Includes Teacher's Notes and Typical Experiment Results

Instruction Manual and Experiment Guide for the PASCO scientific Model TD-8552

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ELECTRICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT

ELECTRICAL ENERGY

HEAT

1987 PASCO scientific

$5.00

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Electrical Equivalent of Heat

Table of Contents
Section Page

Copyright and Warranty .................................................................................. ii Equipment Return ............................................................................................ ii Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Equipment ........................................................................................................ 1 Maintenace....................................................................................................... 2 Experiments: Experiment 1: The Electrical Equivalent of Heat ...................................... 3 Experiment 2: Efficiency of an Incandescent Lamp ................................. 5 Teacher's Guide ............................................................................................... 7

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Copyright, Warranty and Equipment Return

PleaseFeel free to duplicate this manual subject to the copyright restrictions below.

Copyright Notice
The PASCO scientific Model TD-8552 Electrical Equivalent of Heat manual is copyrighted and all rights reserved. However, permission is granted to non-profit educational institutions for reproduction of any part of this manual providing the reproductions are used only for their laboratories and are not sold for profit. Reproduction under any other circumstances, without the written consent of PASCO scientific, is prohibited.

Equipment Return
Should the product have to be returned to PASCO scientific for any reason, notify PASCO scientific by letter, phone, or fax BEFORE returning the product. Upon notification, the return authorization and shipping instructions will be promptly issued. NOTE: NO EQUIPMENT WILL BE ACCEPTED FOR RETURN WITHOUT AN AUTHORIZATION FROM PASCO.

Limited Warranty
PASCO scientific warrants this product to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment to the customer. PASCO will repair or replace, at its option, any part of the product which is deemed to be defective in material or workmanship. This warranty does not cover damage to the product caused by abuse or improper use. Determination of whether a product failure is the result of a manufacturing defect or improper use by the customer shall be made solely by PASCO scientific. Responsibility for the return of equipment for warranty repair belongs to the customer. Equipment must be properly packed to prevent damage and shipped postage or freight prepaid. (Damage caused by improper packing of the equipment for return shipment will not be covered by the warranty.) Shipping costs for returning the equipment, after repair, will be paid by PASCO scientific.

When returning equipment for repair, the units must be packed properly. Carriers will not accept responsibility for damage caused by improper packing. To be certain the unit will not be damaged in shipment, observe the following rules:

The packing carton must be strong enough for the

item shipped.

Make certain there are at least two inches of

packing material between any point on the apparatus and the inside walls of the carton.

Make certain that the packing material cannot shift

in the box or become compressed, allowing the instrument come in contact with the packing carton. Address: PASCO scientific 10101 Foothills Blvd. Roseville, CA 95747-7100 (916) 786-3800 (916) 786-3292 techsupp@pasco.com www.pasco.com

Phone: FAX: email: web:

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Introduction
The PASCO Model TD-8552 Electrical Equivalent of Heat Apparatus provides an experimental determination of the quantitative relationship between electrical energy and heat. Conversely, if the electrical equivalent of heat is accepted as a given, this apparatus can provide a convincing demonstration of the conservation of energy. With either approach, the experiment is easily extended to determine the energy efficiency of an incandescent lamp.
Instructions for two experiments, along with student worksheets, are on pages 3-6. In Experiment 1, the Electrical Equivalent of Heat is experimentally determined. An incandescent lamp is immersed in a known quantity of water and a few drops of India ink are added to the water so it is opaque to visible light. The temperature of the water is measured. The lamp is then illuminated with a fixed current and voltage for a measured time interval, so the electrical energy into the lamp can be calculated. By monitoring the temperature of the water, the heat produced by the lamp can also be calculated. The ratio between the electrical energy that flows into the lamp and the heat produced by the lamp determines the electrical equivalent of heat. In Experiment 2, the efficiency of the incandescent lamp is measured. The details are similar to Experiment 1, but no india ink is added to the water. Without the ink, the thermal energy and infrared radiation from the lamp are absorbed into the water, but the visible light escapes. To determine the amount of energy that was released as light, the heat transferred into the water is subtracted from the total electrical energy that flowed into the lamp . The ratio between the light energy and the electrical energy gives the efficiency of the bulb.

