, it is critical that caustic quality be strictly controlled. At refineries where there are large fluctuations in caustic quality, heat exchanger fouling and caustic stress corrosion cracking have occurred. Equipment immediately downstream of the injection location must be post weld heat treated (PWHT) to minimize the risk of caustic stress corrosion cracking. However, even PWHT pipework is not immune from cracking in high concentration caustic streams. Caustic injected downstream of the desalter caused caustic cracking of three non-stress relieved heat exchanger shells and one pipe weld at one refinery. Subsequently, the injection location was moved to upstream of the fired heater. In a second refinery, two downstream bends in the crude line failed from caustic stress corrosion cracking following the inadvertent injection of higher strength (14 Be) caustic for at least two months. The root causes of this failure included the use of too small a day tank and the use of a common caustic distribution header that allowed contamination with more concentrated caustic (ref: CSD/ME&CCD/L-1075/02). The implementation of routine measurements of caustic strength in the unit day tank would also allow problems like this to be discovered immediately. A Monel 400 quill is required for caustic injection. Such quills have an expected service life well in excess of ten years in this location. Alloy 625 would be an alternative but has not been used in Saudi Aramco refineries. The measured chloride content in the overhead accumulator water controls caustic addition downstream of the desalters. The target range is 10-30 ppm Clin the accumulator water. Currently, at most Saudi Aramco refineries, operators adjust the caustic rate when a chloride reading is out of specified limits.
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However, the injection rate is usually limited to a maximum of 2 PTB (pounds per thousand barrels) to prevent downstream fouling. Injection Upstream of the Heater: Caustic injection upstream of crude heater is an alternative if and only if heat exchangers downstream of the desalter experience severe fouling. However, there are increased risks from caustic injection at these higher temperatures. Therefore, within the industry, only about 20 percent of refineries have adopted this method of caustic injection. Chevron is the most significant proponent of this injection methodology. For contrast, Shells Best Practice specifically requires caustic injection at temperatures less than 177C (350F). Nalcos best practice limits caustic injection to a temperature of less than 150C (300F). Caustic at elevated temperatures is extremely corrosive and can corrode the injection quill or the pipe wall itself if the quill is incorrectly positioned. Further, caustic may cause caustic embrittlement of non-stress relieved pipework and heater tubes. Injection of caustic at this location requires precision engineering and operation. Caustic of consistent strength and quality must be thoroughly mixed with a slip stream of crude, ensuring thorough mixing with the use of a static mixer. Injection is achieved via Monel 400 pipework, valves, and quill. The crude slipstream must be carefully monitored to ensure that the caustic stream is not injected un-mixed into the main crude line. The Monel 400 quill will experience some minor sulfidation on the process side at these temperatures, in the region of approximately, 260C (500F). Alloy 825 and Type 316L stainless steel quills have been used in this service but failed rapidly resulting in plant downtime and damage. Alloy 625 would be an alternative but has not been used in Saudi Aramco refineries. The injection quill itself must be carefully aligned in the center-third of the pipe. The location of the quill must be checked by radiography and the radiograph stored as a permanent record. The nozzle must be oriented to discharge downstream. A match mark indicator must be part of the quill to aid alignment. Failure to correctly execute every detail at this injection temperature can result in a disaster. In Ras Tanura Plant 11, a long injection quill was inserted that resulted in caustic impinging on the opposite side of the pipe. The wall rapidly corroded and the resultant fire destroyed the crude unit. In Rabigh Refinery, a poorly engineered and constructed injection quill was modified on-site by cutting long slits in the quill. The caustic flowed along the pipe wall and perforated it. A small fire resulted. A replacement quill from Alloy 825 failed quickly. In Ras Tanura Plant 15, the installation of a stainless steel quill resulted in quill failure and corrosion of the crude line in a few months.
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Caustic addition can be adjusted on a shift to shift basis determined by the level of chlorides in the overhead receiver. 8.7 Caustic Treatment Downstream of the Heater Injection locations downstream of the heater have not been used in Saudi Aramco. Cross Oil reported the use of this location with high concentrations of caustic. Multiple failures occurred even after the installation of a Hastelloy spool piece. Injection point life ranged from a minimum of 28 days to a maximum of 160 days. This injection location is not recommended for Saudi Aramco refineries due to the severe risk of failure and fire, high maintenance cost, and lost time probability. 8.8 Caustic Quality Caustic injected into crude units must be fresh caustic. Spent caustic must not be used. Spent caustic is of variable concentration and introduces many possible impurities into the process. Spent caustic solutions have caused caustic stress corrosion cracking failures in the region A of Figure 10. Three grades of caustic are commercially available: Rayon, Mercury, or low-salt grade is the highest quality and has the fewest impurities, generally less than 100 ppm chlorides. Industrial caustic contains up to 1.1 weight percent sodium chloride. 8.9 Neutralizing Amine Neutralizing amine is introduced into the overhead line to neutralize the strong acids that cause very low pH and high corrosion rates at the water dew point. The objective is for the neutralizer to co-condense with acid in the first drops of condensate in the overhead and provide full neutralization through the condensation process. The recommended application method is to inject the neutralizer into the beginning of the crude column overhead vapor line through an injection quill with steam to distribute and atomize the neutralizing chemical. A second choice injection scenario is to co-inject the neutralizer into the overhead water wash. This may only be adopted after consultation with CSD through the SARCOP management structure. The target pH range for water in the overhead receiver is 5.5 to 6.5. More alkaline pH values can result in instability in the iron sulfide film and the production of black water at the overhead receiver. At one refinery, a pH of 7.5 was found to give acceptable results but an increase to pH 8.0 resulted in significant black water. Neutralizing amines vary considerably in chemical composition and solution strength meaning that laboratory evaluation is essential in a commercial bid analysis. Products are selected by the local refinery SARCOP Team which includes vendor representatives in consultation with Consulting Services
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Department. Products currently applied in Saudi Aramco refineries are Nalco 5151 and Baker BPR-82365. As a normal practice, neutralizer shall not be injected into the reflux returned to the tower or directly into the crude column. If injected in this fashion it will contribute to fouling and corrosion in the crude column. Also, since neutralizer will be consumed in the crude column, only a small fraction will reach the overhead and hence total injection rates will need to be increased significantly. Neutralizing amines react with hydrochloric acid to form amine chloride salts. These salts can be corrosive if not adequately dispersed by the overhead wash water system. So called Lo-salt neutralizers can be used where amine salt formation is a significant problem. However, Lo-salt products are less efficient neutralizers therefore costing considerably more. Also, they can rank poorly in several other desirable properties. Neutralizing amine addition is adjusted on a week to week basis based on the pH of the water in the overhead receiver. It may also be adjusted based on analyses of strong acids, or by using programs such as Pathfinder (Nalco) or the Ionic Model (Baker Petrolite). 8.10 Filming Amine A filming amine is injected downstream of the neutralizer injection point to minimize corrosion damage. Two products are currently used in Saudi Aramco refineries: Nalco 5186 and Baker BPR 81202. These products are used only with the complimentary neutralizer from the same company. These products are added to provide a protective film, or barrier, between the metal surface and the corrosive liquids in the overhead system. Injection rates are set to add the filmer at 3-5 ppm based on total overhead naphtha rate. The product is injected into the overhead line through a quill with a naphtha slipstream with a dilution between 50 and 100 naphtha to 1 inhibitor. Over dilution of the inhibitor stream results in excessive cooling and shock condensation corrosion of the pipework. Under exceptional circumstances and only with the prior written approval of the Coordinator, Materials Engineering and Corrosion Control Division, CSD, corrosion inhibitor may be injected into the naphtha reflux to the crude column. Specially selected corrosion inhibitors have been used in US refineries to address cold spot corrosion inside crude towers. Chemicals so injected must be carefully selected so that there is no impact on sales product properties. Some inhibitors, for example N-5186, cause Jet Fuel to fail the WSIM (ASTM D3948) test. Nalco EC-1010B has been proposed for use in a Joint Interest refinery to solve cold tower corrosion problems. Note that filming inhibitor injected into the crude column is very unlikely to be transported through the
