97-05 Paragraf

KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI KPDS 1997 MAYIS
83. 85. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.
D) E)
The unfavourable effects of cigaratte smoking on the heart have frequently been described, but the exact basis of these effects has not been clarified. Some investigators believe nicotine to the culprit, and there has been some experimental work in animals indicating that large doses of nicotine in conjunction with cholesterol feeding and vitamin D could produce a disease of the arteries resembling that seen in humans. An alternative explanation has been offered by another scientists who have pointed to possible role of carbon nonoxide being inhaled with the cigarette smoke.
comprare the effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide on the heart. give an account of the research work concerning animal diseases.
83. It is pointed out in the passafe that nicotine ----.
Agriculture remains the most crucial area of development; here it seems that the most intractable problems of resistance to change exist. One may argue that scientific training in agriculture by itself is unlikely to have any market impact on agriculture output. Any attempt at vocational training in agriculture presupposes that a meaningful structure of incentive exist for the individual farmer to increase his output, improve his techniques and expand his range of activities. Without such incentives and opportunities agricultural education can have little impact.
A) B) C) D) E)
is considered by some to be one of the reasons why smoking has an adverse affect on the heart. is the only harmful factor in relation to smoking. affects animals more seriously than humans. has been established as more dangerous than carbon monoxide for smokers. has an adverse effect anly upon the arteries.
86. The author is of the opinion that improvement in the field of agriculture ----.
A) B) C)
cannot be achieved through vocational training. can easily be realised.
have already led to good results. D) are absolutely vital for productivity. E) have largely been confined to technology.
84. According to the passage, studies into the adverse effects of smokign ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
have ruled out any relationship between smoking and colesterol levels in humans. have not been able to establish for certain whether or not carbon monoxide could be a factor. have so far not raised any controversial opinions. have shown that vitamin D reduces nicotine in the body. indicate that nicotine and carbon monoxide may be only minor factors.
87. We can understand from the passage that the agricultural community ----.
A)
tends to disregard the problems of the individual farmer. B) is eager for more vocational training. C) is fully aware of the long-term benefits of scientific training. D) has already begun to benefit from the improved techniques. E) is not the one that welcomes change.
85. The main concern of the passage is to ----.
A) B) C)
describe certain experiments on animals relating to the effect of carbon monoxide. emphasise the role nicotine and vitamen D play in heart disease. demonstrate that the adverse effects of smoking on the heart are still under debate.
88. The author concludes that vocational training in agriculture ----.
A)
will be an effective way of eliminating resistance to change in society.
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI
B) C) D) E)
will provide farmers with a wide range of opportunities. will be futile unless it is backed up with various inceltives. is regarded as priority for social development. has often been underestimated by various authorities.
A) B) C) D) E)
have grown steadily in importance. have been sabstantially modified through the introduction of economics of human resources. have been virtually unaffected by health economics or the economics of human resources. gave great importance to the idea of human investment. constituted the essence of the economics of human resources.
Some decades ago there was hardly such a subject as the economics of the education. Today, it is one oof the most rapidly growing branches of economics. Together with health economics, it makes up the core of the economics of human resources, a field of inquiry which in the last few years has been silently revolutionising such traditional subjects as grown economics, labour economics, international trade, and public finance. Consequently, the economics of education with ets concept of human investment has rapidly transformed large areas of orthodox economics.
89. The author points out that the term the economics of education ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
has only come into use in very recent years. has for decades been under discussion among economists. is of little significance in orthodox economics. has only been accepted in educational circles. is gradually disappearance from economic writings.
Tigers grow to lengths of ten feet or more and can be bigger than the largest lion. They have immense strength. They clutch their powerful jaws and struggle. They swim very well and can often be seen splashing about in water on very hot days, since they apparently suffer from the heat. When the air is chilly, however, they avoid wet and damp vegetation. They can climb but dont approach the leopards ability in this. They can negotiate treacherous rock areas but generally prefer to stay on level ground. They are not as well equipped with senses as one might expect. They apparently depend on their hearing while hunting. Their eyesight is not particularly good, and they seem unable to spot prey until it moves.
92. It is clear from the passage that tigers ----.
A) B) C)
rely on their huge claws alone to catch and kill their prey. are the most skilful climbers of all wild animals. are sensitive to significant variations in temperature. closely resemble lions as regards size speed and strength. rely heavily upon theri eyesight in location and catching prey.
90. According to the passage, the economics of education ----.
D) E)
A) B) C) D) E)
is not connected, in any way, with investment in man. relates to a very narrow sphere of human activity. has had no impact whatsoever on other areas of orthodox economics. has today come into the foreafront of economic thinking. is one of the earliest branches of general economics.
93. As is mentioned in the passage, a flat terrain ----. A) is usually the favoured habitat of the tiger. B) rather than rocky cliffs gives tigers beter opportunities for hiding. C) provides camouflage for leopards. D) is usually wet, so tigers prefer higher levels.
91. The author suggests that the earlier branches of economics ----.
E)
usually has thicker vegetation which shelters more prey.
94. From the passage we learn that, contrary to what is generally thought ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
once a prey starts to move a tiger can rarely catch it. hearing is the least developed sense of the tiger. the leopards hunting ability is far behind that of the tiger. rocky areas are invariably avoided by all wild animals. the tigers senses are not porticularly well developed.
97. One may conclude from the passage that a full understanding of the nature and the capacity of human intelligence ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
can only be achieved by exceptionally sophisticated minds. has finally been achieved by modern scientists. is sure to be realised within the next few years. is not likely to be achieved in the near future. will emerge through theoretical rather than expermental studies.
Scientists have long sought ways to define and measure human intelligence. And while theories of intelligence have grown more sophisticated since the 1800s when some believed mental abilities were determined by the size of a persons head, researchers stil do not agree about certain fundamental principles of human thought. They, therefore, continue to debate such basic questions as whether heredity or the environment is more important in forming intelligence.
The novelist E. L. Doctorow is best known for mixing fiction with historical fact, by placing his stories with the framework of public events. In fact, by integrating the front-page news of 20th century America with the lives of his characters, Doctorow gives readers the feel of an era, combining the unusual and the commonplace. His best novel, Worlds Fair, shows how the events of he turbulent 1930s helped to mold the sensibilities of his young protagonist.
95. As we learn from the age-old controversy about whether intelligence depends upon heredity or the environment ----.
98. It is explained in the passage that Doctorows novel Worlds Fair ----.
A)
is now being ignored as it is seen to be fruitless. B) was finally resolved in the 1800s. C) has only recently become a subject for serious research. D) does not seem to have ceased yet. E) was more sophisticated in the 19th century than it is today.
A) B) C) D) E)
describes the damaging effects of the turbulent 1930s on the sensitive young protagonist. is actually a full historical account of the great changes that took place in the 1930s. demonstrate his theories concerning the relationship between man and his society. fails to give his readers a feel of thi 1930s in America. gives an account of how the thoughts and feeling of the main character are shaped by the period in which he lived.
96. According to the passage, in the early nineteenth century, some people held the view that a persons mental capacity ----. A) could never be changed. B) depended on the head size. C) was purely heredity. D) was completely shaped by the environment. E) fundamental to his character. 99. From the passage we learn that a blend of fiction and history ----.
A)
has not always been Doctorows primary concern.
B)
is deliberately avoided by Doctorow in his most recent novel. C) is striking feature of Doctorows writing. D) is commonly used by contemporary American writers, including Doctorow himself. E) is never to be found in the traditional novel.
E) the worlds pooper countries participating in the conference took joint action to influence the resolutions on trading matters. 84. With reference to this Conference, one development mentioned in the passage was that ----. A) each country was to benefit from compesation schemes B) the idea of compensation schemes came to the fore C) developed countries should not benefit from compensation schemes D) compensation schemes were to be put into effect as soon as possible E) the poorer countries should be compensated for their general trade deficits., 85. From the passage we learn that one of the resolutions adopted by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ----. A) was soon revoked due to strong pressure coming from underdeveloped member countries B) considerably raised the world trade tariffis on a variety of commodities C) concerned the amount of aid to be given by the developed countries to the underdeveloped D) envisaged a step-by-step lifting of the worlds trade barriers. E) made it imperative for the developed countries to open up their markets to the manufactured goods of the underdeveloped countries.
100. We see in the passage that Doctorows purpose in bringing together in his novels the usual and the extraordinary ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
is to build up a concerning picture of a period. did not achieve the result he aimed for in Worlds Fair. has been frequently criticised by his readers. has not been properly appereciated except in the case of Worlds Fair. has been shared by other 20th centurly American novelists.
KPDS 1997 KASIM