Equipment
Your Model 8552 Electrical Equivalent of Heat apparatus includes the items shown in Figure 1: a transparent Electrical Equivalent of Heat Jar (EEH Jar) with a built-in 35 Watt incandescent lamp, two styrofoam Calorimeters, and a bottle of India ink. A digital Volt-Ammeter (a separate voltmeter and ammeter are best) for measuring the power input to the lamp. (Such as PASCO Model SE-9589.) A clock or stopwatch to determine the electrical energy that flows into the lamp (energy = power x time). A thermometer, or PASCO's TD-8559 Thermistor Probe.* A balance for accurately determining the mass of the water heated by the bulb. (* A digital ohmmeter (SE-9589) is recommended for use with the Thermistor Probe.) IMPORTANT: When using the Electrical Equivalent of Heat Apparatus, always observe the following precautions: Do not fill the water beyond the line indicated on the EEH Jar. Filling beyond this level can significantly reduce the life of the lamp. Illuminate the lamp only when it is immersed in water. Never power the incandescent lamp at a voltage in excess of 13 V.
1

Figure 1 Equipment

Additional Equipment Needed:

In addition to the equipment included with your Electrical Equivalent of Heat apparatus, you will need the following items to perform the experiments in this manual: A regulated power supply capable of delivering up to 3 A at 12 V. (Such as PASCO Model SF-9584.)

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Maintenance
Replacing the Incandescent Lamp
A. The Easy Way Order the Lamp Assembly directly from PASCO scientific (Part Number 003-02956). Remove the old assembly as shown below and replace it with the PASCO replacement. B. The Hard Way The incandescent lamp is a common one that can be purchased at most auto parts stores (Bulb 1157). Follow the procedure shown below, then, WEARING GLOVES TO PROTECT YOUR HANDS, pull the lamp out of the plastic tube. You will have to solder wires to the replacement lamp. When you install the new lamp, seal it in position with RTV Silicone Rubber. Be sure the seal is water tight. Replace the lamp assembly and resolder the wires to the banana plug terminals.
Lamp Assembly

Bottom of Lid

Top of Lid

1. Remove the lid of the EEH Jar

2. Unsolder and disconnect wires from banana plug terminals.

3. Unscrew Lamp Assembly from lid of EEH Jar.

4. Reverse the procedure to replace the entire Lamp Assembly (PASCO Part Number 003-02956)

Figure 2 Replacing the Lamp

Replacement Parts
The following replacement parts can be ordered from PASCO scientific. Call for prices (Toll-free 1-800772-8700).

Part

PASCO Number

Part

PASCO Number

EEH: Jar 650-026 Lamp Assembly only 003-02956 Top Assembly 003-03124 (includes Modified Lid and Lamp Assembly) Modified Lid Components: Modified Lid Cover 648-02953 Lid Plate 648-02952 Label 646-02834

Screw (6-32X3/8 P.H.) 610-014 Black Connector 517-010 Red Connector 517-009 Lamp Assembly Components: Bulb 526-019 Bulb Holder 648-02954 Standoff 648-02955 Calorimeter India Ink 2 740-02975 725-003

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Experiment 1: The Electrical Equivalent of Heat

