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Data Acquisition (DAQ)

Hardware and software

What is DAQ System?


DAQ systems capture, measure, and analyze physical phenomena from the real world. Light, temperature and pressure are examples of the different types of signals that a DAQ system can measure. i AQ Data acquisition is the process of collecting and measuring electrical signals and sending them to a computer for processing. Electrical signals comes from Transducers.

What is DAQ System?


The building blocks of a DAQ system includes: 1. Transducer: A device that converts a physical phenomenon such as light, temperature, pressure, or sound into a measurable electrical signal such as voltage or current. 2. Signal: The output of the transducer. 3. Signal conditioning: Hardware that you can connect to the DAQ device to make the signal suitable for measurement or to improve accuracy or reduce noise. noise 4. DAQ hardware: Hardware you use to acquire, measure, and analyze data.

5. Software: NI application software is designed to help you easily design and program your measurement and control application (LABVIEW).

What is DAQ System? Q y


There are two methods of communicating the measured signal to the computer

Sensors (Transducer) ( )

Why Signal Conditioning


To measure signals from transducers, you must convert them into a form a measurement device can accept. Common types of signal conditioning include amplification, linearization, transducer excitation, and isolation

What type of device to use?


The trade-off usually falls between 1- Resolution (bits) & Code Width 2- Sampling rate (samples/second) 3- Number of channels, and data transfer rate (usually limited by bus type: USB, PCI, PXI, etc.). )

Resolution
Precision of the analog to digital conversion process is dependent upon the number (n) of bits the th ADC of th DAQ uses. f the The higher the resolution, the higher the number of divisions the voltage range is broken into (2^n), and therefore, the smaller the detectable voltage changes. l h

Resolution
An 8 bit ADC gives 256 levels (2 8) compared to a (2^8) 12 bit ADC that has 4096 levels (2^12).
10.00 8.75 8 75 7.50 6.25

16-Bit versus 3-Bit Resolution (5 kHz Sine Wave)


111 110 101 100 011 010 001 000
| | | | |

16-bit 3-bit

Amplitude 5.00 (Volts)


3.75 .50 2.50 1.25 0 0

50

100

150

200

Time (ms)

Code Width
Code width is the smallest change in a signal that a DAQ system can d detect C l l d using the formula Calculated i h f l Code width Where D is DAQ device input range and n is the resolution Larger resolution implies smaller code width and more accurate representation of the signal

Code Width
For example, a 12-bit DAQ device with a 0 to 10 V p , Q input range detects a 2.4 mV change, while the same device with a -10 to 10 V input range would detect a p g change of 4.8 mV.

Sampling Rate
The data is acquired by an ADC using a process called sampling. S Sampling an analog signal occurs at di li l i l t discrete t time intervals. The rate at which the signal is sampled is known as the sampling frequency.

Sampling Rate
The sampling frequency determines the quality of the analog signal conversion process. con ersion process A Higher sampling frequency achieves better conversion of the analog signals signals. The minimum sampling frequency required to represent the signal should be at least twice the maximum frequency of the analog signal under test (this is called the Nyquist rate). If the sampling frequency is equal or less than twice the frequency of the input signal, a signal of lower frequency is generated from such a process (this is called aliasing).

Sampling Rate
For accurate frequency representation:
Sample at least 2x the highest frequency signal being measured.

For accurate shape representation p p


Sample 510x the highest frequency signal being measured measured.

Sampling Rate

What Type of Device to Use?

There are many types of data acquisition and control devices on the market. A few have been highlighted above above.

DAQ Device Properties?


DAQ devices have four standard elements: Analog input (AI) Analog output (AO) Digital I/O (DIO) Counter/Timers
A counter is a digital timing device used for event counting, frequency measurement, period measurement and pulse generation.

DAQ De ice A ailable in the Lab Device Available Lab.


Low-Cost Multifunction DAQ for USB NI USB-6008 S ll and portable Small d t bl
12-bit input resolution, at 10 kS/s Built-in connectors for connectivity 2 analog outputs (range 0 to 5 V) 12 digital I/O lines 8 single ended inputs (4 differential inputs) Input range 1 to 20V The NI USB-6008 and NI is ideal for students. 32 bit counter 5 mA Output current drive Around KD. 50

DAQ Device Available in the Lab Lab.


NI USB-6008 Pinout

Similar DAQ DAQ.


Low-Cost Multifunction DAQ for USB NI USB 6009 USB-6009
14-bit input resolution, at 48 kS/s

DAQ Device Available in the Lab Lab.