In 1964 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was held. For the first time the poorer nations of the world came together to act as a pressure group on trading matters. The Conference made the following recommendations. The Developing countries should be given free access to world markets for their manufacturers and semi manufactures by the elimination of quotas and tariffs. International commondity agreements should be made for each major primary commodity in world trade to stabilise commodity prices. Moreover, compesation schemes, whereby the underdeveloped countries are compensated for the declining prices of their primary products, were recommended for consideration. The conference also resolved that the developed countries should aim to provide at least 1 per cent of their national income as aid for the underdeveloped countries. 83. As can be understood from the passage, the 1964 United Nations Conference on Trade and development was remarkable because ----. A) the developing countries now had the change, for the first time, to have free access to the markets of the developed countries. B) it failed to formulate a policy that would ensure the stabilization of world commodity prices. C) all the demands of the underdeveloped countries were accepted without reservation by the developed countries. D) a number of deadlines were set for the signing of international commodity agreements.
In earlier centuries it was thought that a great continent must exist in the southern hemisphere, around the South Pole, to balance the known land masses in north. Its real extent was better understood in the 18th century, particularly when Captain Cook sailed for the first time south of the Antarctic Circle and reached the edge of the ice pack. A portion of the ice-covered continent was first sighted by Edward Bransfiled in 1820. Explorers of several other nations also sighted portions of the coast-line in other quarters and wrote detailed accounts of their observations. However, in the light of these accounts, the first extensive exploration was made by Captain James Clarke Ross in 1841 when a great part of the Antarctic was discovered. 86. As we can understand from the passage, it was assumed many centuries ago that the large land mass around the North Pole ----.
A)
seemed to be impenetrable and, hence, inexplicable B) could not have a counterpart in the southern hemisphere C) had a regular and unchanging coastline D) must have been balanced by similar extent of land mass around the South Pole E) would be reduced in size once the edge of the ice-pack began to melt.
A)
87. It is pointed out in the passage it was only with Captain Cooks voyage in the 18th century that ----.
B) C) D) E)
A) B) C) D) E)
the first serious expedition into the interior of the Antarctic was launched a partially acurate assessment of the Antarctic could be made people began to realize just how small the land mass here was multi-national projects for the exploration of the Antarctic were put into effect the rich natural resources of the Antarctic became known to the outside world.
the purpose and research concerns of biologinal oceanography the history of oceanography studies, and the range of these studies how oceanographic studies can contribute to the improvement of shipping the uses for us of the information provided by oceanographic studies about the oceans what geological oceanography and chemical oceanography deal with.
90. It is clear from the passage ttah, due to the complexity and variety of its recearch activities oceanography ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
co-operates with some of the other sciences focuses only on the discovery of the new energy resources in the oceans benefits extensively from the findings of biology is rarely concerned with the problems of the ocean environment has developed into a separate and independent discipline with no relationship with other sciences
88. It is from the passage that, following various earlier reports concerning the Antarctic ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
Edward Bransfield joined the international project of study the ice-pack of the continent many explorers from were discouraged from undertaking any serious exploration there explorers from various countries began to compete with each other for the conquest of the continent. Captain Cook decided to undertake a second voyage of discovery in the area the first major, large-scale discovery of the continent was undertaken by James Clarke Ross in 1841.
91. We understood from the passage that over the last hundred years or so ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
Oceanography is the scientific study of the worlds oceans which cover over 70 percent of the earths surface. The beginnings of modern oceanography go back to the 1870s when, for te first time, wide ranging scientific observations and studies of the oceans were undertaken by British. Since then, oceanography has developed into highly technical and interdisciplinary science which is now divided into several fields of study. These are biological oceanography, which deals with the study of the marine organism and marine ecology, chemical oceanography, which is concerned with the composition of sea water, and physical oceanography, which studies ocean currents, tides, waves, and the role played by the oceans in climate and weather. Geological oceanography is also another branch of oceanograhy and is mainly concerned with the formation, composition and evaluation of the ocean basins. Ofceanographic knowledge is essential to allow exploitation of the enormous food, mineral and energy resources of the oceans with minimum damage to the ocean environment. 89. In the passage, the writer does not dwell on ----.
many wide ranging studies have been made of ocean currents and their effects on climate the oceans have been extensively explored for food and mineral deposits British scientists have carried out extensive studies of the ocean basis scientists have been much concerned with the pollution of the ocean environment much progress has been made in the development of oceanography as a science.
In 1945, following the Second World War, the allies, that is, the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain drew up and signed the Potsdam Agreement. The main points of this agreement were that Militarism and Hitlerism should be destroyed; that industrial power should be o reduced that Germany would neveragain be in a position to wage aggressive war; that surplus equipment should be destroyed or transferred to replace wrecked plants in allied territories; that Germany should be treated as an ecomomic whole; and that local selfgoverment should be restored on democratic lines as rapidly as was consistent with military security.
92. As we learn from the passage, the Potsdam Agreement ----.
A)
was originally proposed by the United States
B) C) D) E)
was the first treaty of its kind to be signed with the Soviet Union was a treaty, which was signed by the allies, with the principle aim of ensuring peace and security in Europe improved the relations between the Soviet Union and the West was drafted by the allies in consultation with Germany
95. It is clear from the passage that one of the major concerns of the police is ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
to uphold the law and maintain order in society to put on trial those guilty of criminal behaviour the enlargement of theri own powers as far as it is compatible with democracy to uphold the universal principles of democracy to intervene, when necessary, in matters of legislation.
93. According to the passage, on of the major provisions made in the Potsdam Agreement was that ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
the necessary measures should be taken to prevent Germany from any future renewal of aggression the rearmament of Germany should be under allied supervision the military, but not the domestic, policies of Hitler should be discontinued Germanys industrial production should be reduced to a pre-Hitler level local administrations in Germany should concern themselves only with social welfare
96. We understnad from the passage that the powers of the police ----.
A)
are much stronger in country areas then in cities B) can not be limited in democratic countries C) have been strongly criticized in England D) were first defined by the British government in 1829 E) are closely related to the political regime of a country
94. It is pointed out in the passage that the Potsdam Agreement envisaged ----.
97. The writer tells us that, before England set up a police force ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
a European political institution to safeguard peace a step by step reduction of Germanys economic efficiency the restoration of democracy throughout Europe the transfer of surplus equipment from Germany to the allied countries to help the recovery of industry there the maintenance of military security through a new alliance with Germany
A)
various countries had already estimated one of their own B) the preservation of law and order was being maintained by local authorities C) Sir Robert Peel showed little interest in the preservation of law and order D) the prevention and detection of crime in the boroughs was almost impossible E) Wales had the highest crime rate in Britain
The police are a regular force established for the preservation of law and order and the prevention and detection of crime. The powers they have vary from country and with the type of government; the more civilised and democratic the state is the less police intervention there is. England, compared with other countries was slow to develop a police force, and it was not until 1829 that Sir Robert Peels Metropolitan Police Act established a regular force for the metropolis. Later legislation established country and borough forces maintained by local police authorities throughout England and Wales.
The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) known as the International Bank or as the World Bank, is an agency of the United Nations established in 1945. It has the primary function of making loans available to assist developing countries. Usually, loans are made to finance specific projects of investment in underdeveloped countries; and the Bank will normally make a loan only if it is satisfied that the investment will yield a revenue sufficient to enable the payment of interest on the loan, and the
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI repayment of the sum lent. In 1983 the Bank made loans to the value of $3.300 million. Thus a sizeable amount of lending is channelled through the Bank, but it is clear that some projects of great value to underdeveloped countries cannot be financed in this way, because they would not yield returns quickly enough or large enough to meet the Banks requirements for interest and repayment. 98. It is pointed in the passage that the World Bank was founded in order to ----. A) provide the United Nations with a constant source of income for its various projects. B) bring all developing countries up to the same level of economic prosperity C) provide underdeveloped countries in particular, with the necessary financial support for the realization of their major development project D) give loans to all the countries in the world on an equal basis, regardless of their economic position E) make loans available to those countries not receiving support from the developed countries. 99. We can understand from the passage that the World Bank will usually not provide loans for investment projects in developing countries unless ----. A) It is absolutely certain that the money lent will be returned in full and with interest B) It has been unanimously approved by the United Nations C) these countries are in a position to finance a good part of these projects D) these projects are indeed of vital importance for the industrialization of these countries , E) these countries are prepared to pay a sizeable interest rate on the money lent. 100. The passage gives a general account of ----. and Japanese, centuries later, were using something more akin to modern paper in substance, an Asiatic paper-mulberry, yielding a smooth fibrous material, being utilised. With the spread of learning in Western Europe the necessity of a readier medium made itself felt, and paper began to be manufactured from pulped rags and other substances. Other papermaking staples were later introduced, such as linen cotton and wood-pulp. The chief raw material in the world paper industry now is wood-pulp, the main exporters being the timbergrowing countries of Canada, Sweden and Finland.
83. We
can understand from the passage that, throughout history, paper ----. A) has played a vital role in the advancement of learning B) has been a major export item for Asian countries, and for China in particular C) has been produced from a wide range of materials D) has been valued as a means of communication more in the West than in the East E) has largely been used for documentation rather than for learning 84. It is obvious from the passage that today the wood-pulp needed for the manufacture of paper ----. A) is largely provided by the countries which produce a great deal of timber B) is produced from a variety of substances other than timber C) can only be produced economically with the aid of sophisticated technology D) is normally made from raw materials locally available E) can most readily be prepared from timber with a high fibrous content 85. The main concern of the passage is to ----. A) explain why there has been so little change in the development of papermaking B) describe how the West learned the techniques of papermaking C) account for the economic implications of the paper industry D) give a historical account of papermaking with emphasis on the main raw materials used E) alert the reader to the fact that very large amounts of timber are consumed in papermaking
A) B) C) D) E)
why the World Bank has relaxed its traditionally strict loan policies en favour developing countries. how the World Bank was founded and has been financed by the United Nations the ways and means by which the World Bank has influenced developing countries how the financial policies of teh World Bank are controlled by the United Nations the main funding policy followed by the World Bank in relation to underdeveloped countries
KPDS 1998 MAYIS
Paper has been known in one form or another from very early times. The papyrus reeds of the Nile swamps served the ancient Egyptians for sheets upon which to inscribe their records. The Chinese
The great expansion in energy demand over recent years has been met to a large extent by petroleum oil. The total world reserves of petroleum oil are still uncertain since large parts of the world are still not
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI fully prospected. The cutback in oil production and the rise in the price of Middle Eastern oil following the 1973 Arab-Israeli war unleashed a worldwide energy crisis which affected the economies of consumer countries. One result of this crisis has been that Britain has increased its North Sea oil production and become the fifth largest oil producing country in the world. purpose of building and running a canal. The canal built, now known as the Panama Canal, connects the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans and is just over 80 km long. Its depth varies from 12 to 26 meters. It is constructed above sea-level, with locks and has been available for commercial shipping since 3 August 1914. An agreement was reached in 1978 for the waterway to be turned over Panama by the end of the century. 89. According to the passage, with the 1978 agreement concerning the Panama Canal it was agreed that ----. A) shipping through the Canal would be jointly supervised by Panama and the United States B) the right to operate the Canal would rest with the United States for ever C) the Canal would revert to Panama at the end of the century D) the costs would be shared equally between Panama and the United States E) the Canal had to accept commercial shipping from all countries 90. We understand from the passage that the locks in the Panama Canal are essential ----. A) as, for a canal, 80 kilometres is a very long stretch of waterway B) since the canal authorities need to be supervise shipping in the canal C) last enemy ships attempt to enter the Canal D) even though the United States would have preferred not to build them E) because there is a difference between the level of the Canal and that of the sea 91. As it is pointed out in the passage, the Panama Canal ----. A) will continue to be run jointly by Panama and the United States B) has continuously caused friction between the United States and Panama C) has had an increasing volume of shipping since it was first opened D) was constructed to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans at their closest point E) has become the worlds busiest waterway for commercial shipping
86. It is pointed out in the passage that, to meet its increasing energy needs, the world ----. A) will have to develop new sources of energy in addition to petroleum oil B) has had to face a recurrent energy crisis C) has, in recent years, relied heavily on petroleum oil D) has had to rely more and more on British oil E) is learning to depend upon a larger variety of energy sources
87. One can understand from the passage that further oil explorations ----. A) would inevitably result in a drop in oil prices B) are unlikely to produce any positive results C) should be carried out both in the Middle East and in the North Sea D) may cause new tensions in the Middle East E) could lead to the discovery of rich reserves of petroleum as yet untapped
88. According to the passage, one result of the oil crisis caused by the Arab-Israeli war has been that ----. A) the world has learned to reduce its energy consumption B) Britain has become one of the leading oil producers C) many new oil fields throughout the world have been prospected and brought into production D) Britain has emerged as the largest exporter of petroleum oil in the world E) consumer countries have had to redefine their economic priorities
89. - 91. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.
In 1903 the United States signed a treaty with Panama, which gave the United States rights in perpetuity ever a 16 km wide strip of land extending across the narrowest part of Panama for the
When there has been a serious disaster such as an earthquake or flooding, various relief efforts are rapidly put into effect. However, experience has shown that it is usually impractical to attempt mass
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI immunisation immediately following a disaster and that, when attempted, it detracts from the overall relief effort without producing a discernible benefit. Effective immunisation requires prior planning good systems of communication and transport and access to the population at risk. These requirements cannot be met in the immediate postdisaster period. Efforts to achieve mass vaccination in the relief phase also drain whatever limited manpower, communication facilities, and transportation exist. 92. It is pointed out in the passage that, as part of the relief work following a disaster, ----. A) the most difficult to organise is the fair distribution of supplies B) mass immunisation is not usually to be recommended C) communication facilities are among the most urgent measures to be taken D) it is important to plan comprehensively the evacuation of the badly wounded E) one of the priorities must be the resettlement of the displaced population 93. We can understand from the passage that, in the main, in the aftermath of a disaster, ----. A) it is not often possible to have access to adequate communication facilities B) the transport of relief workers to the area should be carefully planned C) untold benefits are to be derived from mass immunisation D) the distribution of food and medicine is the main activity of the relief phase E) conditions are not favourable for the implementation of an efficient immunisation programme 94. We can understand from the passage that, if transport and communication facilities are inadequate, ----. A) then relief efforts will be adversely affected B) the population at risk has to be removed to a safer place C) the problems facing relief workers will not be so obvious D) relief efforts have to be doubled to improve the situation E) the amount of man power has to be increased by every means available students. Such societies existed in the ancient world, notably in Greece and India, but the origin of the University as we know it today lies in medieval Europe, the word universitas being a contraction of the Latin term for corporations of teachers and students organised for the promotion of higher learning. The earliest bodies to become recognised under this description were at Bologna and Paris in the first half of the 12th century. Oxford was founded by an early migration of scholars from Paris, and Cambridge began with a further migration from Oxford. Other universities sprang up all over Europe from the 14th century onwards. 95. The main concern of the passage is ----. A) the comparison of different types of university B) the development of the European universities from the Middle Ages to the present C) to describe the aims and the early history of universities D) to explain how and why the medieval university came into being E) to emphasise the need for research in universities
96. According to the passage, one of the primary goals of a university is to ----. A) encourage the establishment of higher education institutions B) undertake the furthering of knowledge, teaching and research in a wide variety of fields C) provide students with professional training D) supervise the research undertaken by other institutions in society E) make arrangements for the exchange of students and scholars in the world
97. The writer points out that, although the origins of universities can be traced to antiquity, the history of the modern university ----. A) is closely linked to the history of Oxford and Cambridge universities B) begins with the use, in the Renaissance, of the word universitas C) centres around the migration of scholars in Europe D) really dates from the Middle Ages E) largely depends on the studies carried out at Bologna and Paris
Universities are institutions of higher education whose principal objects are the increase of knowledge over a wide field through original thought and research and its extensions by the teaching of
Romanticism is a term for a movement in the arts, that is, in music, painting, sculpture or literature, which seeks to give expression to the artists feelings about his subject rather than to be
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI concerned with form and reality. The romantic view is that art is nature seen through a temperament; the realist view, on the other hand, is that art is a slice of life. In painting Delacroix (1789-1863) is the romantic artist par excellence with his uncontrolled expression of the passions and love of the exotic. In literature the Romantic movement reached its finest form in the works of Goethe, Schiller and Heine; in the poetry of Byron, Keats, Wordsworth, Shelly and Blake; and in the writings of Victor Hugo. Since Romanticism is partly a matter of temperament in the artist just as Classicism is, it may be found at all times and places, although whether or not it becomes predominant depends on contemporary taste. families escape from poverty they do not fall back into it. Middle-class children rarely end up poor. The primary reason poor children do not escape from poverty is that they do not acquire basic mental skills. They cannot read, write, calculate or articulate. Lacking these skills, they cannot get or keep a well-paid job. The best mechanism for breaking this vicious circle is to provide the poor with better educational opportunities. Since children born into poor homes do not acquire the skills they need from their parents, they must be taught these skills in school. 83. The writer makes the point that, once people have overcome poverty, ----. A) the skills of reading and writing cease to be important for them. B) they cease to mix socially with the poor. C) they soon learn to adopt middle-class manners and ways. D) it is most unlikely that they will ever become poor again. E) they become eligible for well-paid employment in industry. 84. According to the writer, if poverty is to be overcome, ----. A) the only effective means for this would be to provide better education. B) more well-paid jobs should be offered to the poor. C) all children, regardless of their social class, should receive the same formal education. D) middle-class children should be given better educational opportunities. E) the education of children should be based on mental skills alone. 85. The main argument of the passage is that----. A) the elimination of poverty can only be achieved if the poor and the rich attend the same school. B) middle-class children do not need to learn basic mental skills at school, since they learn them at home. C) the children of the poor must learn basic mental skills at school so that they can escape from poverty. D) as basic mental skills are not being taught efficiently at schools, educational reform is essential. E) children born into a poor family will inevitably stay poor all through his life.
86. 88. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz. 83. 85. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.
98. The writer explains that the most distinctive characteristic of Romanticism is ----. A) an accurate description of the natural world B) its dedicated concern with the issues of actual life C) the expression of individuals emotions D) the importance it attaches to form rather than to content E) its avoidance of the pictorial and the exotic
99. It is suggested in the passage that as an approach to life, the Romantic view ----. A) is constantly recurrent in the human temperament B) has often been subordinate to Classicism C) is out of favour in the contemporary world D) is best expressed in music, not in other forms of art E) came into being as a reaction against Realism
100. The passage quite simply describes ----. A) the influence of Romanticism in art upon Romanticism in literature B) the romantic quality of Delacroixs painting and its counterpart in literature C) the similarities and differences between Romanticism and other literary movements D) the revival of Romanticism as an artistic temperament in the contemporary world E) what Romanticism is and who its major exponents have been
KPDS 1998 KASIM
Eliminating poverty is largely a matter of helping children born into poverty to rise out of it. Once
Not just in substance but in manner too, Robin Trevelyan, who is the Prime Ministers new righthand man, is a politician in the old style. He
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KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI avoids the flourish which characterises modern politicians. His speeches are at best unemotional, at worst dull. He is all but incapable of inspiring an audience. His face is inexpressive, solid almost. He evades making promises and is completely lacking in vision. He is a politician whose talent has never been to inspire the mob. Yet many people without a paid job work at other kinds of productive activities. Women, notably, perform an unpaid double shift in the home as housekeepers and mothers. To confine the term work to paid employment, therefore, restricts it far too narrowly. There are many other kinds of work, some of which can take more time and energy than we put into our paid employment from the voluntary working in the garden to repairs to the house or the car. In other cultures, work is not as highly valued as this; some people value leisure more, and work only as much as they need in order to provide basic necessities.
86. We can understand from the passage that Robin Trevelyan ----. A) cannot keep his real feelings from the public eye. B) has, with his speech, always been able to sway public feeling. C) is, with his dramatic speeches, a typical politician of our time. D) is trusted and valued by the prime minister. E) is one of those rare politicians who really understands the psychology of the people.
89. The writer suggests that people tend to regard the word work as ----. A) B) C) D) E) referring only to paid employment. being limited only to voluntary work. relating only to physical effort. interchangeable with leisure. an activity with an end-product.
87. With regard to the Prime Ministers new righthand man, it is pointed out in the passage that one of his shortcomings as a politician is ----. A) his lack of any genuine belief in his own party. B) his inability to follow someone elses lead. C) his reluctance to commit himself or articulate a vision. D) his tendency to scorn public opinion. E) his fondness for modern political manners.
90. The writer points out that, unlike the case in Britain, in some cultures ----. A) work in any form is highly respected. B) unpaid activities such as housework make up virtually the whole of a womans day. C) voluntary work is held in high respect. D) it is leisure, not work, that is of primary importance. E) people are unwilling to work to meet even their basic necessities.
88. In this passage, the writer has set out to ----. A) highlight the rare political qualities of the present Prime Minister. B) criticise modern British politics in the person of the Prime Minister. C) portray the ideal type of a politician in our time. D) account for the failure of the Prime Ministers previous adviser E) present a concise study of the political personality of the Prime Ministers new adviser.
91. According to the passage, unpaid jobs ----. A) are invariably more pleasurable than paid ones. B) can be quite as time-consuming as paid ones. C) are always assigned to women rather than to men. D) are not readily available in Britain. E) are occasionally taken on by people who go out to work.
Work is central in British culture. When someone asks one What do you do?, they really mean What work do you do?. When a woman is asked Do you work?, what is meant is Are you doing a paid job?.
Alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are psychoactive drugs that are freely available in our society. Their wide spread use shows that they provide a common solution to the problems of vast numbers of
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KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI individuals. The extent and the nature of their use is not , however, uniform but varies with the particular sub-culture involved. To take alcohol, for example, there are wide differences between the drinking habits and rituals of merchant, seamen and businessmen, between Italians and Jews. Each sub-group in society will have a conception of what the permissible and desirable effects of alcohol are, how much it is necessary to drink to achieve this desired state; what is normal and what is deviant drinking behaviour. legislation was enacted in many countries, and the voice of the womens movement was heard criticising discrimination between the sexes in every sphere of working life. Now it is clear that legislation can make only a marginal difference to entrenched patterns of job segregation and inequality. The voices of feminism, too, are varied; some demand equality with men while others pursue the revaluation of womens skills and womanly virtues. 95. It is pointed out in the passage that many people in the early 1970s ----. A) realised that a majority of women were not genuinely interested in job segregation B) were doubtful as to whether legislation could improve the position of women in society C) actively took part in womens demonstrations against male aggression and dominance in the workplace D) confidently expected the elimination of the inequality existing between the sexes E) were scarcely aware of there being any discrimination between the sexes 96. According to the author, legislation against gender discrimination ----. A) has contributed surprisingly little towards the improvement of womens position in society B) has been grossly neglected especially in less prosperous countries C) has, in many countries, already made the position of women fully equal to that of men D) has brought about balance in society that satisfies the womens movement everywhere E) has been fully successful in eradicating job segregation in industrial countries 97. According to the passage, there are people in the feminist movement who ----. A) argue that women dont deserve equal opportunities with men in working life B) believe that womens qualities have been undervalued and should be reassessed C) are convinced that women would have a stronger position if they kept their femininity D) believe that the movement is far from achieving any of its original objectives E) are concerned that the legislation against sex discrimination in working life may be revoked in the near future
92. It is pointed out in the passage that psychoactive drugs such as alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are widely used because ----. A) sub-groups in society identify themselves with them. B) people with problems find them helpful C) their effects have been proved to be harmless D) they are much cheaper than many other drugs and legally obtainable E) society at large regards them as harmful
93. According to the author, the consumption of alcohol in the world ----. A) is particularly widespread among members of sub-cultures B) is directly related to the economic prosperity of each sub-group C) varies from race to race, culture to culture and class to class D) is closely linked with the increase of deviant drinking behaviour E) has made the practices and behaviour of subcultures in society more uniform
94. The writer points out that there is little agreement among sub-groups ----. A) about the extent to which psychoactive drugs should be produced B) about the benefits of psychoactive drugs C) as regards why businessman drink so much D) as to why Italians and Jews have different drinking habits E) as to how much alcohol can be properly consumed
In the early 1970s, there was a great deal of optimism about improving womens position, ending male privilege and doing away with gender divisions and even gender difference. Equal opportunities
All of us are born, all of us will die; but there is infinite variety in the nature and circumstances of these two events themselves and in what happens to our bodies and our minds in between. Some
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KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI individuals, for example, are born without difficulty and grow uninterruptedly during childhood and adolescence, suffering at worst only minor infectious diseases and accidents. As adults, they reproduce their kind. They age gradually until, in extreme old age, they die peacefully without pain or discomfort. This is an idealised picture of how we would like things to be, rather than the reality that most people experience. Death comes to many of us, not when we are old, but during or before birth, in infancy, in adolescence, in early adulthood or in middle age. 98. One point made by the author in this passage is that we, as human beings, ----. A) must face the fact that accidents in old age are inevitable B) have all similar opportunities but use them differently C) all enjoy a happy childhood and a healthy adolescence D) should take certain measures to avoid infections diseases in childhood E) have widely differing experiences of birth, life and death 99. The writer points out that, though most people expect life to be free of care and death easy, ----. A) this is not likely to happen either in adolescence or in adulthood B) they have to strive hard to attain this idealised condition C) this is, in fact, very rarely the case D) for many people a worthwhile life has more to it than this E) this is seldom the case except in old age and is the second longest after the Nile. Much of it is brown, brackish, piranha-infested and bitterly cold. Ranging from narrow tributaries and raging rapids to stretches of prodigious width and calm, the river's banks can take half a day to reach. In parts, it can drop up to 40 metres in less than a kilometre Furthermore; it runs through deep canyons and steep gorges that have been carved out by its turbulent waters.
83. We learn from the passage that, though the Amazon has the largest volume of water of any river in the world, ----. A) it is not the longest B) it is in no parts particularly wide C) there is very little topographical variety in its course D) it is seldom used for the transportation of goods E) it is in most parts congested with mud and slime, hence slow-moving
84. It is pointed out in the passage that the waters of the Amazon ----. A) B) C) D) E) shelter many species of exotic fish are in parts muddy and not fresh form a chain of spectacular waterfalls are not suitable for the survival of piranha flow calmly throughout its course
85. The passage largely deals with ----. 100. In this passage the writer points out the disparity between ----. A) the basically fortunate lives of the majority and the tragic experience of a small minority B) what everyone expects of life and what he actually achieves in life C) the early happy years of our lives, and the later tragic ones D) the near ideal life experience of the few and the actual life experience of the majority E) the happier middle years of a persons life and the more trying later years A) the differences and the similarities between the Amazon and the Nile B) the varying problems of navigation along the Amazon C) the geological formation of the course of the Amazon D) the number and the size of the Amazon's many tributaries E) the size of the Amazon and its topographical end aquatic features
KPDS 1999 MAYIS