Measure and record the room temperature (Tr).
Weigh the EEH Jar (with the lid on), and record its mass (Mj). Remove the lid of the EEH Jar and fill the jar to the indicated water line with cold water. DO NOT OVERFILL. The water should be approxmately 10C below room temperature, but the exact temperature is not critical. Add about 10 drops of India ink to the water; enough so the lamp filament is just barely visible when the lamp is illuminated. Using leads with banana plug connectors, attach your power supply to the terminals of the EEH Jar. Connect a voltmeter and ammeter as shown in Figure 1.1 so you can measure both the current (I) and voltage (V) going into the lamp. NOTE: For best results, connect the voltmeter leads directly to the binding posts of the jar. Turn on the power supply and quickly adjust the power supply voltage to about 11.5 volts, then shut the power off. DO NOT LET THE VOLTAGE EXCEED 13 VOLTS. Insert the EEH Jar into one of the styrofoam Calorimeters. Insert your thermometer or thermistor probe through the hole in the top of the EEH Jar. Stir the water gently with the thermometer or probe while observing the temperature. When the temperature warms to about 6 or 8 degrees below room temperature, turn the power supply on. NOTE: You may want to turn the lamp on to help the cold water reach this starting temperature. If you do, be sure that you turn the lamp off for several minutes before you begin your measurements, so you are sure the water temperature is even throughout the jar. Record the starting time (ti) and the temperature (Ti). Record the current, I, and voltage, V. Keep an eye on the ammeter and voltmeter throughout the experiment to be sure these values do not shift significantly. If they do shift, use an average value for V and I in your calculations. When the temperature is as far above room temperature as it was below room temperature (Tr - Ti = Temperature - Tr), shut off the power and record the time (tf). Continue stirring the water gently. Watch the thermometer or probe until the temperature peaks and starts to drop. Record this peak temperature (Tf). Weigh the EEH Jar with the water, and record the value (Mjw).

13 V Max!

+
Voltmeter

+
Power Supply

+
Ammeter

Figure 1.1 Electrical Connections 3

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Data
Tr = _________________________________________ Mj = _________________________________________ Mjw = ________________________________________ V = _________________________________________ I= ti = tf = _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________

Ti = _________________________________________ Tf = _________________________________________

Calculations
In order to determine the electrical equivalent of heat (Je), it is necessary to determine both the total electrical energy that flowed into the lamp (E) and the total heat absorbed by the water (H).

E, the electrical energy delivered to the lamp:

E = Electrical Energy into the Lamp = V . I . t = __________________________ t = tf - ti = the time during which power was applied to the lamp = ________

H, the heat transferred to the water (and the EEH Jar):

H = (Mw +Me)(1 cal/gm C)(T f-Ti) = __________________________________ Mw = Mjw - Mj = Mass of water heated = ____________________________ Me = 23 grams. Some of the heat produced by the lamp is absorbed by the EEH Jar. For accurate results, therefore, the heat capacity of the jar must be taken into acount (The heat capacity of the EEH Jar is equivalent to that of approximately 23 grams of water.)

Je, the Electrical Equivalent of Heat:

Je = E/H = _______________________________________________________

Questions
What effect are the following factors likely to have on the accuracy of your determination of Je, the Electrical Equivalent of Heat? Can you estimate the magnitude of the effects? a. The inked water is not completely opaque to visible light. b. There is some transfer of thermal energy between the EEH Jar and the room atmosphere. (What is the advantage of beginning the experiment below room temperature and ending it an equal amount above room temperature?) How does Je compare with J, the mechanical equivalent of heat. Why?

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Experiment 2: Efficiency of an Incandescent Lamp

Repeat Experiment 1, except do not use the India ink (step 4) or the styrofoam Calorimeter (step 7). Record the same data as in Experiment 1, and use the same calculations to determine E and H. (Convert H to Joules by multiplying by Je from the first lab.) In performing the experiment with clear water and no Calorimeter, energy in the form of visible light is allowed to escape the system. However, water is a good absorber of infrared radiation, so most of the energy that is not emitted as visible light will contribute to H, the thermal energy absorbed by the water.

The efficiency of the lamp is defined as the energy converted to visible light divided by the total electrical energy that goes into the lamp. By making the assumption that all the energy that doesn't contribute to H is released as visible light, the equation for the efficiency of the lamp becomes: Efficiency = (E - Hj)/E.

