ECE 558 - Final

http://www.ece.iit.edu/~flueck/ece558/final.html

ECE 558 - Spring 2012

Power System Reliability
Final Project - Due 10:30 AM, Monday 30 April 2012
The final project must extend the frequency and duration techniques that we have covered in the course. One possibility is to apply the techniques to a small, but realistic power system model. As an example, Section 6.7 contains a 5-bus system with the potential of adding two new lines for reliability. Taking the 5-bus example, you would need to create the reliability indices in Section 6.7 of the textbook. The input data is given in Tables 6.17 (Transmission line data) and 6.18 (Generation and load data). The results of the frequency and duration techniques are presented in Table 6.19 (Load point failure probability and frequency). Then, the reliability indices are shown in Tables 6.20 (Annualized load point indices -- base case), 6.21 (Annualized system indices) and 6.22 (Comparison of basic annualized system indices). However, our assumptions will be slightly different than the assumptions used in the text book to make the project simpler. In addition, you will be asked to present slightly simpler tables than 6.19-6.22. For the Final Project, you need to submit code (MATLAB, C, or other), spreadsheets (e.g., Excel) or other documentation supporting your results. You also need to provide a report that describes the entire process used to determine the reliability indices. You should consider the Final Project as a report to management which contains a recommendation on the best alternative for improving reliability. Of course, your results should be used to support your recommendation. Section 6.7 and the 5-bus system are an example of the detail that is required in the Final Project. However, you may propose another study of similar scope.

Final Project Detailed Instructions

The Final Project focuses on the 5 bus system in Section 6.7. However, sections 6.4 - 6.6 contain useful examples based on a simpler 3 bus system. Note: The input data for the 5 bus system is provided in a text file linked to the ECE 558 home page. The data provided in the text book is partially incorrect, so you must use the t5_data.txt file on the ECE 558 home page. Do NOT use the generation nor transmission unavailability numbers given in the text book. To simplify the distribution factor DC power flow analysis, both branch 7 and branch 8 are included in the base case. You will derive the reliability indices for the 5 bus system with all 8 branches in service. The PTDF and LODF matrices with all 8 branches are named "PTDF_all" and "LODF_all". Assumptions 1. Transmission outages are limited to single branches 2. Generation outages are limited to combinations at a single generator bus that have at least a 10^(-6) probability of occurring 3. Branches 7 and 8 are included in the base case 4. Annualized indices are required at a peak load of 155 MW 5. DC power flow based distribution factors are sufficient to model network behavior

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6. Bus loads have been inflated to include network losses 7. Branch MW limits have been reduced to include "less than unity" power factor of branch flows

Frequency and Duration Based Generator Capacity Availability Tables

The first step in the project is the creation of the frequency and duration based capacity availability tables for each generator bus. Each table should include one row for each generator bus capacity availability state that has a probability of at least 10^(-6). In other words, these tables are reduced tables. For the Bus 2 table, list the number of units out of service as an ordered triple (# 5 MW, # 15 MW, # 20 MW). The columns should include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Generator bus state number (sequential numbering) List of units out-of-service (e.g., "3,0,0 | 0,1,0" for the 15 MW outage) Capacity Available Probability of the state Positive departure rate from the state Negative departure rate from the state Frequency of the state

The next step in the project is the creation of the frequency and duration based capacity availability table for the generation subsystem. The table should include one row for each generation capacity availability state that has a probability of at least 5*10^(-7). This table is NOT a reduced table, since the capacity available at each bus is physically located at different buses. The columns should include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Generation state number (sequential numbering) Capacity Available at Gen Bus 1 Capacity Available at Gen Bus 2 Probability of the state Positive departure rate from the state Negative departure rate from the state Frequency of the state

Frequency and Duration Based Transmission Capacity Availability Table

The next step in the project is the creation of the frequency and duration based availability table for the transmission subsystem. The table should include one row for each transmission availability state up to single outages. The columns should include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Transmission state number (sequential numbering) Name of branch out-of-service (single outage only) Probability of the state Positive departure rate from the state Negative departure rate from the state Frequency of the state

For the frequency and duration tables, be sure to include the assumptions in the table. For example, the negative departure rate from a single branch outage state is zero, since we are assuming that double branch outages cannot occur.

Frequency and Duration Based Composite Generation and Transmission Availability Table
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The next step in the project is the creation of the frequency and duration based availability table for the composite generation and transmission system. The table should include one row for each composite system availability state. This table is NOT a reduced table. The columns should include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Composite state number (sequential numbering) Transmission equipment out-of-service (e.g., 0, L1, L2, etc.) Generator Bus 1 Capacity Available Generator Bus 2 Capacity Available Probability of the state Positive departure rate from the state Negative departure rate from the state Frequency of the state Dkj (duration of state)

Note: the composite states must appear in a specific order with the transmission outages in the outermost loop, the Gen Bus 1 outages in the middle loop, and the Gen Bus 2 outages in the innermost loop. For example, the first rows of the composite table will have the following values in columns 2-4: TrOut G1CA G2CA 0 80 130 0 80 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 80 60 60 60 60 . . . . 130 125 . . . .

L1 80 130 L1 80 125 L1 80 . L1 80 . Be sure to include the sequential numbers in column 1 so that later tables can refer to a composite state number (first column 1 of the above table) and not need to include columns 2-4.