The Amazon is the largest river in the world. It carries about a quarter of the world's running water
The great window-dresser Gene Moore seems to have been self-taught. As a young man his main idea was to get away from Birmingham, Alabama, then a town of steel and pollution. It was, he said,
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KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI the wrong place to be born in for anyone with dreams. He dreamt of being a concert pianist and then of being a painter. But he decided that he did not play very well, and presently gave up painting. In New York in the 1930s he got various casual jobs. One was with a store that decided he had flair and put him in its display department, and that was the start of his career. He worked for a number of shops promoting their wares, and built a reputation for innovative ideas. winds. For instance, a group of chemists at the University of Washington in Seattle have been involved in a case study of such pollutants which reached the West Coast of America all the way from Asia. They are keen to understand how such an event could take place and to what extent it could have been forecast. In fact, back in March 1997, pollutants such as carbon-monoxide from Asia had been spotted as far across the Pacific Ocean as Hawaii. Thus, it seems increasingly likely that the West Coast of America is particularly exposed to pollution from Asia. 89. It is suggested in the passage that industrial pollution in our world today ----. A) is largely concentrated in the Pacific Ocean B) is gradually being brought under full control C) has been the main concern of scientists from the University of Washington D) can be predicted and the necessary measures taken E) can travel amazing distances
86. One understands from the passage that it took Gene Moore very many years to ----. A) B) find out what he was really good at return to his native town of Birmingham, Alabama C) realise that he hated living in an industrial city D) accept the fact that he wasn't a gifted artist E) get a department store of his own in New York
87. It is suggested in the passage that Gene Moore spent his early years ----. A) preparing for the career of his choice which was window-dressing B) in New York where he made his dreams come true C) in an environment that he felt was hostile to his creative development D) in Alabama where he got his professional training E) painting industrial landscapes in Alabama
90. It is pointed out in the passage that one of the issues the chemists from the University of Washington are seriously concerned with ----. A) is how to clean up the Pacific Ocean and save it from industrial pollutants B) is whether it may be possible to foretell the movements of pollutants from Asia C) is whether it might be possible to change the course of industrial pollutants along the West Coast D) has been the measurement of carbon monoxide levels around Hawaii E) should be the prevention of the emission of pollutants along the West Coast of America
88. It is clear from the passage that Gene Moore become a window-dresser ----. A) in order to make a name for himself in New York's fashion circles B) more by accident than by design C) only after he had established himself as a musician and a painter D) almost as soon as he arrived in New York E) even though he lacked any form of creative talent as his employers knew well 91. One can conclude from the passage that Asian industry appears to ----. A) be in desperate need of reconstruction and relocation B) be doing all it can to prevent environmental pollution C) be emitting more carbon-monoxide than any other industrial pollutant D) pose a serious environmental threat to the West Coast of America E) be a major competitor for the American industrial enterprises along the West Coast
Pollution is no respecter of national boundaries today. But environmental scientists can still be surprised by the distances that large quantities of industrial pollutants can sometimes be carried by
Most poetry anthologies are assembled by poets. This is not necessarily a good thing. They are in fact assembled for many different reasons. Some resemble star charts, trying to define the scope of
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KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI the new and show us what direction poetry is heading. Others turn their gaze on the past, seeking to define poetries of earlier centuries or to identify influential currents of thinking and feeling. Yet other anthologies strive to present enduring images of the beautiful for the reader's pleasure, as if poems were bunches of flowers. take XXX. Actually, the Department of Health has recognised 18 essential vitamins and mineral that we need on a daily basis. The daily amount required of these vitamins and minerals is termed the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA). XXX meet this requirement and more. As a new vitamin complex, it contains these 18 essential vitamins and minerals, plus a total of no less than 31 other micronutrients, including the complete antioxidant group and folic acid. There is no more complete a multimineral-multivitamin on the market. So, because you dont always eat as you should, it makes sense to take XXX. 95. One essential point made in the passage is that ----. A) vitamins and minerals must always be taken in conjunction with other micro-nutrients B) the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins and minerals is actually not adequate C) the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins and minerals should not be exceeded by a supplementary intake of other nutrients D) micro-nutrients, such as folic acid, are an adequate substitute for the 18 basic vitamins and minerals E) a daily intake of vitamins and minerals is vital for good health
92. From the passage we understand that the writer ----. A) considers the main role of poetry anthologies to be the cultivation of a sense of beauty B) is in favour of poets' compilation of poetry anthologies C) is rather critical of the way that most poetry anthologies are compiled D) is himself compiling an anthology of modem poetry E) seems to favour anthologies that give priority to the poetry of the past
93. According to the passage, a major concern of some poetry anthologies is to ----. A) introduce readers to the works of poets who have generally been overlooked B) emphasise the vital importance of poetry in our everyday life C) help people to understand and appreciate the art of the past D) offer guidance to aspiring young poets E) illustrate certain major intellectual and literary movements of the past
94. The writer compares some anthologies of modern poetry to "star charts' because ----. A) they attempt to foresee forthcoming trends in poetry B) he is himself a representative of this type of poetry C) his own predictions have rarely been accurate D) he doesnt believe the future can be interpreted by reference to the past E) they provide a comprehensive perspective of various poetical movements
96. In the passage it is claimed that XXX ----. A) is the easiest way of getting an adequate supply of vitamins and other micro-nutrients daily B) has been strongly recommended by the Department of Health C) is the only multimineral-multivitamin complex currently on sale D) is particularly effective if it is taken after meals E) is an aid to better eating habits 97. It is clear from the passage that, in taking vitamins and minerals, the basic problem one faces is to ----. A) decide the quantity required in any given situation B) keep the correct balance between the two C) avoid an excessive intake of the anti-oxidant group D) determine the kind and the amount to be taken daily E) follow a strict diet that includes them all
Everybody needs vitamins and minerals to remain healthy. The questions are, which ones, how much and when? And the answer is surprisingly simple:
In Japan, there is a government investment and loan programme, known as zaito. Unlike normal government spending, zaito relies not on tax
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KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI revenues but on people's savings. These are drawn from the publicly-owned postal-savings system, which by law must place all deposits with zaito, and from the postal life-insurance schemes and various pension funds. The finance ministry, which has run zaito for more than 100 years, then lends the money out. During the second World War, zaito financed Japans military build-up. Afterwards, it paid for reconstruction and helped to channel low-cost funds into such strategic industries as steel and carmaking. More recently, it has turned to social investments, such as infrastructure projects and housing. 98. According to the writer, the most distinctive feature of zaito is that ----. A) it has continued to be in use for longer than was originally envisaged B) its revenues are invariably directed towards military rearmament C) it provides the government with a revenue raised not through taxation but by way of personnel savings D) it does not come under the mandate of the ministry of finance E) it has aroused a great deal of resentment among Japanese savers 99. It is pointed out in the passage that the resources of zaito were once used to ----. A) strengthen the financial position of pension funds in the country B) provide houses for the care of the elderly in Japan C) improve the efficiency and performance of the Japanese postal-services D) revive Japan's industrial potential E) provide a supplementary source of income for the needs of the ministry of finance 100. One can easily conclude from the passage that the implementation of zaito has ----. A) changed over the years in accordance with the pressing needs of the country B) always been strictly confined to housing projects C) greatly increased the operational capacity of the Japanese army today D) always had in adverse impact upon the saving habits of the Japanese people E) given a boost to the governments insurance and pension policies KPDS 1999 KASIM
literature, art, history and philosophy was superficial. Also, despite the fact that he had invented the phonograph and founded a recording company, his musical taste was abominable. He is, therefore, sometimes regarded with disdain by academic scientists, who often forget that his ingenuity, inquiring spirit and tireless efforts contributed significantly to the development of modern technology.
83. We can understand from the passage that some scientists in the universities ----. A) are oblivious of Edison's achievements and look down on him B) argue that modern technology owes everything to Edison C) have followed closely in Edison's footsteps and upgraded his inventions D) possess the same inquiring spirit as Edison did E) have no greater an appreciation of literature than did Edison
84. It is stressed in the passage that. with his creative talent, Edison ----. A) became a favorite model for the scientists in the universities B) achieved great success in many disciplines C) was able to contribute enormously to the progress of modern technology D) exercised a lasting influence in the music world E) was able to put his formal education to pragmatic uses
85. This passage, while admitting some deficiencies in Edison, ----. A) seeks to establish his moral integrity B) in fact stresses his achievements in the humanities C) finds nothing to criticize in his academic abilities D) suggests that he has been unjustly criticized by non-scientists E) actually focuses on the value of his work in technology
Edison, one of the pioneers of modern technology, lacked formal education. His understanding of
Under increasing social pressure in the late nineteenth century, some universities opened their doors to a small number of women. More significant, however, was the founding of many women's
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KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI colleges, frequently run by women. These colleges strove over the years to maintain a curriculum equivalent to that of the largely male universities. Therefore, many leaders of the women's college movement saw themselves as social reformers. Although women entered universities in large numbers in the first half of the twentieth century, their participation was limited by their professional objectives: teaching, social work, nursing, home economics and the like were "women's fields". 86. It is clear from the passage that higher education for women ----. A) received very little public attention prior to the twentieth century B) had always been a primary concern for governments throughout the nineteenth century. C) became feasible only after the establishment of women's colleges D) only became available in the closing years of the last century E) was soon on a level with that for men layer, which absorbs solar ultra-violet radiation, especially lethal to plant life, lies between 12 and 50 kilometres above the earth. The lower level of the atmosphere, up to a height of about 12 kilometres, is known as the troposphere, and it is in this region that nearly all weather phenomena occur. This is the region of most interest to the forecaster studying temperature, humidity, wind-speed and the movement of air masses. 89. According to the passage, the earth ----. A) is exposed to the deadly effects of the dangerous gases and water vapour that surround it. B) is surrounded by gases in combination with water vapour C) has an atmosphere which is comprised of extremely harmful gaseous substances D) has a constant climate in spite of meteorological variations in the atmospheric gases E) gives off a constant supply of water vapour into the atmosphere 90. As we learn from the passage, it is the plants of the earth that ----. A) are most obviously affected by the meteorological changes in the atmosphere B) benefit most from the water vapour in the atmosphere C) help to reduce the effects of solar radiation D) suffer most from the ultra-violet radiation of the sun E) contribute to the elimination of toxic gases in the atmosphere 91. We understand from the passage that the troposphere is of vital importance as regards the weather, ----. A) even though wind-speeds cannot be accurately measured here B) as it accommodates the ozone layer C) even though the atmospheric variability is not predictable D) since it prevents solar radiation from reaching the earth E) because all the meteorological phenomena take place in this region
87. To start with, as the writer suggests women's access to higher education ----. A) B) was confined to certain professions was greatly eased when radical social reforms were introduced in the nineteenth century. C) reached its highest peak in the late nineteenth century D) began to decline in the early decades of this century E) has still not reached the anticipated goal
88. It is explained in the passage that the early colleges founded for women ----. A) offered training in a very wide range of disciplines B) were largely governed by male administrators C) made a great effort to keep their educational standards on a level with those of men's universities D) acted as pioneers for social reforms in all aspects of the community E) avoided any interaction with men's colleges
Atmosphere is the gaseous envelope of the earth, and consists of a mixture of gases and water vapour. The variability of the latter is meteorologically of great importance. The ozone
Edger Lawrence Doctorow is 55, and on almost anyones list he is counted among the leading serious American novelists today. Although he is not simply a writer of comedies, his books sell widely,
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KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI and three have been made into movies. Readers, some critics excepted, have come to relish the blending of the fact and fiction that marks his odd scrutiny of the American past. In his recently published book, Worlds Fair, he turns his historically inventive method on himself drawing heavily on material taken from his 1930s boyhood. at fifteen and went to work, doing odd jobs. During this time he read widely and began writing in his distinctive natural style. By the late 1930s his many short stories, novels and plays had established him as a writer. Many of his stories have grown out of his experiences in the Armenian community around Fresno.
92. We understand from the passage that, in his works, Doctorow ----. A) uses both true and imaginary material in order to depict the past of his country B) deals with not only the comic but also the tragic aspects of his own life C) concentrates on grotesque situations largely pertaining to American history D) constantly reiterates the events of his childhood in the 1930s E) draws on the American past so as to instruct the present
95. It is pointed out in the passage that Saroyan ----. A) was already an established writer when he emigrated to America B) based most of his stories on the life of the Armenian community that he knew so well C) expected that one day he would be recognised as a great writer D) began his career by writing short stories but later he became primarily a playwright E) portrayed in his writings not only Armenian types but also other ethnicities
93. It is pointed out in the passage that Doctorows works ----. A) turn historical facts and events into comic fiction B) have nearly all been made into films C) are rarely representative of the American way of life D) have received relatively little criticism in literary journals E) have a wide appeal for American readers 96. One point made in the passage is that Saroyan began his writing career ----. A) with the aim of helping the Armenian community to be better understood B) before he reached the age of fifteen C) after he arrived in America D) as a self-taught man E) with the encouragement and support of his parents
94. According to the passage, Doctorows latest work ----. A) has turned out to be the most popular of all his works B) is already attracting the attention of the film makers C) is a historical account of American life in the 1930s D) is autobiographical, but employs the same method used in his earlier works E) can be considered to be a political analysis of the years of his childhood 97. According to the passage, what made Saroyans writing so special was ----. A) that he was influenced by a wide variety of other literatures B) that they all dealt solely with Armenian immigrants C) the fact that he was the first writer to present the Armenian community in literature D) that the setting was in all cases Fresno in California E) the simple yet striking manner in which he wrote them
William Saroyans parents and relatives were Armenian immigrants who settled in the farming area around Fresno, California. Saroyan left school
For many years after Mt. Everest had been shown to be the highest mountain in the world, political conditions in Nepal, lying south of the summit, and
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KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI in Tibet to the North, prevented mountaineers from attending an ascent. At last in 1921 the Tibetan authorities gave permission and the first expedition organised, as were all subsequent expeditions by international joint committee, was sent out. This was primarily a reconnaissance. Besides mapping the Northern flank, it found a practicable route up to the mountain. By 1939, six further expeditions had climbed on the northern face. Some were hampered by bad weather, others by problems previously little known, such as the effect of high altitudes on the human body and spirit. Nevertheless, notable climbs were accomplished, though the summit was never reached. 98. It is pointed out in the passage that during the 1920s and 1930s ----. A) the governments in the Everest area were invariably suspicious of the purpose of the climbing expeditions B) several attempts were made to climb Mt. Everest and learn more about it C) it was Nepal that made possible the various efforts to climb D) it was finally established that Mt. Everest was indeed the worlds highest peak E) climbers heading for Mt. Everest encountered almost no problems 99. We learn from the passage that the first Everest expedition ----. A) was sponsored and encouraged by the Tibetan government B) established that high altitudes have a negative impact on the human body C) aimed to explore the terrain and chart out a feasible route to the peak D) was greatly hampered by the adverse political conditions prevailing in Nepal and Tibet E) undertaken by an international team failed to achieve its objectives 100. According to the passage, several expeditions had, by the end of the 1930s, attempted to climb Mt. Everest but ----. A) none of them succeeded in reaching the top B) none of them achieved any measure of success at all C) no suitable routes to the top could be found D) unfavourable weather conditions meant that no progress could be made at all E) only one or two of them were in any way successful KPDS 2000 MAYIS
Heat-waves, if the temperature is high enough, above 400 for instance, lead to wilting, and even death in plant, because of structural damage to essential proteins. The problem is that plants react by closing their pores when, due to a serious heatwave, they are subjected to water stress, so shutting down on transpiration and conserving water. Just as the body would overheat dangerously if it shut its pores to prevent sweating, so, in a plant, the shutting of the pores will cause permanent damage. if not death. Temperatures above -50 can damage most plants if lasting for half an hour or more. High soil temperatures will also damage roots and prevent nutrient uptake.
83. As we learn from the passage, a heat-wave can cause serious damage to plant life ----. A) even if the essential proteins remain unharmed B) even when the temperature remains below 40C C) unless the soil temperature remains stable D) through harming the plant's essential proteins E) especially if the soil is fertile
84. It is pointed out in the passage that the death of a plant in a heat-wave is due to ----. A) a sudden loss of proteins which can occur within half an hour B) excessive transpiration in an effort to keep its temperature down C) overheating in the plant following the closing of the little holes in its surface D) a structural deformation which cannot be detected easily E) the plant's inability to conserve water in its cells
85. It is understood from the passage that, in extremely high temperatures, the roots of a plant ----. A) fail to supply the plant with adequate nutrients B) dry out well before the leaves begin to wilt C) store an adequate amount of nutrients to prolong plant life D) increase their nutrient intake in order to protect the plant E) maintain their vitality so that they can function normally
A conspicuous feature of cities in many countries, in particular those of Western Europe, is that buildings and streets devastated during the war are, once
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KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI peace is reinstated, rebuilt in exactly the same manner as they existed before. Enormous efforts are taken to recreate the environment with total fidelity. This reflects the extent to which ordinary people value the traditions and culture of the past. In Japanese cities, however, one sees little evidence of such respect for tradition. Tokyo presents an extreme example: it is quite common these days for the appearance of a street or quarter to change almost beyond recognition every year. In provincial cities as well, one often finds that an absence of several years has rendered a city almost unrecognisable. 86. It is emphasized in the passage that in Western Europe, in the post-war period ----. A) people relished the chance to break with tradition and create a new style of city B) new style of architecture were favoured in the bigger cities C) every effort was made to rebuild the cities in the pre-war style D) environmental concerns were usually disregarded in the reconstruction of cities E) many countries were still doubtful about the permanence of the peace 87. According to the passage, unlike the Europeans, the Japanese ----. A) take every opportunity to promote their traditions and culture B) reconstructed their cities in accordance with their cultural traditions C) were reluctant to introduce any novelties into city planning D) paid considerable attention to environmental matters in rebuilding their cities E) are, on the whole, indifferent to their past consumers in a global 'free" market. This makes a return to any sort of rural existence almost an impossibility for those tutored by the Western education system in the 21st century. The fact is that, for all the fashionable talk about cultural diversity, schools, colleges and universities today prepare their graduates poorly for anything other than a uniform urban existence. We educate the young from country to city alike, to be urban with urban appetites, skills, minds, dependencies and expectations. And as globalised future will overwhelmingly mean an urban future, our graduates of tomorrow will be trained, above all, to keep the wheels of the global economy running, with all the Implications that has for nature and society. 89. In this passage one feels that the author ----. A) greatly values the educational system current in the West today B) is not happy with the kind of education the young in the West are receiving today C) admires the enormous contribution modern education is making to the global economy D) look forward to the time when the world's population will all be urban E) emphasises the high quality of modern education presently being offered to the young
90. The author argues that the young are everywhere being educated to ----. A) be aware of the drawbacks of a global "free" market B) appreciate equally both the rural and the urban ways of life C) appreciate the joys of rural life D) feel comfortable only in a purely urban way of life E) play a creative role in the intellectual life of the 21st century 91. In the passage the author seems to ----. A) deplore any effort in education to revive rural values B) be confident of the future of the global economy C) favour free market policies throughout the world D) expect that the young will create a better world in the 21st century E) discount the idea that there is any cultural diversity In modern life
88. With reference to Japanese writer points out that ----. A) the cities are constantly undergoing massive changes In appearance B) Tokyo is an extreme example of traditional designs in architecture C) provincial cities have imitated Tokyo as regards city planning D) in major cities, the streets invariably follow a similar design E) there is a strong European Influence in city planning
Modern education is almost exclusively focused on preparing children for an urban future, as
People in other European countries have been wondering for some time why and how Norway has stayed out of the European Union. Austria, Finland,
20
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI Sweden joined in 1994, almost without any public debate, just a few months after the their governments had proposed the joining. By then, the Norwegians had been debating the issue for 33 years, ever since their government had started the drive towards unionisation. One reason for the success of Norwegian resistance is that in both 1952 and 1987, when the Norwegian government sent off applications for joining the EEC, President De Gaulle of France rejected the proposals. He feared that the inclusion of Norway, as of England, would complicate and slow down EEC integration. 92. We learn from the passage that the government of Norway ----. A) deliberated for over three decades whether or not to become a member of the European Union B) openly disagreed with De Gaulle on many issues concerning the future of Europe C) has generally collaborated with England on matters concerning the European Union D) never showed any desire to join what was known in the 1980s as the EEC E) was exceedingly disappointed when Finland and Sweden decided to join the European Union 93. It is pointed out in the passage that De Gaulle ----. A) personally urged Norway. but not England to join the EEC B) was the statesman largely responsible for the establishment of the EEC C) was anxious to keep both England and Norway out of the EEC D) was disillusioned by the unwillingness of the Norwegian government to join the EEC E) was determined to keep the EEC solely for the countries of Continental Europe 94. According to the passage, Austria, Finland and Sweden ----. A) had, in the 19S0s, been designated by De Gaulle as future EEC members B) entered the European Union with very little opposition from their own people C) worked together to persuade Norway to join them in applying for European Union membership D) had all applied for EEC membership in the 19S0s but they were only admitted in the 1990s E) were among the few European Union countries to favour England's membership
95. 97. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz. In its full force the Gulf Stream, which begins in the Gulf of Mexico, carries warm water to a depth of up to 100 meters Within a short time after the outbreak of the Second World War, Britain was without imports of many vital pharmaceuticals that had formerly come from Japan, at rates of up to 8 kilometres an hour, and penetrates right up into the Arctic Circle to the north of Scandinavia, bearing with it a climate that makes life just about tolerable, even in the thick of the winter. The energy it carries in the form of heat is equivalent to 100 times the entire use of energy in human societies across the world or put another way, more than 27,000 times Britain's electricity generating capacity. In terms of temperature the Gulf Stream heats the surface over a wide area by at least 5C. Were the-Gulf Stream to fail, temperatures over northern Europe would fall by more than 10 centigrade degree during the winter months. Northern Europe would have a climate comparable to that of Siberia: just how it would support its current population is difficult to imagine. 95. This passage mainly deals with ----. A) B) C) D) E) the adverse effects that Gulf Stream has on the wild life in Scandinavia how the Gulf Stream transforms the climate in the Arctic Circle the question of whether man can benefit from the energy latent in the Gulf Stream the reasons why the climate of Scandinavia differs from that of Siberia the course, climatic effects and energy capacity of the Gulf Stream
96. As we understood from the passage, one of the great benefits of the Gulf Stream is that it ----. A) causes an average ten percent rise in temperature in Northern Europe throughout the winter B) provides a huge amount of electricity for the Northern Europe countries C) warms up the whole of Scandinavia and Siberia in winter D) circles around Britain and then moves into the northern waters E) carries warm waters nearly as far as the Arctic Circle 97. It is clear from the passage that ----. A) the energy to be derived from the Gulf Stream would theoretically barely meet the needs of the whole world B) the effects of the Gulf Stream are far more noticeable in the Arctic Circle than along the shores of Northern Europe C) without the Gulf Stream, it would be almost impossible for Northern Europe to support its population D) the Gulf Stream brings with it disadvantages as well as advantages for the people of Northern Europe E) the Gulf Stream is indispensable if the people of Siberia are to survive 98. 100. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.
21

Germany and the Far East. As a result, the first wartime government set up systematic research into the cultivation and medical use of herbs, By 1940, women's voluntary organisations had been drawn into a national campaign to gather wild herbs, Up and down the country, County Herb Committees were organised to oversee the gathering, drying, distillation and distribution of the medicinal herbs. Lay people were given brief locally-based training in how to recognise herbs, store and dry them. Farmers were given subsidies to farm certain naturally hard-to-find herbs, By 1943, every county had its herb committee and during the five years of the Second World War, over 750 tons of dried herbs were gathered and turned into medicines. 98, We learn from the passage that before World War 11, Britain ----. A) B) C) D) E) rarely traded with Germany or the Far East traded primarily with Germany, Japan and the Far East imported raw materials from Japan, Germany and the Far East and exported pharmaceuticals to them was largely dependent on Germany, Japan and the Far East for its pharmaceuticals thought of exporting dried herbs for pharmaceutical purposes
a fine, or even going to prison are easy options for some people. They are all ways that offenders can avoid taking responsibility, because in this way they never have to face the human reality of what they have done. Prisons have been called universities for criminals. Young people go in for unpaid fines, often for victimless crimes, and they come out with a degree in burglary or worse. I am not saying that the answer is to tear down all prisons. Far from it. There are people who are dangerous to society, who the community will want to keep locked up. Prison can also be part of a sentencing package under restorative justice. But the vast majority of people in prison are not violent, and do not need to be there. What they do need is to be brought face to face with the human reality of the harm they have caused, and they must be given an opportunity to rectify. 83. In the opinion of the author, prisons ----. A) teach people to become better citizens. B) serve no useful purpose whatsoever
C) D) E)
should be remodelled on the lines of universities and polytechnics. should largely be reserved for violent people who constitute a threat to societry are essential as more and more violence occurs in society.
99) It is vividly described in the passage how, during World War II, the British government ----. A) B) C) D) E) banned the import of all kinds of pharmaceuticals from Germany, Japan and the Far East gave priority to the import of medicines encouraged scientific research into improving the efficiency and variety of vital pharmaceuticals only gave subsidies to those farmers who were interested in growing herbs took serious measures to ensure that the country should not be short of medicines
84. According to the writer, such a traditional punishment as fining ----. A) helps to keep the crime rate down. B) actually helps offenders to avoid facing the fact that they have hurt society C) has been shown to be far more effective than imprisonment D) is highly effective if the offenders are young E) is regarded as a harder option than imprisonment
100. It is clear from the passage that, of the special arrangements made in Britain during the war, one was ----. A) B) C) the reduction of imports from Germany and Japan the Getting up of local and national organisations to produce medicinal herbs the introduction of new agricultural policies to increase production in every sphere the launching of a national women's campaign for the distribution of medicines throughout the country the training of local people in the production of herbbased medicines
85. According to the passage, restorative justice ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
D)
E)
KPDS 2000 KASIM