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overhead system. Therefore, additional injection of filming inhibitor in the overhead is required. Corrosion inhibitor injection is typically in the range of 3 to 5 ppm. It is adjusted on a weekly time frame based on corrosion rates experienced by the system. Daily corrosion rate indications are provided by iron ion counts. Corrosion monitoring systems provide data on a daily to monthly time frame, depending upon the sensitivity of the measurement technique. 8.11 Automatic pH Control Caustic addition ahead of the crude column limits the chloride content of water in the overhead receiver. A commercial neutralizer is added to adjust pH. It is possible to adjust pH through use of an automated pH control system. Key elements of an automated pH control system are: 1) 2) 3) Sample line to unit, 0.5 diameter or less, running continuously Cool sample to temperature suitable for selected pH probe Filter sample stream through an in-out filter with the majority of the flow running to waste. Filter should be 20 microns, back-flushed at least once per day Rosemont/Emerson measurement systems are reported to give excellent performance. Use 24 volt versions to minimize intrinsic safety issues. Have two pH measurement systems, with one acting as spare Tune response of control system to pH measurement systems to avoid large swings in pH.
4) 5) 6) 8.12
Fireside Additives Magnesium compounds (oxide or carboxylate) are added with fuel oils to minimize fireside corrosion in at least two refineries. While fireside corrosion control programs are costly, they represent an excellent investment when the cost of repairing fireside damage and the cost of downtime are considered. Treatment efficiencies depend upon the concentration of product and also the particle size of the product being injected. One company claims a finer dispersion and greater efficiency due to smaller particle size. Magnesium treatment slurries can be dispersed through individual treatment systems at one piece of equipment or through centralized treatments facilities that treat all the fuel oil for a particular facility.
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8.13
Inhibitors for Naphthenic Acid Corrosion Naphthenic acid corrosion is not currently a problem in Saudi Aramco refineries. Should it become one in the future, various chemical treatments based on phosphate chemistry and, more recently, sulfur chemistry are available. It is claimed that the sulfur products have less side effects than the phosphate chemistries.
Materials 9.1 Vessels In general, vessels are fabricated from carbon steel plus a corrosion allowance. Vessels in wet sour service must be fabricated for resistance to sulfide stress cracking (SAES-A-301) and hydrogen induced cracking (01-SAMSS-016). The top dome of the crude column is commonly fabricated from carbon steel internally clad with 3-mm thick Monel 400. High temperature zones of the crude column greater than 340C (650F) use carbon steel clad with stainless steel Type 410S or clad with Type 316 stainless steel. One joint venture refinery has a Hastelloy C-276 clad dome. Monel is not immune to corrosion. In cool, wet towers it has been found to corrode at a rate of about 20 mpy. Data for the corrosion of Monel is presented in Figure 13. Monel corrosion rates are increased by the presence of oxygen. A common source of oxygen is leaking cooling water in heat exchangers. Alloy 625 has been used as a cladding in the water zone of some desalters.
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Figure 13: Corrosion of Monel 400 in 5% Hydrochloric Acid 9.2 Trays The top three or four trays in the crude column are usually Monel 400. Trays below that are a minimum of Type 410 stainless steel, based on Saudi Aramco 32-SAMSS-020. 9.3 Pipework Pipework is generally carbon steel plus a corrosion allowance. Pipework subject to elevated temperatures will be 5Cr1/2Mo or 9Cr1Mo. Overhead pipework subject to extremely corrosive conditions has been fabricated from carbon steel clad with Hastelloy C-276 (3-mm). The use of Hastelloy C-22 is recommended for hot formed bends to avoid sensitization. In one Joint Venture refinery, the carbon steel thickness used with Hastelloy was reduced to 8 mm. This however, presented some difficulties in welding. Typical uninhibited and un-neutralized corrosion rates on Hastelloy C-276 are less than 1 mpy.
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9.4
Quills Chemical injection quill metallurgy is discussed in the Chemical Injection Best Practice, SABP-A-015, and Appendix 1 of this document. Caustic is always injected through Monel 400 quills. Alloy 625 is an alternative that could be considered in consultation with CSD, but has not yet been used in Saudi Aramco refineries. Carbon steel, Type 316L stainless steel and Alloy 825 have failed in service in Saudi Aramco refineries. Inhibitors and neutralizers injected into the overhead are injected through Hastelloy C-276, Hastelloy C-2000, Alloy 625 or similar material. Austenitic stainless steels may experience chloride stress corrosion cracking in overhead environments. Monel may experience corrosion or stress corrosion due to the chemical products (amines) being injected. Water washes are injected through a variety of materials with mixed results. Austenitic stainless steel castings have performed adequately in several refineries; however, large diameter austenitic stainless steel quills have experienced stress corrosion at one facility. Upgrade materials are Alloy 625, Hastelloy C-276, C-2000, and similar materials. However, supply of material is limited and lead times are long. Alloy 600 has been used successfully in one refinery.
9.5
Coatings Organic coatings are seldom used in crude unit equipment. One specific application is internal coating of heat exchanger and air cooler bundles. The large banks of air coolers frequently found in refinery crude units are subject to corrosion especially when there are flow distribution problems. Internal coating of new or used bundles provides an effective means of extending air cooler life. Contact Consulting Services Department Cathodic Protection and Coatings Unit for specific recommendations. This has been adopted as a Best Practice initiative by the Refining Corrosion Best Practice Team. An alternative to coatings are full length alloy tube inserts. Gunite coating or Alloy 625 cladding is used in the water zone of desalters.
10
Corrosion Management Program Corrosion management requires an integrated approach that combines inspection, monitoring, process control, chemical treatment, and system data to optimize the corrosion control program. The corrosion management program is part of the SARCOP team approach to optimization of the crude unit. Corrosion management includes the regular measurement and reporting of KPIs (Key Performance Indicators).
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10.1
Responsibilities The Saudi Aramco refinery fully qualified on-site corrosion engineer will take the proactive leadership role in corrosion measurement and control in cooperation with the SARCOP vendor and team members. The SARCOP on-site vendor team member will report data and recommendations at the morning meeting, weekly meetings, and other refinery functions as required by the refinery management.
10.2
