Assignment Of ATM Networks

Submitted to:Miss. Harmanjot Kaur S ubmitted by:S hivani Garg R OE127A50 C ourse code CSE 884

Assignment
Why is it said that ATM is a desktop-to-the-core networking solution? what are the challenges in making this statement in reality? Ans:- It goes without saying that we are now living in a networked world; a world where networking technologies plays a very important role in our lives. Be it the railway booking counter, or automated banking, be it the ubiquitous Internet or the global wireless telephony systems, a life without networks is inconceivable. Among of networking technologies that have emerged in the last two decades, ATM is considered to be a breakthrough one. The popularity and pervasiveness of ATM lies in the fact that it seamlessly integrates local area network and wide area network, a concept also referred to as single network for desktop-to-the-core. Moreover, ATM provides a single platform for voice, video and data, thereby leveraging the process of network convergence. Challenges: - ATM also provides quality of service. All these factors are considered unique selling points of ATM technology. This was despite the fact that ATM technology had attracted widespread interest. No single driver is responsible. There are many drivers or factors that alter the face of the communication world. Drivers are factors that helped in changing the communication processes. Among the market drivers, providing a flexible and scalable network is one of the prime goals of ATM. Thus, ATM is viewed as a technology that can be used from the desktop to the core.
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2.) Data transmission rates of ATM lines are higher than DSL lines. Justify this statement by quoting examples? Ans:- In the design of ATM, networks have become much faster. A 1500 byte (12000-bit) full-size Ethernet frame takes only 1.2 s to transmit on a 10 Gbit/s network, reducing the need for small cells to reduce jitter due to contention. This makes a case for replacing ATM with Ethernet in the network backbone. However, it should be noted that the increased link speeds by themselves do not alleviate jitter due to queuing. Additionally, the hardware for implementing the service adaptation for IP packets is expensive at very high speeds. But the cost of segmentation and reassembly (SAR) hardware makes ATM less competitive for IP than Packet Over SONET, because of its fixed 48-byte cell payload, ATM is not suitable as a data link layer directly

underlying IP since the OSI layer on which IP operates must provide an maximum transmission unit of at least 576 bytes. On slower or congested links (622 Mbit/s and below), ATM does make sense, and for this reason most asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) systems use ATM as an intermediate layer between the physical link layer and a Layer 2 protocol like Ethernet. For example, At these lower speeds, ATM provides a useful ability to carry multiple logical circuits on a single physical or virtual medium, although other techniques exist, such as Ethernet VLANs, which are optional in VDSL implementations. DSL can be used as an access method for an ATM network, allowing a DSL termination point in a telephone central office to connect to many internet service providers across a wide-area ATM network. In the United States, at least, this has allowed DSL providers to provide DSL access to the customers of many internet service providers. Since one DSL termination point can support multiple ISPs, the economic feasibility of DSL is substantially improved. 3.) The functionality of ATM networks is based on the OSI model. Justify this statement by providing relevant examples? Also, discuss various factors responsible for the development of ATM networks? Ans:Functionality of ATM networks :Three layers in the ATM architecture form the basis for the ATM Protocol Reference model, illustrated in Figure. Those layers are the Physical layer, the ATM layer, and the ATM Adaptation layer.

The ATM protocol suite. The Physical Layer As indicated in Figure , the lowest layer in the ATM protocol is the Physical layer. This layer describes the physical transmission of information through an ATM network. It is not actually defined with respect to this new technology. The absence of a Physical layer definition results from the design goal of ATM to operate on various physical interfaces or media types. Thus, instead of defining a specific Physical layer, ATM depends on the Physical layers defined in other networking protocols. Types of physical media specified for ATM

include shielded and unshielded twisted-pair, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable, which provide cell transport capabilities ranging from a T1 rate of 1.544Mbps to a SONET range of 622Mbps. The ATM Layer The ATM layer represents the physical interface between the ATM Adaptation layer (AAL) and the Physical layer. Thus, the ATM layer is responsible for relaying cells from the AAL to the Physical layer for transmission, and in the opposite direction from the Physical layer to the AAL for use in an endpoint. When transporting cells to the Physical layer, the ATM layer is responsible for generating the five-byte cell header for each cell. When receiving cells from the Physical layer, the ATM layer performs a reverse operation, extracting the five-byte header from each cell. The actual manner by which the ATM layer performs its relaying function depends on the location of the layer at a switch or at an endpoint. If the ATM layer is located in an endpoint, it receives a stream of cells from the Physical layer and transmits either cells with new data or empty cells if there is no data to send to the AAL. When located in a switch, the ATM layer is responsible for determining where incoming cells are routed and for multiplexing cells by placing cells from individual connections into a single-cell stream. The ATM Adaptation Layer The ATM Adaptation layer (AAL) represents the top layer in the ATM Protocol model. This layer is responsible for providing an interface between higherlayer protocols and the ATM layer. Because this interface normally occurs based on a voice, data, or video application accessing an ATM network, the operations performed by the AAL occur at endpoints and not at ATM switches. The primary function of the ATM Adaptation layer is format conversion. That is, the AAL maps the data stream originated by the higher-layer protocol into the 48-byte payload of ATM cells, with the header placement being assigned by the ATM layer. In the reverse direction, the AAL receives the payload of ATM cells in 48-byte increments from the ATM layer and maps those increments into the format recognized by the higher-layer protocol. Various factors responsible for the development of ATM networks ATM is a connection-oriented channel-based technology it must establish a logical connection between the two endpoints prior to commencement of data exchange. ATM does this by implementing Virtual Circuits, Channels, Paths and Identifiers as follows:

Virtual Circuits (VC) Virtual Circuits (VC) are admirably suited to multiplexing scenarios. Simply by including an 8-bit or 12-bit Virtual Path

Identifier (VPI) and a 16-bit Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) pair in every ATM frames header each Virtual Circuit (VC) is uniquely identifiable. Virtual Channel An ATM Virtual Channel represents the basic means of communication between two end-points. Cells are given a unique identifier called the Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) which is placed into the ATM cells header. All ATM cells containing identical VCIs are transported in the same Virtual Channel. Virtual Path (VP) A Virtual Path (VP) denotes the transport of ATM cells belonging to virtual channels which share a common identifier called a Virtual Path Identifier (VPI). The VPI is included in the header of every ATM frame. In other words a Virtual Path (VP) is a bunch of Virtual Channels (VC) connecting the same end-points. These will also have a common traffic allocation. Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) The Virtual Path Identifiers (VPI) length varies depending on the interface it is sent on (inside the network or on the edge of the network).

4.) Discuss ATM applications and compare them with your real life where you are using ATM? Ans:- Applications of ATM are ATM is a connection-oriented virtual network transmission and switching technology that combines the low-delay of circuit-switched networks with the bandwidth flexibility and high-speed of packet-switched networks. ATM is an enabler of basic and advanced applications such as remote sensing, 3-D (three-dimensional) interactive simulations, tele-instruction, biological teleresearch, and medical teleconsultations. Edge devices at the boundary of an ATM network convert non-ATM traffic streams into standard ATM cells. ATM technology is implemented in backbone, enterprise, and edge switches as well as hubs, routers, bridges, multiplexers, servers, server farms, and NICs (Network Interface Cards) in high-end Internet appliances. The ATM Data Exchange Interface (DXI) enables fast access to public network services. A flexible and extendible networking solution, ATM technology supports network configurations that include DANs (Desk Area Networks), LANs, MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks), WANs (Wide Area Networks), and GANs (Global Area Networks).