regards most criminals as not being responsible for the crimes they have committed is only concerned with punishment when the criminal has proved violent concentrates on criminal acts in which there is no victim. is too idealised and has little chance of working succesfully. is less concerned with punishment than with helping the offender to become a better citizen.
Restorative justice does not ask how do we punish?, but instead asks how do we get people to take responsibilty for what they have done?. Paying
22
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI In the coming weeks, wine makers north of the equator will oversee the harvesting and fermenting of the first vintage of the millennium. But long before the finished product reaches the shelves before it even makes it out of the barrel, in some casessamples will be offered to exporters and distributors. A select group of wine critics will also be given a taste. Most will record their impressions in the extravagant prose that wine journalists unfortunaltely love to use. Others will go one step further and assign numerical grades. These days a high score is more effective than mere praise. It can make a comparatively unknown wine into a highly desirable one that everyone is seeking to buy. 86. According to the passage, before the new seasons wines even reach the shops, wine critcs will have ----.
A)
B)
C) D) E)
tasted samples and described or graded them suggested suitable prices for each type bought up large quantities of what they think will sell well advised producers on the fermenting process for the next years vintage. compared their impressions with those of other wine critics.
One never finishes learning about art. There are always new things to discover. Great works of art seem to look different each time one stands before them. They seem to be as inexhaustible and unpredictable as real human beings. It is an exciting world of its own with its own strange laws and its own adventures. Nobody should think he knows all about it, for nobody does. Nothing, perhaps, is more important than just this: that to enjoy these Works we must have a fresh mind, one which is ready to catch every hint and to respond to every hidden harmony mind, most of all that has not been dulled by the terminology and readymade phrasses of art appreciation. It is infinitely better not to know anything about art than to have the kind of halfknowledge which makes for snobbishness. The danger is very real. 89. According to the passage, great works of art are, in a way like real people ----.
A) B)
87. In the opinion of the writer, most of the wine journalists ----.
C) D) E)
A) B) C) D) E)
dont like the practice of awarding wines numerical grades generally use too many exotic words and literary expressions have very little influence on the publics choice of wine. are less influential than distributors in the business of buying and selling of wines. should be consulted at all stages of the winemaking process.
and we can expect to like them for some reasons, dislike them for others. because there is a lot to learn about them before we finally know them and one needs a special vocabulary if one is to discuss them effectively because they can surprise us and give us something new each time we face them though, naturally, they are incapable of change
90. The writer feels that, if we are to enjoy works of art we must ----.
A)
88. It is emphasized out in the passage that the practice of awarding numerical grades to wines ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
concentrate on the ones that appeal to us and ignore those that dont. B) learn everything there is to learn about art C) keep finding new works of art to look at and compare them with our old favourites. D) look at them again and again until we have seen and understood everything about them E) come to them without preconceived ideas and with a readiness to respond to whatever they have to offer.
is not as reliable or satisfactory as the pratice of describing wines. is not at all popular among exporters and distributors has had a truly amazing effect on wine sales means that little known wines never get a chance to be known is rapidly giving way to the system of verbal descrpition
91. In the opinion of the writer ----.
A) B) C) 23
the world of art is more exciting than the real world. the cliches of art appreciation are extremely dangerous and likely to stand in the way of genuine appreciation. it is easy for everyone to appreciate great art.
D) E)
everyone can and should acquire some kind of halfknowledge of art. it is not advisable to keep going back to a work of art until we have exhausted all it has to say to us.
A) B) C) D) E)
is designed and run like a department store. has deprived neighbouring bookshops of a lot of their trade. plans to open yet another branch in Oxford Street is situated in a neighbourhood of well established bookstores is not likely to attract many customers
In theory, the multimedia age should be killing off bookshops. Who still has time to read books, what with surfing the internet, viewing scores of new digital television channels, and putting in ever longer hours at work? And presumably those few people who do still read books will be buying them on the internet. After all, Amazon, a bookseller, is the most cited example of a successful online retailer. So much for the theory. What about the practice? This week the largest bookshop in Britain opened up in the old Simpsons of Piccadilly in London. With 265.000 titles and 1,5 million books, the new branch of Waterstones stretches over seven floors. A department store, which once sold everything from sushi to plus fours, is now devoted entirely to one productbooks. The new Waterstones is almost next door to Hatchards, a mere five storey bookshop, with a well established clientele, and two smaller bookshops. It is also less than a mile from Borders, another huge bookstore in Oxford Street. 92. The passage suggests that, in this world of technological advance one might, in theory, expect that ----.
The seventeenthcentury scientist Francis Bacon was the first to insist that science be methodically separated from values so as to make it truly neutral or objective. In reality, he did nothing of the sort. His scientific knowledge, instead of being valuefree, set out explicitly and purposefully to give humanity power over nature. Truth and utility are perfectly identical, he wrote in his Novum Organum, and that which is most useful in practice is most correct in theory. In effect, he merely replaced the old subjective values of good and evil with the values of useful and useless, or more precisely of contributing or not contributing to mans domination over or transformation of the natural world. There were to be no limits to this transformation. His goal was explicitly stated. It was achieve all things achievable. At least he was honest enough to admit the fact. Modern sciene has followed Bacons lead exactly but does not admit it. 95. According to the author, the broad goals of modern scientists are identical with those of Bacon, ----. A) except that they regard nothing as useless B) only they avoid saying so C) although Bacon never actually discussed goals D) and even more ambitious E) but they consider him too subjective in his outlook
A) B) C) D) E)
internet, among other things, would make book shops obsolete internet would prove a serious rival to television smaller bookshop would be brought up by larger ones. internet book retailers like Amazon would find few customers new digital television channels have little chance of success
93. In the passage, we are given a great deal of information about the new Waterstones bookshop, ----.
A)
B)
C) D) E)
together with the number and quality of the staff employed there including the exact postal address and the incredible variety of second hand books to be found there is given special emphasis but it is the oriinal use of floor space that receives special attention including the fact that the premises once belonged to a department store that sold literally every type of goods.
96. It is argued in the passage that though Bacon was determined to make science objective and valuefree, ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
94. As if to emphasise his own surprise, the writer makes the point that the new Waterstones bookshop ----.
he knew he was setting himself an impossible task this was impossible as truth and utilty are inseparable he did not want man to have dominion over nature. he was himself greatly influenced by the concepts of right and wrong. he actually simply substituted one set of values for another.
24
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI C) since no one is willing to work on the land D) because imported foodstuffs are so much cheaper E) as farmers feel obliged to concentrate on a very few products for global markets. 100. The author is opposed to the trend towards larger and more highly mechanised farms ----.
97. We understand from the passage that Bacon regarded science as a means to ----. A) establish what was useful and what true. B) overcome such subjective values as good and evil C) protect the natural world and so preserve it D) give man power over nature so he could benefit from it. E) keep the natural world unchanged and unspoilt.
A) B) C)
as they result in unnecessarily high food prices since the quality of food they produce is poor
If a greater proportion of the food people eat were to be locally produced, this would be of great benefit to the farmer. A mix of local, regional, national, and international production would still be available; indeed, the goal would not be to put an end to the international trade in food, but to avoid transporting food thousands of miles then it could instead be produced next door. Such a shift would help revitalise rural economies ruined by the global economy. Less money would go into the hands of corporate middlemen, and far more would remain in the hands of farmers. This would especially be the case with the direct marketing of food via farmers markets and farm stands and other forms of community supported agriculture. If farmers were not impelled to specialise their production in a few global commodities, the trend towards ever larger and more highly mechanised farms would slow down. Moreover, since small farms use a proportionally higher amount of human labour than mechanised inputs, a return to smaller farms would help bring back some of the 700, 000 farm jobs the UK has lost during the last half century of agricultural progress. 98. It is stresssed in the passage that it would be to the advantage of the farmer and the rural economy at large if ----.
because it has resulted in a great many farm labourers losing their jobs. D) though the admits the quality of food they produce is high E) though this is what the owners of small farms want KPDS 2001 MAYIS
In the case of shallow tunnels or in urban areas it is often possible, by means of carefully sited boreholes to gain an idea as to the nature of the ground and water conditions. Under high mountains boring becomes expensive so reliance has to be placed upon geological interpretations. As strata can vary so much, surprises are often met with and techniques sometimes have to change in a single tunnel. In the Severn railway tunnel (4 mls 628 yd long. completed in 1886) great quantities of water were unexpectedly encountered and are still being pumped out.
83. The writer explains that when a tunnel does not go deep underground, ----.
A)
A) B) C) D) E)
people were to eat locally produced food more often. the sale of farm products were in the hands of corporate middlemen the advantages of a global economy were better appreciated the practice of direct marketing of food at farmers markets were forbidden the marketing of all food products were at a national or international level.
one can learn about the type of ground it is to pass through by means of strategically placed boreholes B) the type of strata it is to pass through is unimportant C) it may prove unsuitable in urban areas D) the geological nature of the terrain does not in general, have to be taken into consideration E) the techniques used to excavate it vary very little
99. According to the author, farms are growing larger and more highly mechanised ----.
84. We understand from the passage that before any tunnel is opened ----.
A)
B)
as this is the only sure way to make money out of farming as this is what the rural community wants
A) B)
an exact understanding of the nature of the rock strata around it must be gained samples of the ground through which it is to pass must always be taken
25
C) D)
E)
it is desirable to get an idea of the nature of the ground that is being tunnelled the area surrounding it should be drained of any underground water the suitability of the site has to be testblasted.
B) it must be preceded by filtration C) great care must be taken that no dust be allowed to get into the water D) the best containers for the job are earthenware ones E) the process should be followed by the boiling of the water
85. It is pointed out in the passage that the geological interpretations made of the strata through which a tunnel is to go ----.
88. We understand from the passage that, in certain regions of the world, such as parts of Africa and Asia, ----.
A)
are based on samples of the ground taken form boreholes B) cannot detect underground waterways C) are particularly relevant in urban areas D) are not always reliable E) are especially useful if underground water is suspected.
A) B) C) D) E)
Water of doubtful purity for drinking can be rendered safe by boiling and then can be cooled in water bags or in earthenware containers, which must be protected from dust and files. When boiling is not possible, drinking water can in many areas be adequately sterilised by chlorination; one tablet of Halazone is added to one litre of water and allowed to stand for 30 minutes. Water containing suspended matter should be filtered first. There is, however, the danger of a particularly serious infectious disease in many regions of Africa, the Middle and Far East, and South America. In these regions the water of rivers, lakes and canals may be infected, and the disease is acquired when the water comes in contact with the skin.
filtration is vital for the removal of suspended matter from the water. river water may be so infected that boiling cannot purify it. people are cautioned not to use canal water because it is always infected Halazone tablets are frequently used to sterilise infected water skin contact with infected water can cause the development of a highly infectious disease
86. In this passage the writer point out that boiling ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
is the only safe method of producing drinking water is commonly used in Africa and the less developed countries to purify water. is a reliable method of making impure water safe to drink will purify water but must not continue for more than 30 minutes is one method of combating infectious diseases in third world countries
As with all revolutions, the causes of the American Revolution which separated the original thirteen American colonies from Great Britain were social, economic and political and so inextricably interwoven that it is difficult to appraise them. First there was the distance from Great Britain and the environment of a new country which, whether they willed it or not, had gradually over a period of 150 years turned Englishmen into Americans. The older stock was largely English but the bulk of them, as a comtemporary historian commented, knew little of the mother country, having only heard of her as a distant kingdom, the rulers of which had in the preceding century persecuted and banished their ancestors to the woods of America. With each generation and with each move westward old contacts were broken. Furthermore large groups of colonists had come from Germany, Ireland and other parts of Europe and had no ties with England and, in the case of the Irish, no affection.
89. The writer makes the point that is very hard to ----.
A)
87. We learn from the passage that, when sterilisation of water is to be carried out by means of chlorination, ----.
A)
it is important to make sure that the water is not infected
assess the separate causes of the American Revolution because they are so complex. B) justify the American Revolution historically C) relate the American Revolution to the economic circumstances of the time D) account for the political causes of the American Revolution. E) explain the social implications of the American Revolution on Britain
26
90. According to the passage, by the time the American Revolution took place, ----.
93. The writer stresses that the job of a scientific translator ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
generations of the colonists in America had dreamed of gaining their independence the non-British immigrants had demographically far exceeded the British ones many of the British colonists were stil trying to maintain their ties with the mother country the colonists living in America felt they no longer had any ties with Bratin the number of the Irish in America had more than doubled
A) B) C) D) E)
requires more technical knowledge than linguistic is far easier than that of the translation of literary texts has been made much easier with the introduction of machine translation is actually far more creative than has generally been assumed goes back farther in history than does that of the literary translator
91. The writer points out that, among the nonBritish colonists in America, it was the Irish who ----.
94. As the writer suggests, an important obstacle that a scientific translator faces, is that ----.
A)
B)
had suffered most at the hands of the British were the least friendly towards Britain C) united with the German colonists to oppose Britain D) were among the first ones to settle there E) felt they had been unjustly banished to these parts
A) B) C) D) E)
Translation renders knowledge mobile. The task of the scientific translator, no less than the literary translator, has been to create new texts, to multiply sources into new languages, and thereby to produce new oriinals. Over time, translation itself has built a great scientific library, ever more enriched, and accessible. Although we may think of scientific translation as literal, mechanical work, this has never been the case. The reasons for this are complex, but have much to do with the lack of exact one to one correspondence among languages. Translating science always involves interpretation, the remaking of an original. If it did not, machine translation would have long ago rendered the scientific translator extinct.
new scientific texts are growing more and more complex in content very few people are interested in the translations of scientific Works the machine translation of scientific texts has reached a high level of efficiency the work is so mechanical and tedious that it offers almost no statisfaction the exact translation of one language into another can almost never be achieved
92. According to the passage scientific translation, just like literary translation, ----.
The ideal of a family life shared by all in 19th century. England survived into the early 20th century, until home life was seriously dislocated in 1914 by World War I which was a war on the largest scale the world had ever known. But since the last decade of the 19th centruy new developments and inventions had been rapidly affecting the home life of an increasing number of people. Town and country were knit more closely together by easier railway travel, cheap and efficient postal services, the popularity of the bicycle, the development of the petrol engine and the cheap popular newspaper; such things as these helped to break down social formalities and to place women again on a more equal footing with men.
A) B) C) D) E)
requires a kind of rewriting of the oriinal text should avoid the temptation of trying to interpret the oriinal text. is becoming increasingly mechanised and making translators themselves redundant has actually played a very small part in the spread of knowledge is presently being carried out into fewer and fewer languages 95. It is pointed out in the passage that, as a result of a variety of changes in the way of life in England at the turn of the century, ----.
A) B) C)
travel by rail became the most popular form of transport living conditions in the country couldnt keep up with those in the towns the position of women in society improved significantly
27
D) E)
country people were for the first time able to benefit from postal services the urban people had the unique opportunity of exploring the countryside on their bicycles
B) C) D) E)
prices were rigidly controlled to avoid inflation Britain was one of the few countries to suffer from inflation people were more disturbed by a fall in prices than by a rise in prices it was extremely unusual for prices either to rise or to fall
96. According to the author, one of the damaging effects in England of World War I, was that ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
more and more people began to leave urban areas and move to the countryside the manufacturing industry experienced a severe recession technological progress was adversely affected the traditionally close family life was badly disrupted everbody began to take an interest in political and economic affairs
99. We understand from the passage that the experience of average Americans over the last 60 years or so, ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
97. The author points out that World War I ----.
has made them one of the most economyconscious nations in the world has taught them to expect continual price increases has impressed on them the need to produce more and more goods. has encouraged them to cut down on expenditure has made them fear deflation more than inflation
A) B) C) D) E)
helped to bring town life and country life closer together showed people how important family life was was of a greater magnitude than any previous war had been was an important factor in the break down of social formalities had been expected as far back as the last decade of the 19th century
100. The writer of this passage suggests that, economic trends, worldwide, ----. A) can rarely be accurately predicted B) have been characterized by everincreasing inflation C) have not been affected by a drop in prices in a few countries D) have been affected by the danger of deflation
E)
seem to be changing as the prices of many goods are falling
Most people take it for granted that prices will always rise, and understandably so. A 60-yearold American has seen them go up by more than 1,000 % in his lifetime. Yet prolonged inflation is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Until about 60 years ago prices in general were as likely to fall as to rise. On the eve of the first world war, for example, prices in Britain, overall, were almost exactly the same as they had been at the time of the great fire of London in 1666. Now the world may be reverting to that earlier normality. The prices of many things have fallen over the past 12 months or so. Not only computers and video players, but a wide range of goods from cars and clothes to coffee and petrol- are in many countries, cheaper than they were a year ago. 98. It is emphassised in the passage that, up to the last half century or so, ----.
KPDS 2001 KASIM

Angling is the art of catching fish with very basic equipment, in fact just a rod, a line and a hook, or even just a line and a hook, the special feature of the pursuit being the attraction of the prey by a suitable bait. The requisites for a successful angler are knowledge of the haunts and habits of fish, skill in the use of tackle and a patience much in excess of that required for most out of door sports. Skill in the use of rod and line depends more upon actual experience by the waterside than on acquisition of theories published in books and magazines.
A)
a period of prolonged inflation was a rare occurrence
83. The passage emphasizes the fact that, for an angler to succeed, ----.
28
A) B) C) D) E)
it is essential for him to know a lot about the ways of fish, and have great patience he must have read a great deal of theoretical material about fish it is of vital importance that he has all the right equipment he must have a wide variety of bait for each species of fish he needs to train in the various methods of angling
86. The author points out that the idea of airborne forces ----. A) first emerged in the mid 1920 s B) was a closely guarded secret for many years
C) D) E)
was slow to gain approval as it was felt to be dangerous was first developed by the Italians during World War I was immediately recognized as of vital importance during World War I
84. It is pointed out in the passage that angling ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
is a very intricate art that has to be learned from books. is a sport simillar to many other outdoor sports is a kind of fishing in which a very simple and limited type of tackle is used requires not so much actual experience as theoretical knowledge depends more on the tackle and bait than on the anglers skillful use of them
87. We learn from the passage that Britain ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
vehemently disapproved of the use of airborne forces was exremely slow to recognize the importance of airborne forces in time of war. and France cooperated in manouevres of their airborne forces. was very concerned when Russia began military manoeuvres with airborne forces. was one of the first to build aircraft for airborne forces
85. The passage is mainly concerned with ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
the different methods of attracting fish to the bait the art of angling and the requirements of success in angling the pleasure and satisfaction the angler gets out of this activity the theoretical aspects of the art of angling the importance and variety of the tackle used in angling
88. It is obvious form the passage that one of the benefits of airborne forces is that ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
it gives army and airforce the opportunity to compete with each other they can be trained in a very short period of time their main equipment is the parachute which is cheap and easy to supply troops can be transported rapidly by air to a position close to the scene of battle. they can easily be mobilized and just as easily be disbanded.
The parachute was used for certain kinds of military operation in World War I, but it was not until about 1925 that a conception of airborne forces, that is to say, large numbers of troops moved about by aircraft and deposited at or near the field of battle, by glider, parachute or aeroplane, came into being. Russia was the first to develop the idea on a large scale, and in army manoeuvres in 1930 she conducted practical trials. The Italians were also early in the field with the idea of parachute troops. The Frech had created an airborne battalion, but it was disbanded before the war. Great Britain had done almost nothing to develop airborne forces up to the outbreak of war in 1939.
Letters are often autobiographical records of great importance and some collections of correspondence are practically autobiographies. The preservation and publication of the letters of famous persons is practice that goes back to antiquity. Thirteen letters described to Plato are still in existence at least some of these are considered by modern scholars to be genuine. Genuine letters of Epucurus and Socrates have also been preserved. Ciceros letters
29
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI to his friend Atticus, to his daughter and to other correspondents are among the most intimate and interesting autobiographical documents of antiquity. English and Scottish traditions as it did in its other institutions. Unlike Canada or South Africa, Australia never had two cultures and two literary traditions, and its isolation during the 19th century meant that its cultural links were almost entirely with Britain. Australians read English books and English magazines for the most part, and 19 th century Australian writers hoped or expected to have their books published in England and wrote mainly with an eye to English readers. 92. In the passage it is stressed that Australians ----.
89. According to the passage, it is believed that Plato ----.
A) B) C) D)
E)
preferred letter writing to other forms of autobiographical writing was the first of the ancients to write autobiographical letters wrote only thirteen letters which contain a great many details about his private life stated the tradition of letter writing and this was taken up by Epicurus and others may have left behind over a dozen letters
A) B) C) D)
90. The writer points out that letter writting ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
requires both a great deal of insight and precision of expression to be effective was considered by Cicero to be a form of art which should be cultivated is a practice that only celebrated people are interested in has been traced back to ancient times and frequently reflects the personality of the letter writer has furnished scholars with more factual and historical material than official documents have done
E)
avoided the example of Canada and South Africa in establishing their own cultural identity were trying to create their own genuine literature as early as the 19th century were for a long time culturally and educationally closely affiliated with Britain were extremely prejudiced against boks and magazines published in 19th century Britain in the 19th century felt so isolated they turned to Britain for support
93. We learn from the passage that the people of Australia ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
have closer ties with Scotland than with England are, to a great extent, of British origin are similar to the people of Canada and South Africa in their literary and cultural traditions set up educational institutions unlike those in England. like the people of South Africa, have never had any interest in the indigenous population of their country.
91. As the author suggests, Cicero ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
Expected that his letters would be preserved as records of his age was extremely fond of his daughter and wrote most of his letters to her wrote letters to Atticus which are not nearly as personal as those to his daughter followed the lead of Platon in the art of letter writing reflected his own self and life in his letters with remarkable sincerity
94. It is emphasised in the passage that England and Scotland provided models for ----.
A) B) C) D)
E)
the establishment of cultural insitutions in Australia as well as in Canada. Canada and South Africa as they developed their cultural and literary traditions Australian institutions only during the eraly 19th century Australia not only in education but also in other respects cultural activities in Autstalia, but gave no support to Australian writers
Literature in Australia is a branch of English literature in general, as one might expect from the fact that the population is very largely of British stock and that in education Australia followed
30
An insecticide is a substance employed to destroy insects. It is significant that the word dates from the mid 19th century only since then has any real progress been made in preventing the attacks and subsequent damage of insects, formerly regarded as unavoidable. Most of the earlier methods were based on the recommendations of such writers as the Roman author Pliny or upon folklore. A few were soundly based on observation and experience, but most were fanciful stories of doubtful logic. The evolution of modern insecticides owes much to gradually improving methods of testing in early times natural plant products and minerals were used; later a great variety of industrial byproducts and synthetic substances became avaliable.
95. We learn from the passage that, up to the 19th century, ----.
Stockholm this year celebrates the centenary of the Nobel Prize, an event that has already been marked by a major exhibition in the citys old Stock Exchange building. The exhibit, Cultures of Creativity, explores the life and work of Alfred Nobel, inventor of dynamite and one of Stockholms most illustrious citizens. The prize he established, first awarded in 1901, has subsequently gone to more than 700 scientists, writers and peacemakers for their contributions to humanity. The exhibit also examines the qualities needed to foster creativity and courage, and it explains how nominees and winners are selected. 98. It is emphasized in the passage that the Nobel Prize ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
most of the insecticides were industrial by products. insecticides had been used in accordance with the advice of Pliny methods used to combat insects had little scientific basis the harmful effect of insects were not widespread enough to require the use of insecticides Pliny was the only author to dwell on the subject of insect control.
A) B) C) D) E)
has contributed enormously to the international fame of Stockholm is generally awarded to scientists rather than to writers and peacemakers is awarded to celebrate the invention of dynamite has been awarded to vey many people over the last hundred years is the primary reason for the fame of Alfred Nobel
96. The writer points out that in recent times synthetic subtances ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
are no longer used in the making of insecticides rather than natural ones have been used in the production of insecticides are small in number and not easily available are proving more effecient than industrial by products in insect control have fallen out of favour for various reasons
99. According to the passage, Alfred Nobel ----.
A) B) C) D)
97. We learn from the passage that progress in methods of testing ----.
E)
will always be remembered for his contribution to the prosperity of humanity had been involved in various creative projects before he invented dynamite. was a much admired and respected member of the Stockholm community was known for his scientific creativity and political courage gathered around him many scientists who were working on explosives
A)
B)
C) D) E)
has revealed the value of natural products in the production of insecticides dates back to the Roman author, Pliny has led to an increase in the manufacturing of synthetic materials has developed alongside improved methods of extraction has facilitated improvements in the development of insecticides in our time.
100. We learn from the passage that one of the major aims of the exhibit Cultures of Creativity is to ----.
A)
demonstrate the procedures whereby candidates for the Nobel Prize and its winners are chosen
31
B) C) D) E)
publicize and honour the achievements of the Nobel Prize winners celebrate a hundred years of scientific advance inform people of the main qualitifications required for application for Nobel Prize candidacy demonstrate how scientific and humanitarian progress can be achieved simultaneously
E)
advise working people on how to avoid excessive spending on luxury goods
85. One of the points made in passage is that----.
A) B) C) D) E)
advertising does not always aim at making people spend advertising is most effectively practised in western countries luxury goods are more extensively advertised than other goods the consumer can easily be deceived by the clever advertising of very ordinary goods those who attack advertising are the very people most affected by advertising
KPDS 2002 MAYIS