KPIs, Example Corrosion Rates, and Reporting Schedule Typical crude unit corrosion KPIs are presented in Table 2. KPIs agreed with a vendor could also include cost, delivery, and safety aspects. The selection of KPIs for a particular unit must be determined based on the specific unit history. KPIs are dynamic, in that they may be adjusted periodically following the SARCOP procedures to set more appropriate KPIs for a particular unit, based on its history and other site specific factors. Basic KPIs will be measured each shift. Weekly reports shall be issued by the SARCOP vendor. Monthly and quarterly summary reports will be issued. Each refinery must develop procedures for measuring, recording, and reacting in an appropriate and timely manner to KPI deviations. Table 2: Typical Crude Unit KPIs
Performance Indicator
Method
Target
Accumulator iron content Corrosion rates pH Accumulator chloride content
Hach spectrophotometer method, or equivalent Corrosion coupons, electrical resistance probes, or high sensitivity ER probes (Microcor) On-site pH probe & narrow range paper in addition to refinery laboratory determination
<1 < 5.0 5.5 to 10 to
ppm mpy 6.5 30 ppm
Corrosion rates experienced in Saudi Aramco crude units vary significantly. Overhead systems that are completely out of control have experienced corrosion rates on the order of 100 to 200 mpy. This order of corrosion rates is likely to lead to emergency repairs, welding patches, and total replacement of the overhead at the next opportunity. Overhead systems with moderate control experience corrosion rates on the order of 20 to 30 mpy. These types of rates are still too high but have been managed by corrective repairs during planned T&Is. A well controlled overhead system has target corrosion rate of 5 mpy or less.
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One joint venture refinery has experienced serious tower corrosion problems including periods operating at 1.6 inches per year corrosion rate of carbon steel. For rates of this magnitude, immediate and drastic control improvements must be made. One Saudi Aramco refinery has experienced corrosion rates of 20 mpy on its Monel strip lining. These are very serious corrosion rates due to the thickness of the lining. Major replacement of the lining should be planned for the next T&I. Hastelloy-clad carbon steel pipework will have a corrosion rate of 1 mpy or less. 10.3 Data Storage and Processing Data are stored in various systems. Plant process data and data from the Laboratory Management System are stored in the PI (Plant Interface) system. Data are archived indefinitely so that data can be retrieved and retroactively analyzed. Inspection data from OSI (on-stream inspection) programs are stored in the SAIF program (System Assurance and Inspection of Facilities) program. This program is in the process of being implemented in refineries. Previously data were stored in programs such as PIPE+, Ultra PIPE+, and IDEEAL. Corrosion probe data are stored in corrosion servers of various descriptions. Normally, Corrosion servers in Saudi Aramco are the responsibility of the corrosion engineer and do not provide direct input to the distributed control system. Amulet is frequently specified with new corrosion monitoring systems from Rohrback Cosasco Systems such as the Microcor corrosion monitoring system. Amulet is a corrosion management software that allows input of many types of corrosion measurement and other data. The SARCOP chemical alliance program has, as part of its contract with Baker Petrolite, the agreement to install Amulet Plus in the refineries and to provide access to the data by Consulting Services Department. Amulet Plus is Baker Petrolites customized version of Amulet which includes functions related to chemical tracking and usage, plus the ability for automated report publishing. The new purchasing procedures of SARCOP where the vendor is reimbursed as the chemical is injected will result in the development of a large data base of accurate treatment rates for each unit. Previously, this was not possible. 10.4 On Stream Inspection (OSI) Program and Inspection Methods On Stream Inspection data are ultrasonic wall thickness measurements that allow damage that has occurred to the system to be measured. The technique has medium sensitivity, so that measurements are usually made after a number of months or years, though for very severe corrosion, damage can be monitored in a matter of weeks. The typical detection level with skilled operators is 1 to 2 percent wall loss. Ultrasonic thickness measurements can be made while the
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plant is operating or not. Conventional probes may be used up to temperatures of about 56C (130F). High temperature probes are available for on-stream inspection up to 385C (725F). The limitation of OSI capability is often the inaccessibility of the monitoring location which may require extensive scaffolding to reach the needed location. API 570 specifies inspection of hydrocarbon processes every five years or less. Where a corrosion rate has been determined and a remaining life can be calculated before the minimum allowable thickness is reached, SAEP-20 specifies re-inspection after no longer than 25% of the remaining corrosion life has been consumed. SAEP-1135 describes the steps necessary to plan and operate a program for on-stream inspection. Claddings are difficult to monitor in service. Strip lined claddings will reflect ultrasonic thickness measurement signals from the steel/alloy interface. Weld overlaid claddings will have poor signal reflection quality due to the weld bead surface. Explosive bonded cladding or co-extruded cladding have been successfully measured by UT in some situations. Rightrax (GE Inspection Technologies) is a permanently installed UT measurement strip. It has potential application in inaccessible locations. It has proved reliable up to 130C (265F) but will fail above that temperature. Even short duration high temperature spikes may inactivate the tool. Other technologies such as Clamp-on are still being evaluated but offer potential solutions for future application. RCS is developing ULTRACORR, a high sensitivity, permanently installed UT measurement system. Any spot measurement including OSI test point locations may miss localized corrosion. The OSI test point locations should cover all impingement locations (tees and elbows). Some Plant Inspection Units performed close monitoring on the crude overhead piping by conducting P-SCAN surveys on selected locations. Some Plant Inspection Units performed infrared surveys on crude overhead lines to check for cold spots. These can be used to indicate possible condensation areas due to inhibitor injection. Fired heaters can be inspected during T&Is using FTIS Intelligent Pig by Quest Integrated. This has been used at Ras Tanura Refinery. The FTIS Intelligent Pig uses ultrasonic inspection and dimensional sizing to provide data on corrosion and creep. The tool is propelled through the complex bends of the fired heater using water. It is suitable for heaters with tubing from 4 to 8 inches in diameter. The total linear distance that can be measured is 5300 feet with a
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minimum bend radius of 1D. Typical inspection speed is 2 feet per second meaning that a heater with 2000 linear feet can be examined in 15 minutes. Results are available in several convenient formats. www.qi2.com 10.5 Injection Point Inspection Plant Inspection Units must perform injection point inspection programs as per Inspection Procedure 01-SAIP-04, and API RP 570 on all chemical injection points, including the wash water injection point. The inspection of injection points must include removal of injection quills for visual inspection and UT readings during scheduled T&I shutdowns. This should be done routinely at every refinery even if there are T&I time limitations. Inspection programs on caustic injection quills installed immediately upstream of the heater must be performed as directed. Inspection during installation requires on-site verification of quill metallurgy and post-installation radiography of the quill to ensure correct positioning. Caustic quill locations must be inspected every 3 months for the first year after any work such as replacement or any modification to the quill is completed. Thereafter, they must be inspected yearly. Radiography to confirm the condition and position of the quill is required each time. 10.6 Corrosion Monitoring Systems Formal recommendations must be obtained through the Responsible Standardization Authority for Corrosion Monitoring, who can be contacted via the Supervisor, Corrosion Technology Unit, Materials Engineering and Corrosion Control Division, Consulting Services Department. Corrosion monitoring systems installed in Saudi Aramco refineries include coupons, conventional electrical resistance probes, and high resolution, high speed electrical resistance probes such as Microcor by Rohrback Cosasco Systems (RCS). State of the art systems use Microcor probes interfaced to the host computer through the plants existing LAN computer network. Some applications have used fiber optics for data transfer. Basic components of the Microcor station include the probe, the explosion proof data transmitter with RS 485 field bus. 32 transmitters can be connected to a single cable. See product information on the RCS website:
http://www.rohrbackcosasco.com/datasheets/products/Microcor%20Online.pdf
The addition of a modern corrosion monitoring system in a new project provides the opportunity to reroute data output from old existing systems which may have obsolescent electronics into spare slots in the new data processing system.
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Probes or coupons are mounted in the system through permanently installed, intermediate pressure, packing gland system such as those provided by RCS. The intermediate pressure system can be operated with an intermediate pressure retractor which has significant advantages over the weight of high pressure retriever systems. See product data on the RCS website:
http://www.rohrbackcosasco.com/datasheets/products/Model_60.pdf
High pressure retrievers are not recommended for on-line use in refining applications because of the high weight of the retriever, the high weight of the service valve, the large platform sizes need to operate them safely. In addition, high pressure retrievers require extensive training to operate safely and regular maintenance. Coupons should be changed every three months or so. Microcor probes should generally be selected to give a year or more service before replacement. 10.7 Laboratory Testing Laboratory work is extremely important to the safe and profitable operation of the refinery. Chemical treatment programs to control corrosion can only be successful and cost effective if laboratory data is of high quality and timely in its delivery. It should be emphasized that, as far as laboratory personnel are concerned, there is no good or bad result. Instead, the target is obtaining accurate results. A challenge in many refinery operating systems is the lag time between sample collection and data availability. Timeliness of feedback of data from refinery laboratory analyzed data is essential and each refinery must minimize the time between sample collection and data availability. It is best practice to use on-site instant read-out techniques such as a field-located pH meter or close-range pH paper covering the range 7.5 to 4.5 pH. Field collected data must be recorded and stored along with laboratory derived data. Any differences should be investigated. Some refineries are now using automatic e-mail announcements of offspecification values. This is proving to be an excellent way to get data to corrosion engineers and others so that corrective action can be considered. Calibration of pH meters on-site at or near the crude unit must be performed at least once a day using buffer solutions. Dry pH electrodes must be avoided at all the times. For sediments in crude, ASTM D 4007 is often used. It is extremely important to completely comply with ASTM D 4007. For example, the temperature must be controlled during centrifuging at 60 3C. The more accurate ASTM D 473,
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Standard Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils by the Extraction Method, should be used on a monthly basis to check results from ASTM D 4007. For water in crude, ASTM D 4007 is often used. However, ASTM D 4006, Standard Test Method for Water in Crude Oil by Distillation or ASTM D 4928, Standard Test Methods for Water in Crude Oils by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration, are more accurate and should be used on a monthly basis to validate the results of ASTM D 4007. For salt in crude, ASTM D 3230 is often used. However, ASTM D 6470, Standard Test Method for Salt in Crude Oils (Potentiometric Method) is more accurate and should be used on a monthly basis to verify ASTM D 3230 data. At low ppm levels, the accuracy of the potentiometric method is 0.5 ppm. At 25 ppm the accuracy is 1.5 ppm. Where equipment is available, ion chromatography (IC) is the best method. IC typically yields slightly lower measurements than those obtained with potentiometric methods. Iron in crude can also be measured following ASTM D 5863 A, Standard Test Methods for Determination of Nickel, Vanadium, Iron, and Sodium in Crude Oils and Residual Fuels by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.
24 June 2007
Revision Summary New Saudi Aramco Best Practice.
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Appendix 1: Crude Unit Best Practice Limits LOCATION/ VARIABLE 1.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
TARGET OR LIMIT
COMMENT
Use while filling tank Ras Tanura follows an alternative approach for Arab light and tight lines the crude from the supply line to the unit. Keep slops separate from crude tanks. Feed directly to process if needed so that problem slops can be quickly identified and isolated. Could be evaluated site by site for economic benefit.
Tank Farm
Mixers Settling time Salts BS&W API slops Organic chlorides Tank dewatering chemicals > 24 hours desirable Measure and record Measure and record None Avoid
2.0
2.1
Desalter
Temperature 120 to 150C Target. Temperatures lower than 120C result in less effective desalting. Limit: Temperatures higher than 150C damage equipment. Typical value. Longer residence times such as 30 minutes better. Minimum value. Longer residence times would be better. Typical values. Mixing valve adjusted on-site to optimize desalting efficiency. Re-evaluate with each crude tank switch or crude slate change. High P gives more efficient mixing (good) but if too high can result in tight emulsions (bad). Target. However, consistent performance with stable salt-out essential. Target. Saudi Aramco crude streams gain water through the desalter. Target. Consistent operation essential. Desalting efficiency can be lower if it still results in a low salt content of < 1PTB. Higher wash water rates are usually uneconomic in Saudi Arabia. Rates lower than 3 % will result in very poor desalting efficiency. Target. The pH range 5.5 to 8.0 is normal. The more acidic pH range when achievable keeps tramp amines in the water phase. Target.
2.2
Residence time
15 minutes for oil 60 minutes for water
2.3
Mixing valve P
5 to 28 psi (0.35 to 2 kg/cm2)
2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
Salts-out BS&W Desalting efficiency Wash water feed rate
< 1PTB < 0.2 % 95% 4-6 % of crude charge
2.8 2.9
Wash water pH-in Wash water pH-out
5.5 to 6.5 5.5 to 6.5
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LOCATION/ VARIABLE
2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 Wash water O2 Wash water ClWash water NH3 Source of wash water
TARGET OR LIMIT
< 20 ppb < 15 ppm < 20 ppm
COMMENT
Target. Highly desirable to limit corrosion but difficult to achieve due to limited water sources. Target. Target. Good water sources include crude overhead receiver boot, recycled desalter water, condensate or stripped water from sour water stripper. Water streams from other refinery sources must be used with caution as they may result in corrosion or fouling. Chemical additives are not presently used in Saudi Aramco desalters. If used in the future, treatment rates would be expected to range from 1 pint to one gallon per thousand barrels of crude. Highly recommended for effective desalting
2.14
Demulsifiers
3 to 25 ppmv
2.15
Mud wash
15 minutes per shift, 150 gpm
3.0
3.1 3.2
Caustic Quality
Source Concentration Fresh caustic only 1 to 5 wt % (2 to 7 Baume) Spent caustic results in tramp compounds entering the system and causing corrosion, fouling, emulsions, and foaming. Typical values. Dilute caustic aids mixing. Identical concentration must be provided. Variation in caustic strength injected to process stream is a major cause of preheater fouling. Essential. Measure the concentration of each and every batch of caustic to be used in the plant prior to use. Data must be stored in a permanent record. Injection of off-specification caustic at one plant caused stress corrosion cracking and an economic loss of over $1 million. Injection of off-specification caustic at another plant caused excess fouling. Stripped sour water is a good source. Target. Target. The larger the better to minimize batch makeup operation and variation. Nitrogen blanket to exclude oxygen. Mechanical mixers. Strongly preferred. A dedicated line from the bulk caustic tank to the unit day tank facilitates the correct dilution of caustic. At least two plants that uses a complex caustic header system have experienced major problems with cross contamination and delivery of out-of-specification caustic that resulted in major operational problems.
3.3
Measurement
Each batch
3.4 3.5 3.6
Dilution water O2 Dilution water Cl Storage tank