Frequency and Duration Based Load Point Indices

For the Final Project, you will build a composite generation and transmission model to examine the reliability at each load bus. Table 6.15 illustrates the type of analysis that will be done at each load bus in the 5 bus system. Each load point reliability indices table should include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Composite state number "j" (same sequential numbering as previous table) Capacity available at the load bus (from PTDF and LODF) Pkj (probability of inadequacy - annualized at peak load: 0 or 1) Lkj (amount of load curtailed at bus k in state j) ELC (column sum is the expected load curtailed at bus k) NLC (column sum is the number of load curtailments at bus k)

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7. EENS (column sum is the expected energy not served at bus k) 8. EDLC (column sum is the expected duration of load curtailments at bus k) Note: to save paper, please eliminate all rows in the above table that have Pkj = 0.

DC Power Flow Based Distribution Factors

Recall, the PTDF and LODF matrices can be used to determine the branch MW flows: normal case, all transmission i/s pre_flow = PTDF(:,:)*Pinj post-contingency, branch "m" o/s post_flow = pre_flow + LODF(:,m)*pre_flow(m) Be sure to create a Pinj vector that has a column sum of zero. In other words, the total generation must equal the total load.

Power Flow Constraints and Pkj

The PTDF and LODF matrices will provide branch flows, given a bus injection vector and possible branch outage. The next step is to consider the power flow constraints when determining Pkj={0,1}. Total generation and total load must balance sum_k {PGk} = sum_k {PDk} Branch flow must be within branch limits | flow | <= MWmax, or -MWmax <= flow <= MWmax Generator output must be within capacity availability limits 0 <= PGk <= CapAvail_k

Load participation/curtailment policy for final project

In the case of a power system with multiple loads, we need to define service priorities for each load. For the 5 bus system in the final project, we will use the following policy for load curtailments: If there is insufficient generation or transmission capacity such that not all loads can be served at their peak power demand, then all loads will be curtailed by a single factor for the entire system. This curtailment factor should be applied as follows: PDk = (1-CF)*PDk_peak PDk is the allowed MW power demand at bus "k" CF is the curtailment factor: 0<=CF<=1 PDk is the peak MW power demand at bus "k" Therefore, if any load bus cannot be supplied at its peak power demand, then no load bus will be supplied at its peak power demand. Each load bus will be curtailed by an amount equal to CF times its peak power

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demand. In the text (p. 205), there is a series of numbers that are called the load probability steps, but they are not explained. You can think of the steps (each is 10%) as the (1-CF) term above. In other words, start with the loads at 0.0*PDi_peak and work your way up to 1.0*PDi_peak. If at any step, you cannot supply the load at that step within the branch loadings and the available capacity of the generators, then stop and drop down to the previous (lower) step. Since we have assumed annualized indices (i.e., 100% load factor at the peak load value), the curtailment time percentage will be 100% for the highest unsuccessful load step. Once you have found the highest unsuccessful load step, add the outage duration and MW values to the associated reliability indices. In practice, we would not want to follow this policy, since this policy spreads the curtailment to all load buses, even when most load bus demands could be met. However, this policy will make the analysis simpler for the final project.

Generator Dispatch to Minimize Load Curtailment

There are two basic methods for determining a generator dispatch that meets the branch loading constraints. The simple approach uses a single parameter alpha to weight the maximum MW output of generator 1 and (1-alpha) to weight the maximum output of generator 2. The more sophisticated approach is to use "linprog" in MATLAB. It's your choice, but you must make it clear in your final project report which method you chose. A simple method to dispatch the generators based on a single parameter alpha would work as follows for each load step: 1. Assume all load (Ltotal=sum_k {PDk}) is served by generator bus 1. Compute the branch flows and store them in vector "flow1". 2. Assume all load (Ltotal=sum_k {PDk}) is served by generator bus 2. Compute the branch flows and store them in vector "flow2". 3. Since the distribution factors are based on linear systems, you can use the principle of superposition to find some value of "alpha" (if one exists) such that: -MWmax <= alpha*flow1 + (1-alpha)*flow2 <= MWmax alpha*Ltotal <= CapAvail1 {Note: CapAvail1 <= 80 MW installed} (1-alpha)*Ltotal <= CapAvail2 {Note: CapAvail2 <= 130 MW installed} The question is whether or not you can find a value of alpha such that the above inequalities hold. There are three ways to find alpha: 1. trial and error (Note: 0<=alpha<=1, but tighter bounds can be derived) 2. compute bounds for each constraint independently and find the intersection using gen_dispatch.m 3. MATLAB "linprog" (Note: any value of alpha that satisfies the inequalities would work, so you can either minimize or maximize alpha) Note that the branches all have the same limit of 71 MWs. Be careful with the linear combination of the two vectors. Also, remember that if any branch flow exceeds its limits, then we are considering that as a "failed load step", which requires you to drop the loads to the previous (lower) load step. Ultimately, for each load step, either you will find a dispatch that meets the branch limits and serves the load, or you need to show that it is impossible to serve the load. If it's impossible to serve the load at a particular

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load step, then drop the load to the previous (lower) load step and record the outage data.

Deliverables
All final project reports and code are due by the deadline given above. Internet students have the same deadline, since the project does not depend on lecture material that is often delayed. Please submit your hard copy report at the beginning of the class. In addition, you need to submit your zip archive (all code, spreadsheets, etc. in a single ZIP file with your name in the zip archive file name) to the Digital Dropbox on Blackboard. Make sure that you have included sufficient explanation of your approach to determining the reliability indices. The tables mentioned above are required. Tables 6.19 - 6.22 are not required.

Extra Credit (10 pts) - Contingency Case

The contingency case has only 7 branches, since branch 7 is assumed to be out-of-service for maintenance. In other words, the analysis would be repeated as though branch 7 never existed. The post-contingency PTDF and LODF matrices are named "PTDF_7os" and "LODF_7os". Repeat the reliability analysis for the contingency case.
Updated 11 Apr 2012

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