Does advertising encourage waste by persuading consumers to buy goods that they do not need? In reply to this, it has been pointed out that all the consumer really needs, is a bare minimum of clothing, food and shelter, and that one of the distinguishing marks of any civilized community is that it lives well above the minimum subsistence level. Most advertising is designed to influence the consumers spending power. In western countries, advertising has played a great part in bringing laboursaving equipment, and so a degree of leisure, and even luxury, to millions. Advertising that encourages the public to want more is also claimed to act as an incentive making people want to earn more in order to buy the goods advertised, and therefore making them work harder. For this reason advertising has been defended as having an essential part to play in the move towards higher standards of living. The defenders of advertising also point out that it is not solely concerned with encouraging the public to spend. Bank, insurance companies and building societies are amongst the commercial advertisers who encourage saving. 83. The basic aim of this passage is to ----.
Though Italys national boundaries have altered relatively little since unification in the 1860s, national identity is quailified by sharp internal differentiation. Economic and occupational structures, standarts of living, political loyalties, cultural traditions and even language vary substantially between parts of the country. Only since the 1970s has there existed a comprehensive system of regional government with financial and legislative authority. However, the division of powers between central and regional governments is imprecise, and in practice the latter depend on substantial resources from the former. In the absence of clear and effective rules, relations between the regions and the central government are determined by a process of political bargaining. In this process, political alliances and personal linkages play a vital role. In this respect, the Italian system may be defined as a kind of federalism. 86. It is clear from the passage that in Italy, during the past 25 years or so, regional government ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
emphasize the vital importance of advertising for banks and insurance companies. initiate a controversy as regards the advantages and disadvantages of advertising enlighten the public as to the misleading aspects of advertising draw attention to the large amounts of money wasted as a result of advertisements present a positive attitude towards advertising and its benefits
A) B) C) D) E)
84. According to the passage, one of the ultimate benefits of advertising is to ----.
has slowly become more powerful while central government has grown less has enjoyed considerable power though this is not very specific in nature has frequently been on bad terms with central government has become financially independent of central government has resisted all efforts on the part of the central government to bring uniformity to the country
A) B) C) D)
make working life more competitive and sociable encourage people to attain a higher and better standard of living help banks and insurance companies to extend their activities to all sections of society make the public better informed about how to manage their savings
87. The passage puts considerable emphasis on the fact that ----.
A) B)
there is a great deal of variety, in virtually every respect, among the regions of Italy the vast regional diffences in Italy threaten the political unity of the country
32
C) D) E)
the traditional cultural, economic and linguistic differences in Italy have now almost disappeared federalism is a system of government that is unsuitable to Italy the central government exercises excessive authority on the affairs of local administrations
90. It is pointed out in the passage that Sidneys Defence of Poesy ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
88. It is clear from the passage that local administrations in Italy today ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
are hardly at all concerned about the preservation of national unity are trying hard to get rid of the local differences of the country are, to a large extent, dependent upon the central government for financial and other support are far stronger and better organized that they were in the 1860s change whenever there is a change in the central government
is still the most highly regarded work of ciriticism in English literature is essentially a mere imitation of Aristotles Poetics enjoyed much popularity in 16th century Italy and France was entirely oriinal since it drew on no other critical source or literary tradition is the single important work of English criticism in its time
91. As we understand from the passage, in Sidneys view, the poet ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
should make Horace his guide and instructor must make pleasure the sole purpose of his poetry C ) should be fully familiar with the principles of Aristotles Poetics present not an actual but a perfected view of nature must first be instructed in aesthetic principles
Sir Philip Sidney was a 16th century English poet and critic. His Defence of Poesy is the only major work of literary criticism in sixteenth-century England, a period during which Italy and France produced large numbers of critical treatises, heavily influenced by Aristotles Poetics. By contrast, Sidneys text is highly eclectic, drawing together aesthetic principles from several traditions and emphasizing especially those principles that are of primary importance to the Elizabethans: ideal imitation, moral teaching and decorum. Looking back to Aristotle, Sidney defines poetry as an imitation of nature, but links that imitation to his view of the poet as maker. The poet imitates not the real nature we see but rather he imitates an ideal nature. Sidney also makes large claims for the didactic role of poetry, following Horaces idea that poetry teaches by delighting.
89. According to the passage, Sidney believed that ----.
Although the idea of the skyscraper is modern, the inclination to build upward is not. The Great Pyramids, with their broad bases, reached heights unapproached for the next four millennia. But even the great Gothic cathedrals, crafted of bulky stone into an aesthetic of lightness and slenderness, are dwarfed by the steel and reinforced concrete structures of the 20th centruy. It was modern building materials that made the true skyscraper structurally possible, but it was the mechanical device of the elevator that made the skyscraper truly practical. ironically, it is also the elevator that has had so much to do with limiting the height of most tall buildings to about 70 ve 80 stories. Above that, elevator shafts occupy more than 25 percent of the volume of a tall building, and so the economics of renting out space argues against investing in greater height. 92. It is clear from the passage that the Great Pyramids ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
poetrys chief function was to give pleasure rather than to convey a moral message Horace was the most didactic of the classical poets Aristotles Poetics had been unfairly neglected up to the Renaissance poetry combines moral instruction with pleasure literary criticism in 16th centruy England was far more advanced than it was in Italy and France.
A)
are at least as spacious as the average modern skyscraper B) inspired the building of the great Gothic cathedrals C) were as tall as they were wide D) were designed on simiral principles to the modern skysraper E) had no rival, as regards height, for four thousand years
33
C) D)
93. We understand from the passage that the construction of skyscrapers only became structurally feasible ----.
is particularly serious when it occurs on a slope will stop once man has realized how serious its effects can be has been practised more in Pakistan than elsewhere
E)
A)
after such new building materials as reinforced concrete came into use B) once the technique of broad foundations had been perfected C) after people had realized how much space could be gained by them D) for heights of 70 or 80 floors E) if aesthetic considerations were disregarded
96. We understand from the passage that once a forest has been removed from a slope, the rate of water runoff ----.
A) B)
94. It is explained in the passage that skyscrapers of above 70 ve 80 floors are generally unecomonic ----.
C) D) E)
A) B) C) D) E)
as the price of installing fast elevators is excessive as elevator shafts have then to occupy too large a proportion of the volume of the building since the majority of people feel insecure above that height though in appearance they are most attractive even though the lower floors no longer need to be built on broad bases
may be in itself enough to prevent the establishment of new growth there will increase irrespective of the amount of rainfall will steadily increase even after new vegetation starts to establish will depend almost wholly on the gradient of the slope will increase and this is likely, to cause flooding
97. According to the passage, flooding ----. A) occurs in Pakistan regularly every year B) results in silt deposits which compensate for earth losses elsewhere C) is only a temporary disaster D) leads to a reduction in the amount of land that can be farmed E) is a natural disaster that until recently has been largely overlooked
Land cleared of trees is exposed to erosion, which can be severe in deforested areas having slopes greater than 15 ve 17 percent. If land is not disturbed any further and new growth becomes established, erosion may gradually subside. If, however, vegetation on the cutover land is continually removed by man or livestock, erosion will intensify, and environmental problems can be severe. When a forest is removed from a slope, the rate of water runoff is increased two to tenfold or more, depending on the degree of clearing, slope, and rainfall. All too often this leads to flooding of agricultural land in the lowlands. In Pakistan, for example, almost 2 million hectares of standing crops on the lowlands were destroyed by floodwater in 1973, and about 10,000 village were wiped out. Since valuable soil is lost in floods, the quantity of the arable lands decreases. Alluvial silt deposited elsewhere is rarely usable enough to compensate for such losses.
95. It is pointed out in the passage that deforestation ----.
Trade unions, that is, workers unions, are usually concerned to some extent with mutual benefit activities as well as with collective bargaining and the endeavour to establish standard rates and conditions. The mutual benefit activities have been greatest among the skilled manual workers, whose craft unions have in most cases maintained high rates of contributions and benefits, covering not only dispute benefit but also unemployment, sickness, funeral and often superannuation benefits. The less skilled workers have not been able to afford the high contributions necessary for such benefits particularly superannuation and have usually provided few mutual benefits (except funeral benefit and of course dispute benefit), though some have provided optinal benefits in return for higher contributions. In addition to providing cash benefits, most trade unions provide free legal assistance to their members in cases arising out of their employment, and fight important cases affecting their several trades in the courts of law.
A)
B)
and erosion are only very loosely connected is a matter that man can do nothing about
34
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI 98. We clearly understand from the passage that one of the main aims of trade unions ----. A) has always been to oppose management is to ensure that skilled and unskilled manual workers enjoy the same benefits C) is to keep rates of pay and working conditions equitable D) is no longer to fight for full employment E) is to keep contribution rates to a minimum now largely dominated by the interests of the industrial world, and hence, hardly deserves the name science.
B)
76. According to the passage, the major difference between the gentleman scientists and present day ones ----.
A)
99. We understand form the passage that skilled manual workers enjoy more benefits than unskilled ones ----.
B) C) D) E)
A)
though their contribution rates are about the same B) because they can afford higher contributions C) since there are so many more of them D) but they have not won as many law suits E) which gives rise to the bad relations that exist between the two groups
has frequently been ignored by governments and universities is that the former were free to research as they chose, while the latter are not has become a highly controversial issue in university circles is not nearly so obvious as some people believe it to be the former were less objective in their research methods than the latter are
100. As it is pointed out in the passage, most trade union members are entitled to ----.
77. The writer points out that in the 1960s ----.
A)
free legal assistance in law cases in any way pertaining to their work B) equal superannuation benefits regardless of their contribution rates C) take part in collective bargaining activities D) dispute benefit but not funeral benefit E) invest in state insurance schemes and usually do so
A) B) C) D) E)
research activities were largely carried out under the sponsorship of industry scientists believed that they were entering upon a golden age academic freedom was already a thing of the past scientists carried out their research activities at the public expence scientific research largely concentrated on meeting the needs of war
KPDS 2002 KASIM

In modern times, it was perhaps the gentleman scientists of the nineteenth century who came closest to a genuinely objective form of scientific, research. These privileged amateurs enjoyed a financial independence which most scientists today cannot have, and which enabled them to satisfy their scientific curiosity without the need to please patrons. With the growth of scientific research after World War ll, science has become an expensive occupation. Many scientists today look back upon the 1960s as a golden age of modern-day science, when research was mainly funded by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry was seen by governments to be part of the public good, and worth paying for. Today, the situation is very different. Academic freedom is now often little more than an illusion for most scientists working at universities or in publiclyfunded research institutes. Moreover, science is
78. The writer of the passage argues that contemporary scientific research ----.
A)
Is, to a large extent, controlled by the interests of industry B) finds its best milieu within the universities C) is advancing at an incredibly fast rate
D) E)
offers one of the most exciting and stimulating of careers is far more concerned with theory than with any practical application
35
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI areas are not suitable for cultivation, but are suitable for animal grazing. However, modern commercial farming methods prefer to raise animals in an enclosed space feeding them on grains and soybeans. Unfortunately the bulk of commercial livestock is not range-fed but stall-fed. Stall-fed animals do not ingest grasses and shrubs (like they should), but are fed an unnatural array of grains and soybeans which could be eaten by humans. The argument here, then, is not that eating meat depletes the Earths resources, but that commercial farming methods do. Such methods subject livestock to deplorable living conditions where infections, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones are common. These all lead to an unhealthy animal and, by extension, to an unhealthy food product.
79. The writer of the passage regards the gentleman scientists of the nineteenth century as privileged because ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
the choice of field was rapidly expanding there were plenty of patrons willing to finance them they were unrestricted by financial pressures scientific research was still in its early stages and it was easy to discover something new they were always well-rewarded for their efforts
81. One important point made in this passage is that ----.
A) B) C)
80. The phrase part of the public good (line 9) in effect means ----.
D) E)
A) B) C) D) E)
deserving of a good public setting good standards for society ensuring a better future for society beneficial to society recognized by the general public as being good
desert and mountainous regions should be developed as arable land for cultivation the way livestock is raised on moderns farms involves various health hazards more encouragement should be given to the application of modern farming technologies meat production in the developed world needs to be increased to combat famine every measure must be taken to conserve the Earths natural resources
82. One argument that is clearly opposed in the passage ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
concerns the value of antibiotics in the raising of healthy livestock concerns the introduction of soybeans as the basic feed for livestock is related to the inadequate methods employed in the prevention of famine is that livestock need water as much asplants do is that land used for pasturage should be utilized for the cultivation of crops
Some people believe that meat consumption contributes to famine and depletes the Earths natural resources. Indeed it is often argued that cows and sheep require pasturage that could be better used to grow grain for starving millions in poor countries. Additionally, claims are made that raising livestock requires more water than raising plant foods. But both these arguments are illogical. As for the pasturage argument, this ignores the fact that a large portion of the Earths dry land is unsuited to cultivation. For instance, desert and mountainous
83. Contrary to what is often argued, the passage points out that ----.
A) B) C)
synthetic hormones can be used to improve the quality of meat underdeveloped countries need to adopt modern farming methods in order to overcome famine grazing for sheep and cows needs to be upgraded so as to increase meat production
36
D) E)
the famine in the world is not directly related to the consumption of meat a very extensive part of the earths surface is ideally suitable for the cultivation of crops
remains a great general but he is also shown to have had feed of clay inside his splendid boots. For example, the writer dwells on Wellingtons vanity and his unattractive lack of generosity in sharing the credit for his victories. This is a splendid book. Never less than interesting, but always trenchant. It redefines Wellington without diminishing his achievements and ends by reminding us that it was Napoleon who so forcefully articulated a wish that there should be a European code of laws, European judiciary ... one people in Europe. The ogres dream is coming true.
84. The writer attacks present day commercial farming methods ----.
86. From this passage, we get the impression that the book being reviewed ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
but admits that there is a higher production rate than there was with earlier methods though the end product is extremely healthy and claims that they are responsible for depleting the natural resources of the world though it ensures that there is sufficient food for everyone because, among other things, it makes no effort to cultivate dry, mountainous regions
A) B)
makes fun of both Napoleon and Wellington
overlooks the fact that Wellington was a great general C) pays more attention of Napoleon than to Wellington D) is unnecessarily critical of Wellington E) is well-written and gives a balanced Picture of Wellington
87. In the book under review, Wellington is criticized for ----.
A)
85. By the pasturage argument (line 6) is meant the argument that ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
the land used for animal grazing bought to be cultivated and used to grow grain livestock should be stall-fed on grains and not allowed to graze freely cultivated land ought to be turned into pasturage only cattle that are allowed to graze freely produce good meat dry mountainous areas could be watered and turned into good pasturage
not recognizing the role played by others in his victories B) his plan of campaign at Waterloo C) trying to buy peoples affection and support D) underestimating Napoleons strength E) failing to consult his subordinates
The chief triumph of this book is its depiction of Wellington. He is not simply the famous British general who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. He
88. It is clear from the passage that the book under review differs from traditional biographies for Wellington ----.
37
A)
as his great enemy Napoleon receives more than his share of praise B) as it questions his skills as a leader C) because it shows up his human weaknesses D) in attitude, but not in content E) by putting the emphasis on his vices, not on his virtues
89. We understand from the passage that in the book under review Napoleon ----. A)
B) C) D) E)
is simply presented as the big enemy receives acclaim for envisaging a United Europe is shown to have had greater military skills than Wellington and Wellington each admired the military skills of the other knew from the beginning that he would never conquer Britain
Fast-food is such a pervasive part of American life that it has become synonymous with American culture. Fast- food was born in America and it has now swollen into a $ 106- billion industry. America exports fast-food worldwide and its attendant corporate culture, has probably been more influential and done more to destroy local food economies and cultural diversity than any government propaganda programme could hope to accomplish. No corner of the earth is safe from its presence and no aspect of life is unaffected. Fastfood is now found in shopping malls, airports, hospitals, gas stations, stadiums, on trains, and increasingly, in schools. There are 23.000 restaurants in one chain alone, and another 2.000 are being opened every year. Its effect has been the same on the millions of people it feeds daily and on the people it employs. Fast-food culture has changed how we work, from its assembly-line kitchens filled with robotic frying machines to the trite phrases spoken to customers by its poorly paid part-time workforce. In the United States, more than 57 per cent of the population eat meals away from home on any given day and they spend more money on fast-food than they do on higher education, personal computers, or even on new cars. 91. This passage on Americans fast-food industry ----.
A)
shows convincingly that it is falling into disfavour B) is clearly written by someone who loves good food C) C ) concentrates on negative aspects D) gives a rational account of why it grew so fast
E)
reveals the support it received from government propaganda
90. In line 3, feed of clay stands for ----. A) disgraceful impulses B) unmilitary feelings C) desires that have to be suppressed D) basic human weakness or faults E) an overwhelming desire to deceive 92. The word swollen in line 3 ----.
A)
emphasizes the speed at which the industry has grown B) suggests that the growth is excessive and unhealthy C) has very positive connotations D) draws attention to the inevitability of growth of the industry E) implies that the industry will continue to grow on steadily
38
93. One point that receives a lot of attention in the passage is ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
the fact that fast-food is now more popular outside the US than it is inside the fact that fast-food meets our dietary needs the consideration the fast- food companies show to their employees the far-reaching effects of the fast-food industry the idea that in such places as gas stations and trains fast-food is actually the only practical kind of food
94. The writer of the passage clearly regrets the fact that ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
the fast-food companies cannot afford to pay even their part-time workers adequate salaries the growth of the fast-food industry has now come to a halt there are still more traditional restaurants than fast-food ones the fast-food industry cannot retain the high standards with which it started local and traditional styles of food are being pushed off the market
Even though there have been truly significant advances in modern medicine, health problems still abound and cause untold misery. Although heart disease and cancer were rare at the beginning of the 20th century, today these two diseases strike with increasing frequency in spite of billions of dollars in research to combat them, and in spite of tremendous advances in diagnostic and surgical techniques. In America, one person in three suffers from allergies, one in ten has ulcers and one in five is mentally ill. Every year a quarter of a million infants are born with a birth defect and undergo expensive surgery, or are hidden away in institutions. Other degenerative diseases such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and chronic fatigue afflict a significant majority of Americans. Further learning disabilities make life miserable for seven million young people and their parents. These diseases were extremely rare only a generation or two ago. Today, chronic illness afflicts half of all Americans and causes three out of four deaths in the United States.
96. One point that is stressed in the passage about the American people is that ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
95. The assertion at the end of the passage that Americans spend more money on fastfood than they do on higher education ----.
they are less liable to degenerative diseases than most other peoples the rate of infant mortality among them is rising rapidly there is an alarming lack of communication between parents and their children the incidence of cancer among them is slowly being reduced due to medical advances in one way or another, a very large proportion of them have health problems
A) B) C) D) E)
is a criticism of the amount of money spent fastfood by Americans suggests that Americans are greedy for good food means that 57 percent of the American population has very little money left over when it has paid for its food is an indication that higher education in the US is not expensive is, in the light of the rest of the passage, a gross exaggeration
97. According to the passage, cancer and heart diseases are on the increase ----. A) and most of the cures have serious sideeffect B) due to problems of diagnosis which for the present seem insurmountable C) since research so far carried cut in these fields has been quite inadequate D) even though a great deal of money is being spent on research into them
39
E)
but very little is being done by the authorities to combat them
98. The writer of this passage draws our attention to ----.
KPDS 2003 MAYIS