-
< 20 ppb Zero
3.7
Caustic delivery to unit
Dedicated line
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LOCATION/ VARIABLE 4.0

4.1
TARGET OR LIMIT
COMMENT
NACE recommends and 80% of the industry injects caustic downstream of the desalter. The suction of the crude booster pump is the normal location and assists efficient caustic mixing. In cases where preheater fouling is an issue, then caustic injection upstream of the heater is allowable. Ras Tanura Plant 15 has had good long term success with this latter methodology. Best practice of the majority of the industry. Shell restricts caustic injection temperature to 350F. Nalcos Best Practice restricts caustic injection to 300F. Higher temperatures can be used but only if fouling of preheat exchangers or some other site specific need makes it essential. Fouling can be readily detected by measurement of pressure drop across the preheater. Higher temperature injection requires careful and continuing attention to every detail as failures at higher temperatures can be catastrophic. Caustic injection rates are fine tuned based on overhead chloride levels. Initial rates for a new unit follow the rules of thumb provided. The maximum amount injected is limited to less than 2 PTB NaOH. Amounts injected may be limited further due to effects on downstream process such Visbreakers, FCCUs, and hydrocrackers. Saudi Aramco experience has demonstrated that this material serves well whether the injection point is located downstream of the desalter or upstream of the heater. Injection quill design shall follow the recommendations of Saudi Aramco Best Practice SABP-A-015, Chemical Injection Systems. Injection quills must be the correct length to allow injection in to the center third of the pipe. Use of a slip stream aids dispersion of the caustic and helps to minimize caustic-caused corrosion problems. Slip stream is effectively mixed prior to injection using a Monel 400 static mixer. All caustic pipe and fittings shall be Monel 400. Nozzle discharges downstream.
Caustic Injection
Injection location
4.2
Injection temperature
Maximum 350F
4.3
Quantity injected
Salt < 2 PTB, add 1 PTB NaOH. Salt 2-5 PTB, add 1.5 - 2 PTB NaOH. Maximum 2 PTB Monel 400
4.4
Injection quill material
4.5
Injection quill length
To allow injection in the center third of the pipe. Dilute caustic 1:100 with crude slip stream
4.6
Injection slip stream
4.7
Injection orientation
Co-current with crude flow.
Page 54 of 60
LOCATION/ VARIABLE
4.8 Quill installation
TARGET OR LIMIT
PMI
COMMENT
Positive Materials Identification of the injection quill and all slip stream pipe and fittings must be performed on site to verify metallurgy. Incorrect materials shall not be fitted. Location of quill tip shall be proved after installation by radiography of the crude pipe. A permanent record of the radiograph will be retained by the refinery. Correct positioning of the quill is critical. Therefore, a non-retractable design shall be used. A match-mark indicator is used to show the orientation of the nozzle. Required that the pipework, fittings, etcetera, be post weld heat treated to prevent caustic stress corrosion cracking. Failures due to CSCC have occurred in Saudi Aramco plants. Required that the pipework, fittings, etcetera, be post weld heat treated to prevent caustic stress corrosion cracking. Failures due to CSCC have occurred in Saudi Aramco plants. Target optimum value for carbon steel systems. Since corrosion is enhanced by velocity, lower velocities will provide lower corrosion rates. Velocity control in existing plants is usually a compromise between what is mechanically achievable and required system throughput. Mandatory limit for carbon steel systems. Velocities in excess of this value will be a major contributor to premature failure. Allowable velocity for corrosion resistant alloy systems. Higher velocities are probably achievable as industry knowledge with alloy systems develops. For mixed metal systems with some carbon steel pipework and some alloy pipework, ensure that the velocity limits for carbon steel are not exceeded. There are many proprietary programs available. The results are only as good as the data that is fed into the program. Remember to include all water sources including stripping steam and carryover of water in naphtha reflux, if any. Target is for the vapor dewpoint to be at least 15C lower than the operating temperature before the water wash. Various computer programs are available from vendors or engineering services to estimate dewpoint. Must be sure to include all stream components.
Radiography
4.9 4.10
Quill design Crude pipework upstream of the injection point Crude pipework downstream of the injection point
Non-retractable with matchmark indicator PWHT for minimum of 3 diameters upstream PWHT all piping systems and equipment.
4.11
5.0
5.1
Overhead
Velocity 75 feet/second
< 100 feet/second < 150 feet/second
5.2
Velocity calculation
Various
5.3
Dewpoint
> 15C lower than line temperature
Page 55 of 60
LOCATION/ VARIABLE
5.4 Salt point
TARGET OR LIMIT
> 15C lower than line temperature
COMMENT
Target. The salt point is the temperature at which neutralizer /ammonia chloride products condense and can cause fouling and corrosion. Water wash removes these deposits. Vendors provide proprietary programs to calculate salt points for their specific products. Carbon steel is the standard material for overhead systems. Usually, hydrogen sulfide levels are below the minimum necessary to mandate hydrogen induced cracking resistant steel, but must be examined on a case by case basis versus SAES-L-133. For critical systems where other control measures have been unsuccessful; evaluate based on system economics. Thermal insulation up to the water wash reduces condensation but can hamper OSI programs. Ensure that the size is appropriate. Required on naphtha slip stream, preferred on inhibitor line. 100 mesh typical. Contact CSD Corrosion Technology Unit and local refinery SARCOP team if there is a need or wish to chemicals. Typical. Depends on product used. Typical. Most Saudi Aramco crude units inject corrosion inhibitor downstream of the 1st elbow and downstream of the neutralizer injection point. Ras Tanura primary injection point is ahead of the fin fans. Secondary injection ahead of the fin fans may be appropriate for refineries with flow distribution problems. Rule-of-thumb but difficult to achieve with present physical layouts. Strongly preferred to minimize damage on downstream elbow but difficult to achieve with present physical layouts.. Dilute inhibitor in naphtha stream. Flow measurement on inhibitor and naphtha streams essential. 100 mesh screen required. Mandatory. Allows maintenance on-stream. Normal orientation.
5.5
Pipe metallurgy
Carbon steel
Hastelloy C-276, and C-22
5.6
Thermal insulation
6.0
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
Corrosion Inhibition
Pump Filter Type Treatment rate Injection location Positive displacement metering pump Strainer Oil dispersible film former. Nalco 5186 and Baker 81202 approved for use. 3 to 5 ppmv of total naphtha product and naphtha reflux. After 1st elbow
> 5 diameters from neutralizer injection > 5 pipe diameters from downstream elbow. 6.6 6.7 Slip stream Quill design 100 naphtha to 1 inhibitor. Retractable 12 oclock
Page 56 of 60
LOCATION/ VARIABLE
TARGET OR LIMIT
Inject in center third of stream
COMMENT
Preferred to inject in the center third of the stream to ensure even distribution away from pipe walls. In large systems it may be impossible to obtain a quill that can be retractable, i.e., removed on-line and meet this criteria. In this case, the minimum insertion into the pipe flow must be no less than 6 inches. Hastelloy C-2000 quills or Hastelloy B-2 are a good choice. Monel shall not be used for inhibitor service. Any existing stainless steel quills should be replaced at the next T&I.
6.8
Quill metallurgy
Hastelloy C-2000, B-2
7.0
7.1
Neutralizer
Pump Positive displacement metering pump Strainer Ensure that size is appropriate.
7.2 7.3
Filter Treatment rate
7.4
Injection location
After 1st elbow > 5 pipe diameters from downstream elbow.
Preferred. 100 mesh typical. Treatment rate is adjusted to give required overhead receiver pH. Strong acid test can be used to provide a method to calculate the target injection rate that will assure neutralization of the first drops of condensing acid. Neutralizer must be injected into the overhead system. Injection into the reflux is bad practice. Strongly preferred to minimize damage on downstream elbow. Required. Use steam co-injection to ensure neutralizer is vaporized and adequately dispersed. Use lowest pressure steam that meets design need. Inject into the overhead at no more than 5 psi over stream pressure. Mandatory. Allows maintenance on-stream. Normal orientation. Preferred to inject in the center third of the stream to ensure even distribution away from pipe walls. In large systems it may be impossible to obtain a quill that can be retractable, i.e., removed on-line, and meet this criteria. In this case, the minimum insertion into the pipe flow shall be no less than 6 inches. Hastelloy C-2000 quills or Hastelloy B-2 are a good choice. Monel shall not be used for neutralizer service. Any existing stainless steel quills should be replaced at the next T&I.
7.5
Steam co-injection
7.6
Quill design
Retractable 12 oclock Inject in center third of stream.
7.7
Quill metallurgy
Hastelloy C-2000, B-2
Page 57 of 60

