2

/.

operators

"
"
".
"




.

E

= E
H En .

.

/x
.
sin .
:
. " "
g .u :
g=u
A

) (1

"

"

u
u u a :

 /.

u = au
A

) (2

" " a u
.
u
.

) u2 = exp( x ) u1 = exp( x
u = au
A = d 2 dx 2
A a = 1 u2

x . u1
1 u2
.

" " a
. " " a
.

"

"

g
) (1 ) .(2
" A " " g
"
.
:

) (3

g A g d

g g d
2

=A

/.

) (3 g " " "

) "(2 "" a:
=a

a g g d

g g d

g A g d

g g d

=A

:Linear operators

:
(C ) = C A

A
( + + + ...) = A
+A
+A
+ ...
A
1
2
3
1
2
3

C . :
(C + C + L) = C A
+C A

A
1 1
2 2
1
1
2 2 +L

) (4

= c " x " d2/dx2 d/dx .

ln .

:Hermitian operator

" " .
"
" .

. :
) (5

) d

n A
m

m
= A n d d

n m an am
:
) (6

= a
A
n
n n
3

/.

) (7

= a
A
m
m m

) (6
m

) (7 n
:

= an m
n d

) (8

m (A n ) d

d = a m
n m d

) (9

) n (A m

) (9 ) (8 :

m (A n ) d n (A m ) d = an am m n d

)(10

= am
am ) (10

. m = n m n d = 1

= an
. am

m n an
. m
am n d = 0

" ):"(5

) d

) (5

n A
m

m
= A n d d

) (5 .

.
n an :
)(11

= a
A
n
n n

):(11
)(12

(A n ) = an n
4

/.

) (12) (11 n n
:
= a n n n d = a n

)(13

n (A n ) d

n (A n ) d = an n n d = an

)(14

) (14) (13
:

an = an
an .

.
n m an am
:
)(15

= a
A
n
n n

)(16

= a
A
m
m m

m
) (15

:
)(17

= an m
n d

m (A n ) d

) (17:
)(18

) d = am n m d

= n A
m

m (A n ) d

) (16 am .
) (18) (17 :
)(19

=0

(an am ) m n d

am an m = n :
5

/.

nm

)(20

=0

m n d

n m .

"

: "degeneracy

" n "n-fold degenerate

n i "

linearly

"independent a .
I . :
= a
A
i
i

i = 1 ,2 ,L , n

; m , n i , m n

m n d

" ".

i a

n n
.a .
2 :
= a
A
1
1
= a
A
2
2

= C1 1 + C 2 2
:
= A
C +A
C
A
1 1
2 2
+C A

= C1 A
1
2 2 = C1 a 1 + C 2 a 2
) = a (C1 1 + C 2 2
= a
6

/.

= d dx
A

) (5
.
: :

d 2
dx
dx

- 1

= (A 2 ) dx = - 1 dxd 2 dx

- 1

: :

u dv = u v - v du
d 1
2 dx dx

= dx = 2 1 dx

dx

d 2
d 2
dx = 1
dx

dx
dx

=0

2 1

A
1

( 2

= 2 1

"

" . :
d 2
d 2
dx 1
dx
dx
dx

= d dx
A

= i d dx
A
7

/.

) (5
.
: :

d 2
dx
dx

- 1 (A 2 ) dx = - 1 i dx 2 dx = i - 1

: :

u dv = u v - v du

d 1
d

dx = 2 i 1 dx = i 2
dx

dx
dx

d 2
d 2
dx = i 1
dx

dx
dx

=0

i 2 1

+i

A
1

( 2

= i 2 1

"

" .
= i d dx
A .

B A

B B A
.
.A

B B A

A " " "commutator

:
B B A

= ] [ A , B

[ A , B ] = 0
8

 /.

[ A , B ] 0

B , A " "

n .
:

[ A , B ] = 0
:
= a
A
n
n n

B n = bn n

B
A :
= a B = a b
B A
n
n
n
n n n
B = b A

A
n
n n = bn a n n

:
B B A
= 0
A
n
n

[ A , B ] = 0

B , A

"" . n

 /.

.
n :
= a
A
n
n n

B :
= a B
A
B
n
n
n

:
= A
B
B A
n
n

:
B = a B
A
n
n
n

B n an n B n
:
B n = constant n = bn n

B .n

] [ A , B ] = [ B , A
[ A , A ] = 0
[ A , B ] + [ B , A ] = 0
] [ A , B + C ] = [ A , B ] + [ A , C
] [ A + B , C ] = [ A , C ] + [ B , C
] [ A , B C ] = [ A , B ]C + B [ A , C
] [ A B , C ] = [ A , C ] B + A[ B , C
[ A1 A2 , B1 B2 ] = B1 [ A1 A2 , B2 ] + [ A1 A2 , B1 ] B2
10

/.

[ A , [ B ,C ]] + [ C , [ A , B ]] + [ B , [ C , A ]] = 0
] [ A , B n ] = n B n 1 [ A , B
] [ An , B ] = n An 1 [ A , B
:
:
d

x
,
= 1

d x
d

d x , x = + 1

d
dx x f ( x ) dx

d
f ( x ) dx
dx

d
= x , dx f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx

d
f ( x ) dx +
dx

d
= dx x f ( x ) dx

d
x , dx f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx

d
x , dx = 1
:

d
d
d

dx , x f ( x ) dx = dx x f ( x ) dx x dx f ( x ) dx

11

/.

d
f ( x ) dx
dx

f ( x ) dx

d
f ( x ) dx +
dx

f ( x ) dx

,
x
dx = + 1

:
:

] [ x , p x

p x x x i h x x

.x :

[ x , p x ] f ( x ) x = ih x x f ( x ) x + ih x x f ( x ) x

f ( x ) x

f ( x ) x + ih x
f ( x ) x + ih
x
x

= ih x

= ih f ( x ) x

[ x , p x ] = i h
:

[ p x , x ] = i h
[ p y , y ] = i h
[ pz , z ] = i h

12

/.

:
:

] [ p x , p y

p x x p y i h x

y i h y :

f ( x , y ) x y
x y

f ( x , y ) x y
x y

) [ p x , p y ] f ( x , y ) x y = ( ih
2

( ih )2
=0

[ p x , p y ] = 0
:

[ p x , pz ] = 0
[ p y , pz ] = 0

.

:
:

] [ A , B C ] = [ A , B ]C + B [ A , C

:
13

/.

B C B C A

= ] [ A , B C

C
B A :
B C B C A
+B
C B A
C
A
A

= ] [ A , B C

:
B C B A
C + B A
C B C A

= ] [ A , B C

B B A
C + B A
C C A

= A
, B ]C + B [ A
] , C
=[A

14