A) B) C) D) E)
the fact that it is young people who are the most affected by degenerative diseases the paradox that medicine today has improved remarkably, but more and more people are suffering from various diseases the commonly-held view that cancer will, in a few decades, be completely eradicated the argument that good health depends upon a healthy diet and early diagnosis the possibility that it is mental rather than physical health that is going to be the major problem of the future in the US
99. The passage stresses that ill-health gives rise to a great deal of misery ----. A) which is not confined to the patient alone B) which is largely associated with pain C) especially in the case of chronic illness D) even before an accurate diagnosis has been made E) especially when the symptoms are severe
It may be that golf oriinated in Holland but certainly Scotland fostered the game and is famous for it. In fact, in 1457 the Scottish Parliament, disturbed because football and golf had lured young Scots from the more soldierly exercise of archery, passed an ordinance that banned football and golf. James I and Charles I of the royal line of Stuarts were golf enthusiasts, whereby the game came to be known as "the royal and ancient game of golf. The golf bails used in the early games were leather-covered and stuffed with feathers. Clubs of all kinds were fashioned by hand to suit individual players. The great stop in spreading the game came with the change from the feather ball to the present-day ball introduced in about 1850. In 1860, formal competitions began with the establishment of an annual tournament for the British Open championship. There are records of "golf clubs" in the United States as far back as colonial days. However, it remained a rather se-date and almost aristocratic pastime until a 20-year-old Francis Quimet of Boston defeated two great British professionals, Harry Vardon and Ted Ray, in the United States Open championship at Brookline, Mass., in 1913. This defeat put the game and Francis Quimet on the front pages of the newspapers and stirred a wave of enthusiasm for the sport.
76. As we understand from the passage, golf only became a popular game ----.
A)
100. In line 10 of the passage the term significant majority refers to ----. A) B) C) D) E) an articulate majority a statistically small majority a large and important majority a rapidly increasing majority an unexpected but continuing majority
after an unknown American beat two famous British golf players in a US tournament B) following the annual tournament organized in 1860 C) in the time of James I D) after the introduction of annual formal competitions in both England and America E) after golf clubs were set up in colonial America
77. According to the passage, it was at one time believed in Scotland that ----.
40
A) B) C) D) E)
football was a better game than golf for young people annual games made the tournament too competitive golf was having an adverse effect on young people's military skills young people should be encouraged to take up either golf or archery the oriins of archery were in some way associated with Holland
A) B) C) D) E)
the old golf ordinance of the Scottish Parliament was repealed the first formal golf competitions between America and Britain were held the newspapers began to cover major golf championships Scotland became the world's leading country in golf important changes were introduced into golf
78. It is pointed out in the passage that golf ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
was to some extent practiced in colonial America has been overshadowed by football in recent times requires a great deal of expensive equipment receives less newspaper coverage than football didn't arouse as much enthusiasm as archery did in medieval Scotland
79. The point is made in the passage that golf has been described as a "royal"'gam ----.
A) B) C) D)
E)
though for the last two centuries no kings have participated in the game since the professionals of the game are treated with so much respect as golf clubs are particular about who they accept as members because two British kings were passionately fond of it fejr which Americans find very annoying
The economic news from Europe was particularly disappointing in the second half of 2002. More-over, recent surveys from the region imply little prospect of improvement in the near future. Per-haps the most worrying aspect has been the sharp decline in conditions ffTGe'fmany - the area's largest and most important economy. Domestic demand in Germany is very weak and, with the global economy also struggling, Germany's manufacturers have not been able to export their way out of trouble as they have done in the past. With the economy in such a weak state, it is no surprise then that European stock markets have followed the US stock markets' downturn over the past 6 months. While individual share prices may be lower and market valuations look attractive, the economy does not. Recovery seems some way off and strong equity performance from Europe's markets seems unlikely in 2003.
81. We understand from the passage that the economic prospects in the current year for the European stock markets ----. A) are not foreseeable B) are certainly promising C) are constantly under discussion D) seem most encouraging E) don't look hopeful
82. It is pointed out in the passage that the present economic recession in Germany ----.
A)
80. As we learn from the passage, it was around the mid-19th century that ----.
is actually not as serious as is being experienced in several other European countries B) is being overcome by means of uncreased exports C) persistent than previous ones have been
41
D) E)
should have been foreseen much earlier has been exaggerated in several surveys recently
83. The passage points out that Germany's current economic problems ----.
A)
have left the stock markets of Europe unaffected B) have led to a worrying decline in the world economy C) are far less serious than those of any other country in Europe D) stem in part from a drop in domestic sales E) are in fact not as alarming as the were once thought to be
84. According to the passage, the trend in European stock markets ----.
A) B) C) D)
E)
does not reflect the economic situation of Germany has been roughly the same as that in the US stock markets improved greatly during the last months of 2002 is related to the level of domestic demand in Germany seems to change every six months
Scientists who study Earth's moon have two big regrets about the six Apollo missions that landed a dozen astronauts on the lunarsurface between 1969 and 1972. The biggest regret, of course, is that the missions ended so abruptly, with so much of the moon stil unexplored. But researchers also lament that the great triumph of Apollo led to a popular misconception: because astronauts have visited the moon, there is no compelling reason to go back. In the 1990s, however, two probes that orbited the moon raised new questions about Earth's airless satellite. One stunning discovery was strong evidence of water ice in the perpetually shadowed areas near the moon's poles. Because scientists believe that comets deposited water and organic compounds on both Earth and its moon, wellpreserved ice at the lunar poles could yield clues to the origins of life.
86. The point made in this passage is that it may be possible to ----.
85. The phrase "to export their way out of trouble" means ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
A)
to expand their market capacity through more exports B) to find trouble-free markets for exports C) to work extremely hard to increase their exports D) to put an end to the slump E) to get out of the recession through increased exports
come to a better understanding of comets through the study of the moon learn more about the beginnings of life from the ice at the moon's poles resume Apollo missions as there is evidence of water on the moon identify the oriin of the organic compounds found on the moon have a full knowledge of the moon without sending any more astronauts there
42
90. A major point made in the passage is that ----. 87. As it is pointed out in the passage, one significant outcome of the lunar probes in the 1990s was ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
A)
the staggering finding of evidence of water on the moon B) the focusing of scientific attention on the comets C) the resumption of lunar missions D) the realization that life is possible on the moon
E)
the realization that there were great similarities between earth and moon
bomets hold the secrets of the oriins of life in the universe the six Apollo missions to the moon were a great scientific success the chances of finding water on the moon are very slim the probes of the 1990s demonstrated that the lunar landings should have continued scientists are agreed that there is nothing further to learn about the moon
88. According to the passage, even though there were six Apollo missions to the moon roughly thirty years ago, ----. A)
B) C) D) E)
none of them could claim to be successful man's knowledge of the moon has not increased at all a very large proportion of the-lunar surface remains to date unexamined it was only the lunar poles that were explored fully the idea of sending astronauts back to the moon seems even more far -fetched than formerly
89. As we understand from the passage, a great many people ----.
A)
The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) will soon be testing a controversial theory about the collapse of the World Trade Center towers. According to an analysis by a loading fire-safety expert, had the fire-proofing insulation on the towers' steel structures been thicker, the towers would have survived longer and might even have remained standing after they were hit by the hijacked planes. The work is being seized on by lawyers representing victims' families and insurance companies. If confirmed, it could also lead to changes in building codes. NIST is responsible for drawing up the final report on the towers' collapses and recommending if any changes are needed. It is widely accepted that the collapses were caused by the failure of the buildings' steel structure as it was weakened by the heat of the fires.
believe lunar missions should continue indefinitely B) regard the Apollo missions as a scientific breakthrough C) are sure the moon cannot support life D) feel that the very fact that man has landed on the moon is enough E) regard scientific investigations of the moon as unfeasible
91. As it is pointed out in the passage, it is commonly recognized that the main cause for the collapse of the twin towers ----.
A)
will only be understood after the release of a detailed report by NIST B) can never be established beyond doubt C) was the weakening of the steel structure due to the heat of the fire
43
D) E)
was not so much due to the heat of the fires as to the force of the impact of the hijacked planes is of special interest to insurance companies
D)
had long been recognized by fire-safety experts as the weakest point in their construction E) has never been considered by any serious body
92. It is clear from the passage that ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
the strength of the steel structure of the towers had been questioned when the designs were drawn up NIST has already made a thorough study of the collapse of the towers the reason for the sudden collapse of the two towers is still under debate the structure of the twin towers was in many respects well below Standard the hijacked planes hit the weakest parts of the twin towers
95. According to the passage, if the tower collapse theory concerning the fireproofing insulation proves to be true, ----. A) this will have, even so, no direct bearing on the fight against terrorism B) the victims families will get no compensation C) this will free NIST from all blame D) the lawyers will have no grounds for objections E) then NIST will probably introduce new building regulations
93. As we learn from the passage, a specialist in fire-safety ----.

A) B) C) D) E)
puts the blame for the collapse of the towers on the thin fire-proofing insulation is to blame for negligence as regards the burning of the twin towers has been cooperating with the victims' lawyers to start legal procedures has been commissioned to prepare a report on the collapse of the towers should have been aware of the structural weakness of the towers and given due warning
94. As it is pointed out in the passage, the inadequacy of the fireproofing insulation of the towers ----. A) has been accepted by NIST as the main cause of the collapse B) has aroused a great deal of legal attention C) is less important than the weakness of steel structure
The long expected decline in the dollar is now well under way. For years economists have predicted that Americas huge current-account deficit would eventually cause its currency to plunge. So far the dollars slide has been fairly gradual: It is down by 15% in trade-weighted terms over the past year, though it has dropped by almost twice as much against the euro since 2002 peak. As the decline seemed to pick up speed this week, John Snow, George Bushs Treasury Secretary, declared that he favors a strong dollar policy. That was surely the wrong answer, even leaving aside the debatable issue of whether cabinet secretaries can influence the level of Exchange rates. A weaker, bot a stronger dollar, is what the world needs now so long as policymakers elsewhere respond appropriately. America promoted a storng dollar throughout the 1990s, when inflation was stil thought to be the main enemy. Today it makes less sense. Even after its recent slide, the dollar seems overvalued. Moreover, with ample space capacity in America, deflation looks a bigger risk than inflation.
96. It is stated in the passage that the American policy in the 1990s for a strong dollar ----.
44
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI A) had an adverse effect upon the value of the euro B) bolstered American trade C) been foreseen by economists over a long period of time D) been a major headache for policy makers E) followed an unpredictable pattern
A) B)
seems less rational now than it did then has proved successful in boosting the economy C) has been reversed by the Treasury Secretary, John Snow D) has frequently been disregardeed by American economists E) has been a major reason fort he decline of the euro
97. It is emphasized in the passage that fort he American economy ----.
A)
John Snows policies promise a great deal of hope B) t is not inflation but deflation that in fact may pose the more serious problem C) The global level of Exchange rates constitutes a major threat D) And for the world economy, a strong dollar is of vital importance E) Policy makers agree that deflation has been responsible for many of the problems
100. In the passage, with the phrase wrong answer is meant ----. A) the American governments indifference to the decline of the dollar B) the policy of keeping the dollar in tune with euro C) keeping the dollar strong through the trade D) permitting the current-account deficit to continue E) the Treasury Secretarys preferences for a strong dollar policy
98. According to the passage, what has brought about the fall of the American dollar ----. A) is the erratic global fluctations in exchange rates B) is the enourmous deficit experienced by the American economy C) has been a persistent recession in the global economy D) is the wrong economic policies introduced by John Snow, Treasury Secretary E) is the unexpected rise in the value of euro
KPDS 2003 KASIM

99. As we understand from the passage, the decline in the value of the American dollar has ----.
During the past few decades four East Asian economies - South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong -have achieved the fastest rates of economic growth the world has ever seen. In 1962 Taiwan stood between Zaire and the Congo on the global ranking of income per head: by 1986 its neighbours were Greece and Malta. In 1962 South Korea was poorer than Sudan: by 1986 it was richer than Argentina. Today the four "dragons" account four 10 per cent of manufactured exports worldwide, not far short of America's 12 per cent. Understanding this miracle is the most urgent task in development economics. But most economists are content to cite the dragons as proof of their favourite theories - whatever those theories may be. Free marketers point to the dragons' reliance on private enterprise, markets and relatively undistorted trade regimes. Interventionists point with equal assurance to clever bureaucracies, non-market allocation of resources and highly distorted trade regimes.
45
76. According to the passage, the so-called four "dragons" of East Asia ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
A) B) C) D) E)
are hoping shortly to outpace Greece and Malta in economic growth. have definitely benefited greatly from a freetrade policy are presently developing their own freemarket strategies nave experienced a staggering and unprecedented economic growth rate over recent decades have finally managed to throw off bureaucratic obstacles and disprove the theories of many economists
how far distorted trade regimes contributed to the economic success of the four "dragons" why Taiwan and Hong Kong got a head of Singapore and South Korea in economic efficiency whether the growth rate of the four dragons will continue steadily when the four East Asian "dragons" will catch up with the US regarding manufactured exports how the four East Asian "dragons" achieved their miraculous growth rate
77. It is pointed out in the passage that South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong ----.
80. It is clear from the passage that the factors leading to the amazing economic growth of the East Asian "dragons" ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
export more to the US than to any other country in the world have been in fierce competition with each other in the export of manufactured goods. have developed their economies in accordance with the theory of development economics admit openly that they have made use of various distorted trade regimes export almost as many manufactured goods between them, as does the US
A) B) C) D) E)
have not yet been determined by economists are closely related to distorted trade regimes are in line with the theories of development economics should have contributed to the rise of Sudan have confirmed the importance of political stability
78. We learn from the passage that, in just over two decades, Taiwan ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
became the economic model for the other "dragons" on account of its economic success achieved the fastest rate of economic growth among the four East Asian "dragons" rose from a low-level per capita income similar to that of Zaire, to a relatively high one attached far more importance to private enterprise than any other Asian country was the only one among the "dragons" to exploit its resources to the full
79. According to the passage, there is no unanimous agreement among economists as to ----.
Although women have made huge strides in catching up with men in the workplace, a gender gap still persists both in wages and levels of advancement. Commonly cited explanations for this gap range from charges of sex discrimination to claims that women are more sensitive than men to work versus family conflicts and thus less inclined to make sacrifices for their careers. Now, however, two new studies suggest that another factor may be at work: a deeply ingrained difference in the way men and women react to competition that manifests itself even at an early age. Apparently, females tend to be far less responsive to competition than males a tendency with important implications for women and business. It may hurt women in highly competitive labour markets, for example, and hamper efficient job placement - especially for positions in which competitiveness is not a useful trait.
46
81. On the whole, according to the passage, women in the workplace ----.
84. According to the passage, in working life today, ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
are content to let the men compete among themselves inspire a competitive spirit in men receive the treatment they naturally deserve have rapidly attained a position approaching that of men keep themselves up-to-date with developments in the labour market
A) B) C) D) E)
women are preferred for certain jobs that require sensitivity there still exists considerable discrimination against women men feel they have a right to higher wages and quicker advancement family concerns are what drive men to work harder and earn more fair competition is to be encouraged while sex discrimination is to be banned
82. As we learn from the passage, it seems likely that women ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
are about to rally against the gender gap in the workplace become seriously concerned, at a very early age, about their future careers will fight determinedly for their rights in the workplace will, due to their passive nature, find it hard to get the promotion they deserve have less of the competitive spirit than men do
85. It is clearly pointed out in the passage that the reluctance of women to be competitive ----. A) is regarded by men as a desirable trait B) is the major factor contributing to the persistence of sex discrimination in the work place C) is clearly seen in the way they care for their families D) only becomes apparent when they reach maturity E) may prevent them from being appointed to the positions they deserve
83. We understand from the passage that, when a choice has to be made between work and family ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
men are less likely than women to risk their careers most career women naturally give precedence to work women expect men to give the priority to the family it is the women, rather than men, who find making that choice hard neither the men nor the women can readily make up their minds
The Sahara desert takes up most of Egypt's land, so overcrowding is a huge problem. Sixtytwo million people live squeezed together into the six million fertile acres along the Nile delta and narrow river valley - just five per cent of the total area of Egypt. Between 12 and 15 million live in Cairo alone. Until recently, it was impractical and dangerous to even consider moving into the southern desert, where temperatures regularly rise above 50 C and water is scarce and can only be reached using carefully placed irrigation wells. But in the last 20 years a "New Valley" has slowly being taking shape. Towns
47
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI with industrial centres, tourist areas and spacious apartment blocks are being constructed, factories are springing up. The main development making this possible is the construction of the vast Sheikh Zayed canal, also known as the Toshka canal. Named for Sheikh Zayed al Nahya, president of the United Arab Emirates, which is financially backing the Project, the canal is part of the irrigation scheme dreamed up by the Egyptian government to make it possible for people to move away from the traffic, pollution and bustle of Cairo. If a "second Nile" cuts through the desert and water is distributed to surrounding land, people and crops can thrive there as they do around the existing Nile. The area is becoming known as the New Valley.
D) E)
is very near to competition and large numbers of people have already moved in is proving far more problematic than was originally foreseen
89. It is clearly stated in the passage that almost the whole of Egypt's population ----. A) lives along the Nile Valley and its delta B) wants to move into the New Valley
86. We understand from the passage that in the canal under construction ----.
C) D) E)
A)
is designed to meet the water needs of Cairo and other cities B) constitutes just a portion of a massive irrigation Project C) will bring fertility to the whole of the Sahara D) will irrigate only 5 % of the total area ofEgypt
is engaged in agricultural activities rather than in industrial ones holds Sheikh Zayed al Nahya in great esteem is dubious about the outcome of the New Valley Project
E)
passes through an overcrowded part of the country
87. As it is pointed out in the passage one of the benefits of the New Valley will be that ----.
90. It is pointed out in the passage that the irrigation project for the New Valley ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
Egypt will change from an agricultural country into a fully industrial one Egypt can at last start a tourist industry the overcrowding in Cairo and the Nile delta area will be reduced the hot, dry desert climate of Egypt will be rapidly modified it will set an example for the developed world to invest in desert projects
A) B) C) D) E)
has received a mixed reaction from the general public is going to cost the Egyptian government vast sums of money has primarily been designed to ease the overcrowding in Cairo will enable Egypt to recover from its chronic economic recession will make the inhospitable desert far more easily accessible
88. We can conclude from the passage that the New Valley project, which has been underway for roughly two decades, ----.
A) B) C)
was oriinally proposed by Sheikh Zayed al Nahya of the United Arab Emirates has already started up to transform the economic potential of Egypt is primarily an agricultural one. And industrial activity is not provided for
When Lyndon Johnson assumed the presidency, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, in November of 1963, he knew that in order to accrue political capital he would initially need to champion
48
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI goals and policies that Kennedy had already been pursuing. Not long before his death Kennedy hawled the word "poverty" on a piece of paper and circled it multiple times; this note fell into the hands of his brother Robert and became a symbolic justification for Johnson's declaration of the war on Poverty, early in 1964. Similarly, many of the things that Johnson pushed through Congress in his first two years as President, can readily be seen as extensions of the avowed policies of the Kennedy Administration. The details might have been different, but historians generally agree that if Kennedy had lived out his first term and won a second, America would have witnessed something similar to the early years of Johnson's Great Society. On foreign policy, too, Johnson at first strove consciously to follow his predecessor. And some historians have argued that in this realm as well, Johnson indeed pursued a course the Kennedy had already introduced. If Kennedy had lived, according to this line of thinking, he would have continued a policy of antagonism towards Cuba and steady escalation of US involvement in Vietnam. Johnson certainly believed that this was what Kennedy intended to do.
A)
as far as they were in keeping with the national ideal of a "Great Society" B) although in essence they clashed with his own C) since he hadn't formulated any of his own D) because he sensed this would make him politically popular E) but he soon found that they were inapplicable
94. According to the passage, Johnson's pursuit of the Kennedy goals and policies ----.
A)
91. It's clear from the passage that, on assuming the presidency, Johnson ----.
has been condemned by several recent historians B) largely occurred during the first two years of his presidency C) actually undermined his image as president D) brought him into conflict with Congress E) hindered his own desire to wage a War on Poverty
A)
maintained amiable relations with the Kennedies B) was determined to put his own policies into effect, and leave his own mark C) took great care not to antagonize Congress D) was careful not to deviate from Kennedy's policies in international relations E) chose to concentrate on foreign policies
95. The passage makes the point that Johnson became the president of the US ----. 92. As we understand from the passage, one of the issues Kennedy was planning to tackle ----. A) because Kennedy was assassinated B) since his policy as regards the War on Poverty was extremely popular C) because he supported the war in Vietnam D) even though he disagreed with Kennedy on many national and international issues E) as he had the support of the Kennedy brothers
A)
concerned the improvement of relations between his administration and Congress B) concerned bringing to an end the antagonism towards Cuba C) related to the ending of the war in Vietnam D) was the redefinition of the aims of US foreign policy E) was the elimination of poverty in the US
93. It is clear from the passage that initially Johnson intended to continue the Kennedy policies ----.
49
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI 98. As the passage points out, a space shuttle requires oxygen ----. The space shuttle and its rockets are huge - some 4, 5 million pounds at lift off. About 85 per cent of that weight is fuel. Since it is designed to work in a vacuum, the shuttle must carry not only fuel but the oxygen to burn it. Because this is an inefficient way to go, NASA engineers have recently tested an engine that gets some of its oxygen on the run. This should reduce takeoff weights by half. A spacecraft equipped with this engine would take off like a rocket. But within minutes, incoming air would begin to supplement liquid oxygen. Once the spacecraft reaches a speed of 1,500 miles per hour - twice the speed of sound- the liquid oxygen would shut off completely and the engine would burn fuel mixed with air. Consequently the craft would accelerate to about ten times the speed of sound. When the air got too thin for the engine to breathe, the ship would shift back to rocket mode to punch its way into space.
A) B)
only when it is travelling within the atmosphere
if it is to attain very high speeds C) but only in its liquid form D) in order to burn the fuel E) in quite small quantities except at lift-off
99. The point is made in the passage the reason for developing the new engine is to ----.
A)
96. According to the passage, a new rocket engine is presently being developed to ----. A) reach previously unimagined speeds B) make space travel more comfortable and feasible C) halve the weight of a space shuttle at lift-off D) enable NASA to remain in the forefront of space exploration. E) reduce the physical effects of the atmosphere on the shuttle
reduce the time it takes the shuttle exceed the speed of sound B) double the speed at which the shuttle travels C) economize on the use of liquid oxygen D) eliminate the need for liquid oxygen and thus cut down on the shuttle weight E) allow the shuttle to function in vacuum
100. It is clear from the passage that, once there is not sufficient air to burn the fuel, then ----.
A)
97. We learn from the passage that, in the usual space shuttle, the weight ----. A) B) C) D) E) makes high speeds impossible consists very largely of fuel does not pose any serious problem of the liquid oxygen is enormous of the rockets is insignificant
the speed of the shuttle increases over ten times the speed of sound B) the engine reverts back to using the liquid oxygen aboard the shuttle C) the engine starts to increase the speed of the shuttle D) it is impossible for the shuttle accelerate any further E) the rocket can no longer function efficiently
50
KPDS 2004 MAYIS