8.1 8.2
TARGET OR LIMIT
Overhead receiver O2 < 20 ppb TDS Tramp amines
COMMENT
Recycle water from the overhead receiver makes an excellent choice. Required. Oxygen in wash water results in major corrosion damage. Total dissolve solids typically are in the region of 160 ppm in Saudi Aramco operations. Low figures are preferable but not controllable. Avoid the presence of tramp neutralizing amines. Neutralizers introduced with the wash water help to control overhead receiver pH but do not help control pH in the first condensing drops of acid in the overhead. Preferred location is immediately downstream of the second elbow after the crude column. Target is to maintain at least 25% of the injected water in the liquid phase after injection. Failure to meet this level may result in premature condensation of acid salts and severe corrosion. New wash water designs must be checked using phase behavior modeling. Accurate measurement and control of wash water flow is essential especially in locations where on water feed is used to supply different parts of the system, such as the overhead and the fin fans. Spraying Systems Company, Wheaton, Illinois, (www.spray.com) Whirljet-CX design, standard hollow cone nozzle has been used in Ras Tanura and Riyadh Refineries. Corrosion resistant alloys such as Hastelloy C-276 or Inconel 625 are the materials of choice for this service but only available in batches of 25 or more from the manufacturer. Therefore, Type 316L or 316F stainless steel which are available off-theshelf have been accepted as a compromise. There is a small potential for crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking with these materials. Rabigh Refinery specified Inconel 600 wash water pipe and spray nozzle which will have improved resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking over the Type 316 alloys.
Wash Water
Source Quality
8.3 8.4
Injection location Injection rate
Downstream 2nd elbow 5 % volume of overhead naphtha
8.5
Measurement and control
8.6
Nozzle design
8.7
Nozzle metallurgy
Type 316L and 316F stainless steels
Inconel 600
Page 58 of 60

