Challenges in Todays Internet

QOS ISSUES Multiple methods available Non uniformity across internet boundaries MOBILITY
Increasing number of wireless/mobile devices accessing Internet services Inadequate support for IP mobility in devices (moving seamlessly from one network to another) 3G & 4G initiatives, 802.11x, Bluetooth, UWB moving connectivity from wireline to wireless

Why is IPv6 Here

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is a version of the Internet Protocol (IP) intended to succeed IPv4, which is the protocol currently used to direct almost all Internet traffic.[1] IPv6 was developed by IETF to deal with this anticipated IPv4 address exhaustion, and is described in Internet standard document RFC 2460, published in December 1998.[3] IPv6 provides a platform for new Internet functionality that will be needed in the immediate future, and provide flexibility for further growth and expansion.

FEATURES OF IPV6
Addressing Header Security Privacy Autoconfiguration Routing Quality of Service

ADDRESSING 128 bit address Multicast routing is now scalable with scope field Defined usage of anycast field SIMPLIFIED HEADER FORMAT Some IPv4 fields dropped or made optional IPv6 header only twice the size of v4 header,even though address is four times a v4 address EXTENSION HEADERS Options are now placed in separate headers Options are now any length Routers does not have to look at most Options AUTHENTICATION AND PRIVACY Basic required support for authentication and data integrity Basic support for Payload encryption Support for Header and Payload encryption AUTOCONFIGURATION Self configuring nodes for local links Autoconfiguration for site links Stateless uses Router Advertisement Stateful uses DHCPv6 SOURCE ROUTING Support for Source Demand Routing Protocol(SDRP) Sender can specify packet route Destination can return packet via same route ROUTE AGGREGATION Address Hierarchy Deployed in Groups Defined in RFC 2374 QUALITY OF SERVICE/CLASS OF SERVICE New 20 bit field for labelling traffic flows Continued support for IPv4 standards TRANSITION TECHNOLOGIES Required by RFC 1726 Various methodologies exist today IPv6 Relays and Gateways RFC 3056

IPv6 vs IPv4
IPv4 addresses = 4,294,967,296

IPv6 addresses= 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 No broadcast in IPv6: Replaced by MULTICAST which provides flexibility Uncontrolled Fragmentation in IPv4 Other features inherent to IPv6 are security encryption, header encryption, sender authentication and privacy

IPv6 SPECIFICATIONS
IPv6 RFC2460 IPv6 Neighbour DisCovery RFC2461 IPv6 Auto Configuration RFC 2462

IPv6 Terminology
Node A device that implements IPv6 A node can be a host or a router A node can be an entertainment system A node can be a PDA or cell phone Router A node that forwards IPv6 packets not explicitly addressed to itself Routers operate at the Network Layer Routers use metrics to determine optimal paths which network traffic should be forwarded Host Any node that is not a router A host can be your computer at home A host can be your cell phone or PDA Upper Layer A protocol layer immediately above IPv6

TCP/UDP ICMP OSPF Link A communication facility or medium over which nodes can communicate at the Data Link Layer Ethernet Token ring Frame relay A tunnel

Neighbours Nodes attached to the same link. 2 PCs on a hub can be neighbors Hosts and routers can be neighbours Host Interface A nodes attachment to a link A Network Interface Card (NIC) is an interface A node can have more than one interface Routers often have multiple interfaces A PCs dial-up adapter is an interface

Address An IPv6-layer identifier for an interface or a set of interfaces 128 bit address Prefixed by /nn bits Packet An IPv6 header plus payload. Cannot be larger than the Path MTU Includes header and header extensions Delivered in frames Link MTU The maximum transmission unit, or packet size, given in octets, that can be conveyed in one piece over a link. MTU Maximum Transmission U 4mb Token Ring MTU is 4464 octets Path MTU The minimum link MTU of all the links in a path between a source node and a destination node.