78. According to the passage, when one crow plans to steal food from another one, ----.
Behavioural biologist Jane Atkinson and her coIIeagues have been studying the subtleties of how crows steal food from one another. Atkinson had been watching the birds at the beach as they fed on fish, clams and other small animals in the intertidal zone. She noticed that if a crow had found a particularly large meal that couldn't be eaten in a single gulp, another crow would often come by and try to steal the food away. Food theft is fairly common in the bird world, so the crows' thievery wasn't unexpected. What really intrigued Atkinson was that the birds employed two different tactics to take the food. In some instances, the thieving bird would take an aggres sive approach - typically involving some chasing or physical contact, such as pecking in other ex-changes, however, the thief would use a more passive method: merely approaching the other bird secretively and stealing the food without any commotion at all. Wiiat the team wanted to know was: how did these tactics fit into the group foraging practices of the crows?
A) B) C) D) E)
this is really a means of establishing its superiority it will invariably try to do so in the first place without being seen there will inevitably be a fight between the two this is a sure sign that both crows are really hungry it will sometimes approach quite openly and boldly
76. According to the passage, the question that interested the research team was ----.
79. We understand from the passage that so long as a crow ----.
A)
whether the crows' sealing practices were instinctive or acquired B) wry the crows chose to steal C) related to the crows' foraging practices D) whether the nature of the food affected the degree of attempted Iheft E) whether the stealing practices of crows differed from those of other birds
A) B) C) D) E)
can swallow its food at one gulp, it will encounter no challenge can find food easily, it will not steal from another crow can get food by stealing, it won't look elsewhere for it has eaten weII, it is unlikely to try to steal food is able to steal food without fighting, this is the method it will favour
77. It is clear from the passage that the research team was not surprised that the crows were trying to steal from each other common ----. A)
B) C)
because this is a practice among birds since there was a scarcity of food at the time
80. It is clear from the passage that Jane Atkinson and her coIIeagues ----.
though crows don't steal food as often as other birds do D) but it was surprised at their rate of success E) but the bitterness of the fight came as a surprise
A)
knew much more about crows than any other type of bird. B) are specialists in bird behaviour C) are only interested in the eating habits or birds
D)
are particularly interested in the different types of food that crows like to eat
51
E)
are impressed of the similarity between stealing practices of all bird species
In many ways, HoIIywood seems to exemplify the most joyless aspects of capitalism. The "indus try", as it insists upon calling itself, packages artistic ideas and images as commodities and then values those commodities according to how they "penetrate" markets. The system's worrying inefficiency, of course, is that studios never know what the public at large will want to buy. So films are tested in front of preview audiences, revised according to the audience's suggestions, tested again, and then marketed with a vigour directly proportionate to the test scores. There are two problems with this approach. The first is that the test-sample size is minimal but can determine a film's fate. The second is that by the time the test audience sees a film it's too late to change it very much anyway, particularly when twenty, fifty or a hundred miIIion doIIars has already been spent.
83. As we understand from the passage, the writer ----. A) is a great admirer of HoIIywood's filmmaking B) seems reluctant to call film-making an industry
C) D) E)
is sympathetic towards the film-industry and wants it to be more successful attaches great importance to the suggestions of preview audiences thinks that the amount spent on a film is usually in proportion to its success
81. One point made in the passage about test audiences is that they ----.
A)
B)
C) D) E)
seldom have any real understanding of artistic values add to the expenses of film-making rarely have any constructive criticism to make are ignorant of the HoIIywood techniques of film making are too small to be truly representative of the general public
84. It is clear from the passage that HoIIywood regards its films as ----.
A)
commodities to be selectively marketed to suitable audiences B) artistic creations designed for sophisticated audiences C) goods to be dynamically marketed D) the most creative products of capitalism E) financial investments which are sure to make a profit
82. According to the passage, film-makers find it difficult to ----.
A)
carry out any market research to find out about the wishes of film-goers B) find volunteers for their preview audiences C) raise the money needed for film- making D) guess what sort of films will be popular and so profitable E) revise scripts to meet the expectations of their audiences
85. We understand from the passage that the making of a film ----.
A)
is far more important than the marketing of it
52
B) C) D) E)
usually involves a very large financial investment is a strictly secret process until it finally goes on show usually foIIows the norms established by HoIIywood is guided by a whole series o representative preview audiences
87. The writer is intrigued by the fact that the brain, which evolved long before the written word came into use, ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
had already had the genetic capacity to form words had been able to communicate through images had already developed certain reading circuits managed to adapt itself to the very distinct skiII of reading had already achieved fuII flexibility to adapt itself to new forms of culture
Reading presents a real paradox to neurobiologists. It was only invented a few thousand years ago, so there really has not been enough time for our brain to evolve specialized ways to do it. How do brain circuits produced by miIIions of years of evolution in a world without written words adapt to the specific challenges of reading? We know we have to learn the skiII but how does our brain learn to read? In the social sciences, the majority of researchers do not see a problem. There is a widespread view that the brain is a completely adaptable organ, capable of absorbing any form of culture. Yet recent findings from brain imaging studies and neurophysiology throw new light on the organization of the reading circuits in the brain. The findings contradict this simplistic model of a brain that merely absorbs everything from its cultural environment. And they suggest that the architecture of our brain is limited by strong genetic constraints though it seems that it has still some degree of flexibility.
88. A recent view neurophysiologists, the brain, is that ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
it is extremely flexible as it is not affected by genetic heritage its structure is largely shaped by genetic traits it has developed various specialized skiIIs over the last thousand years or so its circuits have remained constant for miIIions of years its creative powers are more apparent in some fields of learning
86. The passage makes the point that, until recently, ----.
89. According to the passage, although people have had the skiII of reading for several thousand years, ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
it was only the abnormal brain that attracted any attention researchers in social sciences ignored the views of neurophysiologists concerning the brain the brain was generally thought to adapt itself easily to new cultural environments the structure of the brain did not attract much attention except from neurobiologists neurophysiologists were not aware of the structural complexity of the brain
A) B) C) D) E)
the actual process of learning how to read has only just been discovered by neuro physiologists there has been no improvement in the speed at when people can read the brain remains inflexible and cannot cope with different cultures from the angle of evolution, this has been insufficient for the brain to develop particularized reading skiIIs it is only in the social sciences that this skiII has been seriously studied
53
92. The passage emphasizes the fact that the Marmara earthquake ----. 90. The purpose of the passage is to ----. A) B) C) D) was televised as it was happening was foIIowed by strange lights in the sky was indeed a catastrophic one greatly puzzled seismologists took everyone, seismologists included, by surprise
A) B) C) D) E)
explain how the brain has evolved towards creativity over thousands of years raise questions about, rather than explain, the reading abilities of the brain highlight recent developments and controversies in the field of neurophysiology emphasize the adverse effects of different cultural environments on the human brain draw attention to the neurobiology differs way from neurophysiology
E)
93. We understand from the passage that the sighting of earthquake lights ----.
Throughout history, eyewitnesses have reported orange glows, fireballs or flashes in the days before and during an earthquake. It was in 1968, however, that the first photographs of "earthquake lights" were taken during a series of earthquakes in Japan. Some showed red streaks across the sky. Others looked like a low blue dawn from a distance. In 1999, floating balls of light in the sky were broadcast on Turkish television, reportedly filmed the night before the devastating earthquake of 7.4 on the Richter scale that kiIIed many thousands of people in the Marmara region of Turkey. Mysterious or not, repeated sightings of earthquake lights confirm their existence. It has to be said that earthquake lights are a fairly weII-known phenomenon, but we don't know what they mean, or what causes them. Seismologists have struggled for years to find a reliable earthquake predictor. Could the lights hold the key?
A)
has led to a great deal of confusion and contradictory reporting among seismologists B) first occurred in Japan C) is a fairly recent phenomenon in Japan D) has attracted virtually no scientific attention from seismologists E) goes back a very long way in time
94. It is pointed out in the passage that the photographic recording of earthquake lights ----. 91. In the passage, the writer wonders whether ----. A) earthquake lights might help in the prediction of earthquakes B) the orange glows supposedly sighted before an earthquake were actually seen C) the photographs taken of earthquake lights in Japan are of any scientific use D) earthquakes cause the lights, or whether the lights cause the earthquakes E) the devastation caused by the Marmara earthquake could have been prevented
A)
was made for the first time less than half a century ago B) was only done with great success during the Marmara earthquake C) is what finally convinced people of their existence D) is widely regarded as a visual deception E) has always been a major concern for seismologists
54
C) D) E)
95. The writer of the passage seems to be confident that ----.
the mathematics and science courses in schools need to be modernized university engineering courses ought to be upgraded the education of pre-school children is being given too much importance
A) B) C) D) E)
seismology is advancing rapidly through the study of earthquakes lights future earthquakes will be reliably predicted by means of earthquake lights earthquake lights have frequently been observed and even filmed the mystery of earthquake lights can never be resolved the appearance of fireballs and flashes in the sky are a sure sign of an approaching earthquake
97. The writer points out that children can, at a very early age ----.
A)
be encouraged to take part in after-school activities B) develop an interest in scientific matters C) make up their minds to study engineering at university D) learn something about the basis of engineering, which is design E) be influenced by their school environment
Much has been said and written about the declining numbers of and disappointing lack of diver sity among American coIIege students majoring in engineering. Among the factors cited to explain this phenomenon are the lack of exposure of high school students to the very idea of engineering and the fact that many have insufficient mathematics and science background to gain entrance to engineering school, even if they do identify the profession as a possible career. This is unfortunate, for the ideas of engineering should be integrated into the curricula not only of high schools but also of middle and primary schools. Our children are being done a disservice by not being exposed properly throughout their education to engineering activities identified as such. After all, even pre-school children have the prerequisites in their play for appreciating exactly what engineering is: design. Indeed, design is everywhere around them throughout their school day, even in their before-school and after-school activities, it need only be pointed out to them that they are designing something, and therefore being engineers of sorts, in virtually everything that they do.
98. The writer recognizes the fact that engineering ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
is becoming less and less popular as a field of study among university students is only suitable for highly inteIIigent students is a complicated subject only suitable for really mature students has become one of the most popular fields of study at American universities requires many years of training prior to qualification
96. The writer of the passage feels strongly that ----.
99. Among the reasons given in the passage for the decline in the numbers of engineering students is that ----.
A) B)
A) B) C)
children should be involved in engineering activities at an early age many children are being unfairly directed into a career in engineering
the American schools still foIIow out-dated curricula university entrance requirements are far too demanding it is generally recognized as one of the most difficult of all the courses
55
D) E)
engineering in the US is not considered to be a competitive field of study many of them fail to acquire an adequate knowledge of mathematics and science at high schools
provides an emotional framework that colours aII subsequent information about, and experience with, the group.
76. According to the passage, at the beginning of the 20th century, prejudice was generaIIy regarded ----. A) B) C) D) E) 100. According to the passage, all school programmes ----. in very much the same way as it is now as a natural and intuitive response as something that had to be corrected as inevitable and therefore acceptable as an outcome of parental conditioning
A)
B)
C) D) E)
should be designed to make students aware of the engineering practices and principles ought to give priority to the sciences must encourage children to make creative designs seem to put the emphasis on the need to diversify learning overlook the fact that all children are different
77. tt is clear from the passage that studies on prejudice ----. A) often spring from animal behaviour B) suggest that most children adopt the prejudices of their parents C) have finaIIy established that it is innate D) aim to discover how they can be overcome E) have usuaIIy concentrated on the more destructive expressions of it
KPDS 2004 KASIM

78. One theory referred to in the passage, suggests that man's innate fear of what is rarely encountered or little known ----. A) may play a role in creating prejudices B) prevents him from developing his social possibilities C) is an aspect of his character that relates him very closely to the rest of the animal world D) is far less strong now than formerly
Why are people prejudiced? Not surprisingly, theories of prejudice have tended to focus on the more extreme forms of prejudice, in particular when there is aggression and violence. At the turn of the last century, it was popular to consider prejudice to be an innate and instinctive reaction to certain categories of person (e.g. certain races), much as animals would react in instinctive ways to one another. This sort of approach is no longer opular, as it does not stand up weII to scientific scrutiny. However, there may be an innate component to prejudice. There is some evidence that higher animals, including humans, have an inherent fear of the unfamiliar and unusual, which might set the mould for negative attitudes towards groups that are considered different in certain ways. There is also evidence for a mere exposure effect, in which people's attitudes towards various stimuli (e. g. other people) improve as a direct function of repeated exposure or familiarity with the stimulus, provided that initial reactions to the stimuli are not negative. Another perspective rests on the belief that prejudices are learned. Indeed, it has been argued that hatred and suspicion of certain groups are learned early in life, before the child even knows anything about the target group, and that this
E)
has helped to make society more uniform
79. We learn from the passage that the "mere exposure effect" occurs when ----.
56
A) B) C) D) E)
opposing groups agree to meet each other half way individuals start to copy the behaviour patterns of the people they are with people learn to face the fact that their prejudices are without foundation repeated contact with a particular group leads to a better understanding of that group people can admit that their first reactions were too extreme
that shape our planet today, such as erosion, were also cruciaIIy important in the distant past.
81. We learn from the passage that many scientists ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
gave fuII support to Cuvier's view that the great flood had actuaIIy taken place were not at aII impressed by Cuvier's discoveries in the Paris area foIIowed up Cuvier's excavations of marine fossils were, like Cuvier, engaged in a search for evidence of the great flood ceased to be sceptical of the great flood once Sir James HaII had given his support to Cuvier
80. According to the passage, certain studies suggest that prejudice against various groups of society----.
A)
is on the increase simply because it is receiving too much attention B) develops early in life, even before any real contact has been made with them C) could best be overcome by keeping children unaware of it D) is largely racial in character E) has only resulted in violence on very rare occasions
82. It is pointed out in the passage that in the course of excavations near Paris, Cuvier ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
slowly came to recognize the geological significance of the biblical great flood was particularly surprised that there were chalk formations in the area was slow to recognize the geological importance or marine fossils grew interested in the fossils of sea creatures only after he came across a second layer discovered alternating layers of fossils relating to sea and land creatures
By the early 19th century, the eminent French zoologist Georges Cuvier believed he had found rock-solid evidence for the biblical great flood. While studying the geological strata around Paris, Cuvier found that fossils or sea creatures in one ancient layer of chalk were overlaid by those of land creatures. Then, just as abruptly, the layer above contained sea creatures again, with the top layer showing evidence of a vast and rapid inundation around present-day Paris. Cuvier regarded these sudden changes in the fossil record as evidence for sudden catastrophes which devastated life of Earth, of which the great flood was just the most recent example. Cuvier's discoveries, published in 1812, won support from a large number of eminent scientists such as the geologist Sir James HaII. However, there were a few who were deeply sceptical, pointing out that the evidence of a global flood was far from conclusive. Most sceptical of aII were the foIIowers of the Scottish geologist James Hutton. In 1795, he had published a two-volume text based on the view that the slow, steady processes
83. It is clear from the passage that Cuvier ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
adopted an indifferent attitude towards the attacks of his critics was greatly influenced by Mutton's theory concerning the Earth's formation was particularly interested in marine fossils and concentrated on them for research purposes interpreted his fossil discoveries as indications of major catastrophes similar to the great flood had devoted years of research to establish that the biblical great flood had actuaIIy occurred
57
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI with railroad locomotives and have no idea that their playful activity could become a lifelong profession. Engineers themselves are understandably reluctant to equate their professional activity with mere child's play; after aII, they studied long and hard to master complicated knowledge of atoms and molecules, stresses and strains, heat and power, current and voltages, bits and bytes. They manipulate equations, not blocks. They use computers for serious modeIIing and calculation, not for fun and games. They design and build real towers and bridges that test the limits of reliability and safety, not toy ones that totter and faII down with little consequence.
84. According to the passage, Cuvier's critics ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
were extremely jealous of his discoveries near Paris felt that there was insufficient geological evidence to confirm that the biblical great flood ever had occurred regarded erosion as only a minor geological process were also equaIIy opposed to the views expressed by Mutton certainly believed there had been a global flood but did not regard his discoveries as scientificaIIy important
86. The main point the writer is making in this passage is that ----.
A)
85. As we learn from the passage, Mutton's theory was that ----.
man has practised engineering ever since primitive times B) some children are born to be engineers C) children and engineers both have the capacity to imagine and create D) reliability and safety are minor details for the professional engineer E) any engineering fault in design or calculation does have serious consequences
A) B) C) D) E)
long-term geological change, such as erosion, had been of paramount importance in the Earth's history erosion was the single most important cause of geological change on Earth some geological processes, such as erosion, were relatively recent in the history of the Earth our planet had been subjected to countless catastrophes in the distant past the formation of our planet was the outcome of different processes in different places
87. One point stressed in the passage is that professional engineering ----.
A) B)
is very different from aII other scientific activities
requires more imagination than technical knowledge and calculation C) makes little use of theoretical knowledge D) gives priority to design rather than to invention
E)
covers a vast field of involved or intricate subjects of wide scope
No child is too young to play and therefore to engage in engineering, even though it is of a primitive kind. We aII did so as children ourselves, when we devised our own toys and games -and sometimes even imaginary friends to enjoy them with us. The idea of playfulness is embedded in engineering through the concepts of invention and design. Not that engineering is trivial; rather, the heart of the activity is to give imagination its freedom to dream and turn those dreams into reality. Children do experience the essence of engineering in their earliest activities, yet there is seldom any recognition that this is the case. They may hear the word "engineer" only in connection
88. As we can see from the passage, the writer is careful ----.
A)
not to exaggerate the importance of creative play to a child B) to list aII areas that are of concern to an engineer C) to show how slowly a child's mental capacity develops D) not to offend engineers by his comparison E) to avoid using technical terminology in the passage
58
KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI increase by a bit less than 500 per gaIIon to cut gasoline consumption in the US. Although a 500 increase is a lot compared with the present average total tax of 400, it would raise retail gas prices to only a little more than $2 per gaIIon, tax included. This is far below prices in Europe and Japan. Even if federal taxes on gas were doubled, US retail gas prices would still be much below those in other developed nations.
89. It is suggested in the passage that children ----.
91. According to the passage, efforts have been made ----.
A)
are not aware of the fact that in their games they are involved in some kind of engineering activity B) should be constantly encouraged to play games that involve engineering techniques C) love to imitate the activities that go on around them D) are incapable of imaginative thinking E) have a primitive perception of life
A)
to compare the levels of fuel consumption as weII as fuel prices in Europe B) to assess what price increases would lead to a significant reduction in fuel consumption in the US C) to give more appeal to public transport D) to establish what vehicle types consume less fuel E) to develop fuel-efficient vehicles for sale in the US
92. It is clear from the passage that Japan's strategy to keep fuel consumption down ----. A) depends largely on the high taxation of fuel B) has been greatly criticized by the public C) has not been as effective as was originaIIy envisaged D) has set an example that Europe is now adopting E) has had no effect upon the country's car production Technologies
90. According to the passage, what children and engineers have in common are ----. A) B) C) D) E) reliability and safety experience and knowledge invention and design modeIIing and calculation recognition and reality
Europe and Japan do not use fuel-economy standards to any significant degree, but instead rely principaIIy on high taxes to reduce gas consumption. Their average tax is more than $2 per gaIIon, while in the US, federal gas taxes are only 180 per gaIIon and average state taxes 220 per gaIIon. Higher prices at the pump resulting from higher taxes increase consumer demand for cars with better fuel economy. They also encourage consumers to reduce their driving. Research shows that federal taxes on gasoline would have to
93. According to the passage, the combined federal and state taxes on gas in the US ----.
A) B)
have exceeded those currently in use in Europe
are so high that they have forced Japanese car manufacturers to change their production strategies C) have become a major public concern D) have suddenly caused fuel prices to rise sharply
59
E)
amount too much less than the tax paid in Japan
94. We learn from the passage that one effect of higher taxes on fuel ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
has been a great deal of uneasiness and even anger among consumers has been a noticeable drop in car sales everywhere has been to draw attention to a much wider range of energy sources is an increased demand for vehicles which consume less fuel is that Europe's production of fuel-economy vehicles has increased remarkably
altogether from the public records, and the most likely reason for this is that, for at least some of this time, he was working for one of the city's acting companies; as a junior member he would not be listed among the troupe's principal players. In the late 1580s theatrical activity in London was largely concentrated in Shoreditch, and Southwark, districts of London Shakespeare could have lived anywhere, but Shareditch, which would have been cheap and convenient, is a likely candidate for a young actor. In his early career Shakespeare may have moved from troupe to troupe in order to survive. Whatever the case, working conditions must have been similar. Sundays, religious holidays and disasters side, a company would perform a different play each afternoon of the week, though some plays would be repeated in the weeks ahead. An actor usuaIIy had to keep at least 30 parts in his memory and a leading player such as AIIeyn or Burbage must have kept in mind nearly 5,000 lines a week.
96. According to the passage, in Shakespeare's time, ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
it was not unusual for actors to appear in a great many roles each week there was no theatrical activity anywhere in England except for London leading actors would only agree to appear in certain roles an acting company usuaIIy staged a new play each week acting was regarded as an immoral occupation
95. One point stressed in the passage is that fuel prices in the US, ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
which include both federal and state taxes, are expected to rise considerably which have been increasing steadily for quite some time now, have almost equaIIed those in Japan and even Europe even if the taxes were to be increased considerably would still be much lower than in other industrialized countries which have not risen for a long time, seem likely to remain stable where consumers go for cars with beter fuel economy, have caused no change in driving habits
97. We learn from the passage that, in Shakespeare's London, theatres ----.
A)
competed with each other to get AIIeyn or Burbage in their troupe B) were normaIIy open to the public six afternoons a week C) provided actors with a comfortable and profitable way of life D) were rather like drama schools and they trained actors E) all had their own leading players
Throughout his working life, Shakespeare worked as an actor in the midst of a troupe. We know little about his first years in London. For a few years between 1585 and 1592, his name disappears
98. It is clear from the passage that Shakespeare, during his early years in London, ----.
60
A)
gained experience as an actor by appearing in a huge variety of parts B) was encouraged to write plays by AIIeyn and Burbage C) devoted himself primarily to the writing of plays D) preferred living in Southwark to Shoreditch E) was little known as an actor though he was probably acting
KPDS 2005 MAYIS