9.1
TARGET OR LIMIT
COMMENT
Poor flow distribution due to long headers will result in high velocity flow and possible erosion corrosion in the fin fans nearest to header inlet and low velocities and possible under deposit corrosion in low flow air coolers. Measure outlet temperatures of fin fans to indicate variations in throughput. Use values on inlet lines to fin fans to control flow distribution. Internal coating of new air coolers will reduce fouling and corrosion. It is an economic method to extend cooler life. Alloy full length liners have also been used successfully for heat exchanger repair in Saudi Aramco (www.cti-ind.com). If poor distribution or low flow is a problem, supplemental wash water can be injected into fin fans to remove deposits. Continuous water washing is strongly preferred over intermittent water washing that may increase corrosion. Secondary corrosion inhibitor injection may be necessary at the fin fans in systems with maldistribution.
Air Coolers
Flow distribution
9.2
Internal coating and metallic linings
9.3
Water wash
9.4
Inhibitor injection
10.0
10.1 10.2
Overhead Receiver
pH limit pH measurement 5.5 to 6.5 1 per shift Limit. Adjust pH value by adjusting neutralizer addition. Operators should measure pH on-site a minimum of once per shift using narrow range pH paper and also a well maintained and calibrated pH meter. These measurements are in addition to regular laboratory based measurements. All pH records must be permanently recorded. On-line pH meters have proved very hard to maintain and calibrate in the Saudi Aramco environment. Limit. Higher levels indicate excessive corrosion which must be rectified. Limit. Too low a value results in high caustic use and possible sodium contamination of downstream processes. Too high a level results in corrosion damage. Adjust chloride level by adjusting caustic treatment. Short residence time will result in poor separation and possible entrainment in reflux naphtha. Measurement of hardness will show presence of leaks and cross contamination from any upstream water-cooled heat exchangers in the overhead system.
10.3 10.4
Iron Chlorides
< 1 ppm 10 to 30 ppm
10.5 10.6
Water boot residence time Water chemistry
4 to 5 minutes minimum
Page 59 of 60