M S i Multifunction DAQ NI USB-6211 Series M ltif ti USB 6211
16 analog inputs single ended inputs (8 differential inputs);(16-bit, 250 kS/ ) Input range 10 V i t ) (16 bit kS/s); I t 2 analog outputs (16-bit, 250 kS/s); Output range 10 V 4 digital inputs 4 digital outputs Two 32-bit counters Output current drive 2 mA

KD 210

DAQ Device Available in the Lab Lab.


NI USB-6211 Pinout

DAQ Device Available in the Lab Lab.


M Series Multifunction DAQ NI USB-6259 USB 6259
32 analog inputs (16-bit); 1.25 MS/s singlechannel (1 MS/s aggregate) Input range 10 V 4 analog outputs (16-bit, 2.8 MS/s) output range 10 V 48 digital I/O (32 clocked) KD 510 Two 32-bit counters OUTPUT Current Drive is (Channel/Total)5 mA/20 mA

DAQ Device Available in the Lab Lab.


NI USB-6259 Pinout

DAQ Device Available in the Lab Lab.


NI USB-9215A 4 analog input channels of (16-bit) (16 bit) Sampling rates at 100 kS/s per channel

KD 200

DAQ Device Available in the Lab Lab.


NI USB-9211A
Portable USB-Based DAQ for Thermocouples Q p
4 channels of 24-bit thermocouple input Compatibility with J, K, R, S, T, N, E, and B thermocouple types

KD 160

DAQ Device Available in the Lab Lab.


E Series devices:6024E, and 6251E both DAQ: 16 channels (8 differential) of analog input 10 V Two channels of analog output 10 V
For 62 1 32 lines of digital I/O; (16-bit); 1.25 MS/s; 100-pin connector. 6251E:
Output current drive is 5 mA per channel; Two 32-bit counters

For 6024E: 8 lines of digital I/O; (12-bit); 200 KS/s; 68-pin connector
Output current drive is 5 mA per channel; Two 24-bit counters 24 bit

6024E

6251E

Analog Input
Signal Sources: A transducer may either be a
grounded signal source or a floating signal source. Knowing which type is critical for making your measurement correctly

Analog Input
I Input M d t Modes: The devices have three different input modes Differential (DIFF) input. Diff ti l i t Referenced single-ended (RSE) Nonreferenced single-ended(NRSE) N f d i l d d(NRSE) Th single-ended input configurations provide up to The i l d di t fi ti id t 16 channels. The DIFF input configuration provides up to eight channels.

Differential (DIFF) Input


Neither of the inputs of a differential measurement system are tied to a fixed reference.

Differential (DIFF) Input


A channel configured in DIFF mode uses g p two analog input lines. One line connects to the (ACH#+) of the device, and the other connects to the (ACH# ) (ACH#-) The ground of the input circuit is connected to AIGND (analog input ground) pin of the DAQ

Referenced single-ended (RSE) Input


A referenced single-ended (RSE) measurement system measures voltage with respect to the ground, AIGND, which is directly di tl connected to the measurement system ground. t d t th t t d

Referenced single-ended (RSE) Input


Since the input signal and DAQ system has the ( ), same reference (AIGND), which is the earth (The reference of DAQ) A channel configured in RSE mode uses one analog input line connected to the (ACH#+) of l i t li t d t th f the device The negative input is internally tied to analog input ground (AIGND).

NonReferenced single-ended(NRSE) single ended(NRSE)


In a non-referenced single-ended ( S ) measurement system, all measurements f d i l d d (NRSE) ll are made with respect to a single-node analog input sense (AISENSE on E Series devices), but the potential at this node can vary with respect to the measurement system ground (AIGND).

NonReferenced single-ended(NRSE) single ended(NRSE)


A channel configured in NRSE mode uses one analog input line, which connects to the (ACH#+) of the device. The negative input connects to analog input sense (AISENSE).

Analog Output

Data written to the terminals DAC0OUT and DAC1OUT and th ground i AOGND d d the d is

How to Use the DAQ DAQ.


First, you have to install the DAQ software driver Second, plug your DAQ device to your computer. computer The DAQ device maybe a USB, PCI or other model of interface. Third your computer will shows that the Third, certain DAQ is connected.