99. We understand from the passage that in the late 16th century ----.
For two decades after World War II, mass production reigned supreme. Mass production techniques pushed companies into standardized products, long product life cycles, and rigid manufacturing, emphasizing efficiency and low cost over flexibility. Special orders cost more. But today's consumers are very choosy. They want quality, value and products specially tailored to their needs, but always at the lowest possible price. For now mass customization has come to the fore. Mass customization uses information technology to produce and deliver products and services designed to fit the specifications of individual customers. Companies can customize products in quantities as small as one with the same speed and low cost as mass production methods. Mass customization systems use information taken from the customer to control the flow of goods.
A) B) C) D) E)
it was iIIegal to hold theatrical performances on religious days Shoreditch and Southwark were heavily populated commercial districts there was apparently a great deal of public interest in the theatres the popularity of AIIeyn and Burbage was already on the decline working conditions in the theatres varied enormously
76. We learn from the passage that mass production ----. A) has now regained its previous popularity B) was the leading method of production in the twenty years or so that foIIowed World War II C) can easily be adapted to meet the needs of individual customers D) can be very profitable because of the wide appeal of its goods E) gives priority to quality and longevity in the goods produced but ignores aesthetic qualities
100. It was clear from the passage that, for Shakespeare, the years in London up to 1592 ----. A) were times of hardship and uncertainty were a period of widespread public recognition C) marked a turning point in his life D) brought many great changes and opportunities
77. We learn from the passage that one of the characteristics of mass production is ----. A) the need to please every customer B) a disregard for flexibility C) a disregard for cost effectiveness D) to take into consideration the specifications given by individual customers E) the rescheduling of production as the need arises
B) E)
were the period during which he established a lifelong friendship with AIIeyn and Burbage
61
D)
78. By the phrase "mass customization", as it is used in the passage, is meant the production of goods ----. A) in very large quantities and for general use B) to meet standardized specifications which will please everyone C) at high speed regardless of cost D) designed to have a long life E) designed to meet the specific needs of individual customers
E)
is primarily concerned with efficiency but overlooks quality does not attach much importance to flexibility
79. According to the passage, present day customers ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
are encouraged to buy ready-made goods available in the shops are pleased far more easily than customers were in the past do not attach much importance to production methods specify what they want and insist on getting it rarely distinguish between standardized and non-standardized goods
Before the Polish born French-American mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot made his mark on the world, scientists liked to forget about the imperfections and irregularities of nature. The study of perfect squares, triangles and planes had dominated their field for over 2,000 years, since the Greek geometer Euclid wrote maths' oldest treatise "Elements" and provided us with the tools to measure these flawlessly smooth shapes. Early question about how to measure the real shape of a tree, a coastline or anything with a rough edge could not be tackled by Euclidean geometry and had therefore been ignored. But Mandelbrot changed all this when he invented fractal geometry, which enables us to measure roughness. "My whole career has been one long, ardent pursuit of the concept of roughness", he says. "The roughness of clusters in the physics of disorder, of turbulent flows, of exotic noises, of chaotic dynamical systems, of the distribution of galaxies, of coastlines, of stock price charts and of mathematical constructions."
81. It is clear from the passage that, before Mandelbrot's concepts attracted the attention of the scientific world, ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
mathematics foIIowed the lead of Euclid and concentrated on regular shapes everyone felt that Euclidean geometry was inadequate scientists relied on Euclidean geometry to measure trees and exotic noises Mandelbrot almost lost confidence in the concept of roughness Mandelbrot was careful to limit the scope of his studies into roughness
80. The point is made in the passage that mass customization ----.
A) B) C)
is no more costly and no more time consuming than mass production is a system that dates back to the end of World War II has actually never been as popular as mass production
82. According to the passage, Euclidean geometry can, in a way, be regarded as having had a negative effect upon the development of mathematics because it ----. A) can be neither substantiated nor disproved B) is too involved with measurement
62
C)
makes the investigation of roughness impossible D) is far too comprehensive E) put forward the concept of roughness
C) D) E)
is merely an extension of Euclidean geometry is well on the way to replacing Euclidean geometry entirely is just one of several remarkable innovations propounded by Mandelbrot
83. lt is clear from the passage that Mandelbrot ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
only began to work on the concept of roughness at a later stage in his career finds the concept of roughness immensely exciting, and apparent in widely different areas worked on the concept of roughness because he wanted to prove that Euclid's theories were contradictory didn't discover fractal geometry but worked to extend its uses has still to convince the scientific world of the value of fractal geometry
84. One point made in the passage is that Euclidean geometry ----.
A)
Therapists have to be very careful before they make a diagnosis of delusional disorder. A great many complaints are founded on fact. It is possible that a patient is really being harassed at work, that her husband is deceiving her, or that her business partner is cheating her. Indeed, therapists must be careful not to mislabel facts as delusions, a trap known as "the Martha MitcheII effect". Martha MitcheII was the wife of former US attorney General John MitcheII. In October 1972, he was accused of having ordered the break in at the Democratic campaign headquarters in the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. Mrs MitcheII repeatedly told the press that her husband was being made a scapegoat to protect the real culprit President Richard M. Nixon. The White House spread disinformation about Mrs MitcheII, saying she had a drinking problem and implying that her statements were delusional. When the scandal was ultimately unraveIIed, Mrs MitcheII's statements were proved true and she was shown to be utterly sane and with no drinking problem.
has led to a better appreciation of the irregularities in nature B) has had to be modified in the light of new discoveries C) has been shown to be invalid D) is not universally applicable E) doesn't deserve the respect it has enjoyed for 2,000 years
86. The passage draws attention to the fact that ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
John Mitchell had indeed violated the law on several occasions it can sometimes be difficult for therapists to distinguish between fact and delusion President Nixon had never trusted his attorney general Mrs Mitchell had always been subject to delusions complaints always have a foundation in fact
85. According to the passage, fractal geometry ----.
A) B)
makes possible the measurement of anything with a rough edge is actually, as regards method, very similar to Euclidean geometry
87. We understand from the passage that Mrs Mitchell ----.
63
A)
B)
C) D) E)
was often treated by therapists on account of her delusions did indeed have a drinking problem was indifferent to the disinformation spreadby the White House was unjustly portrayed as suffering from delusions displayed little interest in the Watergate affair
B) Mrs MitcheII's loyal support of her husband C) the use of a wife's evidence against her husband D) the unraveIIing of the Watergate scandal E) the giving of false testimony at a trial
88. We learn from the passage that, in the Watergate affair, US attorney general John Mitchell ----.
A)
was criminally involved in the break in at the Democratic campaign headquarters B) was made to appear as the leading wrongdoer C) asked the press to interview his wife D) advised President Nixon on the legal procedure
E)
was anxious that his wife should not get involved with the press
89. According to the passage, Mrs Mitchell's statements about her husband ----.
A)
were disregarded by the pres B) were imaginary rather than factual C) were, in fact, true but deliberately denied D) convinced President Nixon that his attorney general was innocent E) were examined by therapists on a regular basis
Recent activity in several US church communities has seemed almost unbelievable: churchgoers have gathered around huge fires and cheered as they cast Harry Potter boks into the flames. They fear that the incredibly popular series about a school for young wizards is spurring children and adolescents toward a life of witchcraft and onto the dangerous path toward Satanism. For these congregations, J.K. Rowling's books are none other than the work of the devil herself. To most people, however, the Harry Potter boks and films are merely compeIIing adventure stories, not a threat to children's psyches. But what has been forgotten in the excitement of "Pottermania" is that boys and girls have been fascinated by magic and sorcery for generations. Surveys about magical practices among adolescents vary widely, but some indicate that as many as 44 per cent have shown some slight, passing interest in it. Although satanically motivated violence occasionally makes headlines, research shows that less than 5 per cent of young people take part in more extensive witchcraft, and very few end up in the kind of organized devil worship that can lead to such acts as ritual murder.
91. The attitude of the writer of the passage towards the burning of the Harry Potter books by various church communities is ----.
A) B) C)
an understanding one, as many young people have been led astray by these books one of deep anger
sympathetic as basically he believes they are right about the iII effects of the Harry Potter boks D) one of amazement at their response E) one of repulsion at their hysteria and fanaticism 90. lt is clear from the passage that, by "the Martha Mitchell effect" is meant ----. A) the labeIIing of facts as delusions
64
92. One point emphasized in the passage is that the interest of young people in magic ----.
A)
is no more dangerous than their love of adventure B) needs to be recognized by society and firm action taken C) really is largely due to the Harry Potter stories D) is by no means a new development E) should be encouraged as it is perfectly harmless
95. According to the passage, those who burn the Harry Potter books ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
have previously burned other popular boks are actually indulging in a form of witchcraft themselves mostly do so without having first read the books are being accused, quite unfairly, of displaying extremist attitudes do so because they believe these books encourage young people to turn to witchcraft
93. According to the passage, though a fair number of young people have felt a vague, temporary interest in magic, ----.
A)
B)
C) D) E)
it has always been easy to convince them of its dangers few have become seriously involved they have never, in any way, been harmed by it most do not even know the meaning of Satanism this never continues into adolescence
94. In the passage, though the writer does not want to make a big issue of the matter of witchcraft, he ----.
Why does sea water taste salty? It is a question that has been asked by countless people down the ages. And the answer seems straightforward: rain constantly erodes the surface of the Earth, washing a mix of natural chemicals into rivers and thence into the sea. The most water soluble and abundant of these just happen to taste salty. ALL very simple. Or is it? After all, erosion has been taking place for miIIions of years, dumping ever more of these salty compounds into the sea, yet the concentration is still far below the saturation level. So the real mystery is not why the sea tastes salty, but why it isn't utterly packed with salt, and as lifeless as the Dead Sea. Here is another curious thing about our planet. Its atmosphere has existed for biIIions of years, and yet it still contains a mix of highly reactive gases like oxygen and methane. Why haven't they settled down into a boring unreactive atmosphere like that of Mars or Venus?
A)
B)
C) D) E)
would like more surveys and studies to be carried out on it feels it should receive more public attention admits that it can, on occasion, lead to terrible events hopes that "Pottermania" will soon die out of its own accord believes that all cases of satanically motivated violence should make the headlines and so serve as warnings
96. According to the passage, the most important and fascinating question about salt and the sea is: ----?
A)
why do certain natural elements taste salty? B) how much salt is there in the sea C) how does the salt get to the sea D) when will the salt in the sea reach saturation level E) why isn't the sea more salty
65
97. One point made in the passage is that unanswered questions about the world and the universe ----.
100.The phrase "just happen to" supports the writer's view of the world as a place ----.
A)
will, at some point in the future, be answered in a satisfactory manner B) are now very few in number C) are unimportant and can be ignored D) help to highlight the mysteries of the world E) are only of interest to scientists
A) B)
where many phenomena remain inexplicable
where everything goes according to a master plan C) where most occurrences have a logical explanation D) of continuous and relentless change E) of little interest to anyone who is interested in science
98. One aim of the writer in this passage is to make people realize that ----.
A) B) C) D) E)
it is dangerous to interfere with the balance of nature everything in the universe has an explanation many of the facts about various planets are exceedingly boring all the seas in the world will eventually be like the Dead Sea what may seem simple and straightforward may actually not be so
PARAGRAF SORULARI CEVAP ANAHTARLARI 1997 MAYIS DNEM 83.A 84.B 85.C 89.A 90.D 91.B 95.D 96.B 97.D 1997 KASIM DNEM 83.E 84.B 85.C 89.C 90.A 91.E 95.A 96.E 97.A 1998 MAYIS DNEM 83.C 84.A 85.D 89.C 90.E 91.D 95.C 96.B 97.B 1998 KASIM DNEM 83.D 84.A 85.C 89.A 90.D 91. B 95. D 96. A 97. B 1999 MAYIS DNEM 83.A 84.B 85.E 89.E 90.B 91. D 95. E 96. A 97. D 1999 KASIM DNEM 83.A 84.C 85.E 89.B 90.D 91.E 95.B 96.D 97.E 2000 MAYIS DNEM 83.D 84.C 85.A 89.B 90.D 91.E 95.E 96.E 97.C 2000 KASIM DNEM 83.D 84.B 85.E 89.D 90.E 91.B 95.B 96.E 97.D 86.D 92.C 98.E 86.D 92.C 98.C 86.C 92.B 98.C 86.D 92. B 98. E 86.A 92. C 98. C 86.D 92.A 98.B 86.C 92.A 98.D 86.A 92.A 98.A 87.E 93.A 99.C 87.B 93.A 99.A 87.E 93.E 99.A 87.C 93. C 99. C 87.C 93. E 99. D 87.A 93.E 99.C 87.E 93.E 99.E 87.B 93.E 99.E 88.C 94.E 100.A 88.E 94.D 100.E 88.B 94.A 100.E 88.E 94. E 100.D 88.B 94. A 100.A 88.C 94.D 100.A 88.A 94.B 100.B 88.C 94.D 100.C
99. It is clear from the passage that writer often wonders about why ----. A) certain gases are not highly reactive B) there is no end to the chemicals that are carried into the sea C) the world is as it is D) people are not attracted to the Dead Sea E) the atmosphere of Mars is similar to that of Venus
66
2001 MAYIS DNEM 83.A 84.C 85.D 89.A 90.D 91.B 95.C 96.D 97.C 2001 KASIM DNEM 83.A 84.C 85.B 89.E 90.D 91.E 95.C 96.B 97.E 2002 MAYIS DNEM 83.E 84.B 85.A 89.D 90.E 91. D 95. C 96. E 97. D
86.C 92.A 98.A 86.A 92.C 98.D 86.B 92. E 98. C
87.B 93.D 99.B 87.B 93.B 99.C 87.A 93. A 99. B
88.E 94.E 100.E 88.D 94.D 100.A 88.C 94. B 100.A
2002 KASIM DNEM 76.B 77.D 78.A 82.E 83.D 84.C 88.C 89.B 90.D 94. E 95. A 96. E 100.C 2003 MAYIS DNEM 76.A 77.C 78.A 82.C 83.D 84.B 88.C 89.D 90.A 94.B 95.E 96.A 100.E 2003 KASIM DNEM 76.D 77.E 78.C 82.E 83.A 84.B 88.B 89.A 90.C 94. B 95. A 96. C 100.B 2004 MAYIS DNEM 76.C 77.A 78.E 82.D 83.B 84.C 88.B 89.D 90.B 94.A 95.C 96.A 100.A 2004 KASIM DNEM 76.B 77.E 78.A 82.E 83.D 84.B 88.D 89.A 90.C 94.D 95.C 96.A 100.A 2005 MAYIS DNEM 76.B 77.B 78.E 82.C 83.B 84.B 88.B 89.C 90.A 94.C 95.E 96. E 100.A
79.C 85.A 91. C 97. D
80.D 86.E 92. B 98. B
81.B 87.A 93. D 99. A
79.D 85.E 91.C 97.B
80. E 86.B 92.C 98.B
81.E 87.A 93.A 99.C
79.E 85.E 91.D 97. B
80. A 86.B 92. E 98. D
81.D 87.C 93. D 99. D
79.A 85.B 91.A 97.D
80.B 86.C 92.C 98.A
81.E 87.D 93.E 99.E
79.D 85.A 91.B 97.B
80.B 86.C 92.A 98.E
81.A 87.E 93.E 99.C
79.D 85.A 91.E 97.D
80.A 86.B 92.D 98.E
81.A 87.D 93.B 99.C
67

97-05 Paragraf

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KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI KPDS 1997 MAYIS

83. 85. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

86. 88. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

83. It is pointed out in the passafe that nicotine ----.

cannot be achieved through vocational training. can easily be realised.

85. The main concern of the passage is to ----.

88. The author concludes that vocational training in agriculture ----.

will be an effective way of eliminating resistance to change in society.

KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI

89. 91. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

92. 94. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

92. It is clear from the passage that tigers ----.

90. According to the passage, the economics of education ----.

usually has thicker vegetation which shelters more prey.

KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI

95. 97. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

98. 100. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

has not always been Doctorows primary concern.

KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI

KPDS 1997 KASIM

KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI

89. 91. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

92. 94. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

92. As we learn from the passage, the Potsdam Agreement ----.

was originally proposed by the United States

KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI

95. 97. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

98. 100. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

KPDS 1998 MAYIS

83. 85. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

89. - 91. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

95. 97. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

KPDS 1998 KASIM

89. 91. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

98. 100. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

KPDS 1999 MAYIS

86. 88. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

89. 91. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

95. 97. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

89. 91. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

92. 94. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

95. 97. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI

85. According to the passage, restorative justice ----.

KPDS 2000 KASIM

86. 88. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

89. 91. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

91. In the opinion of the writer ----.

KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI

92. 94. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

95. 97. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI

89. 91. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

it is important to make sure that the water is not infected

KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI

95. 97. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

KPDS 1997 2005 PARAGRAF SORULARI

97. The author points out that World War I ----.

98. 100. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

seem to be changing as the prices of many goods are falling

KPDS 2001 KASIM

a period of prolonged inflation was a rare occurrence