11.1 11.2
TARGET OR LIMIT
<0.1 % None allowed
COMMENT
Limit. Water in the naphtha reflux causes significant corrosion in the tower and overhead. Measure water content once per shift. Ideal is zero percent water. Mandatory.
Naphtha Reflux
Water content Neutralizer or inhibitor injection
12.0
12.1 12.2 12.3
Corrosion Monitoring
Corrosion management program Injection point inspection Probes, mpy API-570 & Inspection Alert 001/97 < 5 mpy Essential. Should include operations data, laboratory results, chemical injection rates, OSI, and monitoring results. Good information management is vital. Essential. Corrective action required if value exceeded. Electrical resistance or MicroCor probes in retractable fittings are useful especially in the region of the air coolers and overhead receiver. Corrective action required if value exceeded. Coupons may be used in the overhead system or in the same locations as probes.
12.4
Coupons, mpy
< 5 mpy
Page 60 of 60

Sabp A 016

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Best Practice

Figure 1: Crude Unit Process Flow

Previous Issue: New

Next Planned Update: TBD

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

Appendix 1: Crude Unit Best Practice Limits

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SAES-N-140 SAES-W-010 SAES-W-011

Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedure SAEP-1135 On-Stream Inspection Administration

Saudi Aramco Inspection Procedure 01-SAIP-04 3.2 Inspection of Injection Points

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

Figure 1: Crude Unit Process Flow

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

Desalted crude out

Optional caustic injection Possible

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

Figure 4: Principal Damage Mechanisms in a Crude Unit

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

Figure 5: Recognized Damage Mechanisms for a Crude Unit, API RP 571

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

Figure 6: Hydrolysis of Chloride Salts in Crude Oil

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

Figure 10: Caustic Service Stress Relief Requirements

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

Figure 11: Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking of a Water Injection Quill

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

SABP-A-016 Crude Unit Corrosion Control

Accumulator iron content Corrosion rates pH Accumulator chloride content