How to Use the DAQ. Q


Next, Open a Blank VI. Select, Functions >>Express >>Input >>DAQ Assistant

Configure the DAQ Assistant g

Select Acquire Signal to input signal to computer Or select Generate Signal to output signal from computer

Select Acquire Signal

Select Analog input

Acquire Signal

Select Voltage

Acquire Signal

All connected DAQs to the p computer will be shown Select USB-6211 and expand it by clicking +

Acquire Signal

All analog inputs will be shown

Acquire Signal

Select ai0 for example and click finish

Acquire Signal q g

Configure the input by 1- set the range 2- set the Terminal Configuration 3- set the Acquisition Mode

Connection of Acquired Signal

Finish the Acquired Signal q g

Click OK

Finish the Acquired Signal

If Generate Signal is Selected

Select Analog Output

Generate Signal

Select Voltage

Generate Signal

All connected DAQs to the p computer will be shown Select USB-6211 and expand it by clicking +

Generate Signal

All analog outputs will be shown Select ao0 for example and click finish

Generate Signal

Generate Signal

E Series 6024E device Accessories


1) CB-68LP I/O Connector Block Low cost Low-cost termination accessories with 68 screw terminals for easy connection

E Series 6024E device Accessories


2) BNC-2120 Connector
8 BNC analog inputs. 2 BNC analog outputs 2 user configurable BNC inputs 8 digital I/O lines with LED indicators Function generator with sinusoidal, triangular and TTL output. p Thermocouple jack and an IC sensor for temperature measurement Resistance measurement input

E Series 6024E device Accessories


3) The SC-2075 is a desktop
Binding posts Three for 15 V outputs Two for 0 to 5 V outputs T for measuring analog signals Two f i l i l or DC voltages BNC connectors Two for analog inputs Two for analog outputs One for triggering gg g Spring terminals Eleven for analog inputs Seven for analog controls Seven for counter controls Two for TTL-level power and ground signals Eight for digital input/output (DIO) signal

E Series 6251E device Accessories


4) NI ELVIS NI Ed ELVIS: Educational Laboratory ti l L b t

Virtual Instrumentation Suite


A custom designed benchtop workstation and prototyping board to provide custom-designed the functionality of a suite of common laboratory instruments provides the functionality of the following
Bode Analyzer Digital Bus Writer Arbitrary Waveform Generator (ARB) Digital Bus Reader Digital Multimeter (DMM) Function Generator (FGEN) Impedance Analyzer Oscilloscope (Scope) Two Wire Two-Wire Current Voltage Analyzer Three-Wire Current Voltag Analyzer Variable Power Supplies

How to Select DAQ Device & Accessories


1) Run the MAX program from the labview y g software by selecting Tools Measurement
and Automation Explorer.

What is MAX?

How to Select DAQ Device & Accessories


2) Select Devices and Interfaces from the g configuration column.

How to Select DAQ Device & Accessories


3) Choose the NI-DAQmx Devices and select the PCI-6024E or other if there.

How to Select DAQ Device & Accessories


4) Using right click on the PCI-6024E and select
property. In the new window, where the RTSI cable tab select None while select CB-68LP or BNC-2120 in the Accessory tab then click OK y

How to Select DAQ Device & Accessories


5) Open the Labview program, in the front p panel select functions, input then select , p the DAQ Assistant icon.

How to Select DAQ Device (Input & Output Channels)


6) Select Analog Input so as to input your g p analog data to the computer and Labview.

How to Select DAQ Device (Input & Output Channels)


7) We have 16 physical input channels from , ai0 to ai15, select a channel like ai0.

How to Select DAQ Device (Input & Output Channels)


8) Select your input voltage setup

How to Select DAQ Device (Input & Output Channels)


9) Now make the connections and select p g test then Run to see the input voltage.

How to Select DAQ Device (Input & Output Channels)


Example

Verify your sound card and prepare it for use with a microphone
1. Prepare your microphone for use. Double-click the volume control icon on the task bar to open up the p p configuration window. The sound configuration window can also be found from the Windows Control Panel: Start MenuControl PanelSounds and Audio DevicesAdvanced.

2. If you do not see a microphone section, go to OptionsPropertiesRecording and place a p p g p checkmark in the box next to Microphone. This will display the Microphone volume control. Click OK.

Verify your sound card and prepare it for use with a microphone
3. Uncheck the Mute box if it is not already unchecked. Make sure that the volume isturned up.

Verify your sound card and prepare it for use with a microphone
4. Close the volume control configuration window. 5. Open the Sound Recorder by selecting StartProgramsAccessories EntertainmentSound Recorder. 6. Click the record button and speak into your microphone. microphone Notice how the sound signal is displayed in the Sound Recorder.

Verify your sound card and prepare it for use with a microphone
7. Click stop and close the Sound Recorder g g you without saving changes when y are finished. Uncheck Mute

Verify your sound card and prepare it for use with a microphone
Examples

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