Data
Tr = Mj = ________________________________________ ________________________________________

Mjw = ________________________________________ V= I= ti = tf = Ti = Tf = ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

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Calculations
In order to determine the efficiency of the lamp, it is necessary to determine both the total electrical energy that flowed into the lamp (E) and the total heat absorbed by the water (H).

E, the electrical energy delivered to the lamp:

E = Electrical Energy into the Lamp = V . I . t = __________________________ t = tf - ti = the time during which power was applied to the lamp = ________

H, the heat transferred to the water (and calorimeter):

H = (Mw +Me)(1 cal/gm C)(T f-Ti) = __________________________________ Mw = Mjw - Mj = Mass of water heated = ____________________________ Hj = H Je = ____________________________________________________ Me = 23 grams. Some of the heat produced by the lamp is absorbed by the EEH Jar. For accurate results, therefore, the heat capacity of the jar must be taken into acount (The heat capacity of the EEH Jar is equivalent to that of approximately 23 grams of water.)

Efficiency:
E-Hj E = _________________________________________________________

Questions
What effect are the following factors likely to have on the accuracy of your determination of the efficiency of the lamp? Can you estimate the magnitude of the effects? a. Water is not completely transparent to visible light. b. Not all the infrared radiation is absorbed by the water. c. The styrofoam Calorimeter was not used, so there is some transfer of thermal energy between the EEH Jar and the room atmosphere. Is an incandescent lamp more efficient as a light bulb or as a heater?

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Teachers Guide
Experiment 1: The Electrical Equivalent of Heat
Notes on Procedure
This measurement is not critical. It is important that the water temperature is uniform when you begin. If you use the bulb to bring the water temperature up to its starting temperature, let the system rest for a few minutes, then start.

Notes on Questions
a. Leakage of visible light will have negligible effect, since most of the output of the bulb is not visible. In addition, much of the visible light that escapes is reflected back into the water by the white inside walls of the calorimeter cup. b. This is the most significant source of error. Beginning and ending equal distances above and below room temperature will tend to create selfcancelling errors. Je is the same as J, since mechanical and electrical energy are equivalent.

Notes on Calculations
Je = 4.184 This is also the conversion between Joules and calories: 1cal = 4.184J. The result obtained experimentally should be within 5% of this value.

Experiment 2: Efficiency of an Incandescent Lamp

Notes on Calculations
It is critical that you change your value of H from calories to Joules for the efficiency calculations. If the students have gotten good results for Je in the first experiments (within 5% of 4.184) have them use that value for the conversion. Otherwise, or if they havent done experiment 1, use Je = 4.184.

Questions
a. Absorbtion of visible light will decrease the measured efficiency. b. Transmission of infrared will increase the measured efficiency. c. Conductive and Convective heat losses will increase the measured efficiency. The bulb is much more efficient as a heater than as a light source.

Notes on Efficiency
The efficiency will vary depending on the voltage and the bulb. Generally-accepted values for the efficienty of incandescent lighting are on the order of 10-15%. With our test bulb at 11.6V, the efficiency was measured as being 13%.

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Notes

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Technical Support
Feed-Back
If you have any comments about this product or this manual please let us know. If you have any suggestions on alternate experiments or find a problem in the manual please tell us. PASCO appreciates any customer feed-back. Your input helps us evaluate and improve our product.

Contacting Technical Support

Before you call the PASCO Technical Support staff it would be helpful to prepare the following information: If your problem is with the PASCO apparatus, note: Title and Model number (usually listed on the label). Approximate age of apparatus. A detailed description of the problem/sequence of events. (In case you can't call PASCO right away, you won't lose valuable data.) If possible, have the apparatus within reach when calling. This makes descriptions of individual parts much easier. If your problem relates to the instruction manual, note: Part number and Revision (listed by month and year on the front cover). Have the manual at hand to discuss your questions.

To Reach PASCO
For Technical Support call us at 1-800-772-8700 (tollfree within the U.S.) or (916) 786-3800.