IPv6 Transition Many transition mechanisms exist today! Dual stack Tunnels Translation IPv6 Today IT COMMUNITY SUPPORT IPv6 supported by every major OS vendor

 Majority of network hardware manufacturers have IPv6 implemenations Smart device manufacturers have developed products OS SUPPORT FOR IPv6 HP UX 11i Linux (Redhat, Mandrake, Debian, SuSe) BSD flavors (Free, Net, Open) Windows 2000 and XP IBM AIX (since release 4.3) IPv6 Hardware Support Cisco, Juniper, Hitachi, Nortel, Ericsson v6 support varies between software-based and hardware-based packet forwarding IPv6 Applications Support Services currently available:

DNS, some DHCPv6 Web (Server and browsers) E-mail (server -client availability still missing) Commercial firewalls now available

IPv6 Connectivity Being implemented globally Asia : NTT, IIJ, Singapore Telecom Europe : NTT (Europe), British Telecom, France Telecom USA: MCI vBNS, Hurricane Electric, Stealthnet, NTT IPv6 networks available today 6bone An IPv6 test network that began as the IETF IPNG project Primarily tunneled via IPv4 Internet Being deprecated in favour of production v6 Internet

IPv6 organizations available www.ipv6forum.net www.v6pc.jp www.ipv6-taskforce.org www.hs247.com www.ipv6.org IPv6 Packet

Similar to IPv4 No options with padding New fields Is only 2x length even though address is 4x

IPv6 Packet Header Version IPv6 Header with no header extensions Carried in frames 8 fields Version 4 bits Identifies the version of IP protocol 0100 (4) for IPv4 0110 (6) for IPv6 Traffic Class 8 bits Allows originating nodes and/or routers to distinguish between different classes or priorities of IPv6 packets QoS is an example implementation RSVP uses Traffic Class Flow Label 20 bits Used to label a flow of traffic May be used to request special handling RFC 1809 Using the Flow Label Field in IPv6 Payload Length 16 bits Length, in octets, of the payload Payload is balance of IPv6 packet following header Extension headers are part of payload Jumbo Payloads

Next Header 8 bits Identifies the extension header immediately following Packet may have zero, one, or more extension headers Extension header order is important Hop Limit 8 bits Maximum number of hopsan IPv6 packet can be forwarded Similar to IPv4 TTL, but NOT time Decremented by each node on path Source Address 128-bits (versus IPv4 32-bit) Destination Address 128-bits (versus IPv4 32-bit)

IPv6 Extension Headers

0 Hop-by-Hop Options RFC 2460 Must be first header extension Examined by every node on a delivery path Supports Jumbo payload >65535 <4 billion Cannot use Jumbo with Fragment Only one allowed per packet 1 ICMPv4 Continued support for ICMPv4 New header for ICMPv6 Internet Control Message Protocol 6 TCP Transmission Control Protocol Provides reliable delivery Upper Layer header 17 UDP User Datagram Protocol Unreliable delivery Upper Layer header 43 Routing Options RFC 2460 Lists one or more IPv6 nodes to be visited on the way to a packets destination Not looked at by each node on path 44 Fragmentation Options RFC 2460 Only the source node can fragment a packet in IPv6 Expected that packets sent are no larger than path-MTU

50 Encapsulating Security Payload RFC 2406

Provides Encryption security Confidentiality Data origin Authentication Connectionless integrity

51 Authentication Options RFC 2402 Provides connectionless integrity Data origin Authentication 58 ICMPv6 RFC 2463 ICMPv6 is used by IPv6 nodes to report errors encountered in processing packets Is an integral part of IPv6 and MUST be fully implemented by every IPv6 node Used for Neighbor Discovery 59 No next header RFC 2460 There will be no Extension Header following this header 60 -Destination Options RFC 2460 Used to carry optional information for the Destination Used to carry optional information for the Destination

IPv6 RFCs and Standards Working Groups

RFCs related to IPv6
All RFCs related to IPv6, as of March 2011, are listed below in reverse time order. (Pale blue = obsoleted by a more recent RFC.) RFC Description 6139 Routing and Addressing in Networks with Global Enterprise Recursion (RANGER) Scenarios S. Russert, Ed., E. Fleischman, Ed., F. Templin, Ed. [February 2011] 6119 IPv6 Traffic Engineering in IS-IS J. Harrison, J. Berger, M. Bartlett [February 2011] 6106 IPv6 Router Advertisement Options for DNS Configuration J. Jeong, S. Park, L. Beloeil, S. Madanapalli [November 2010] Obsoletes RFC5006 6105 IPv6 Router Advertisement Guard E. Levy-Abegnoli, G. Van de Velde, C. Popoviciu, J. Mohacsi [February 2011] 6104 Rogue IPv6 Router Advertisement Problem Statement T. Chown, S. Venaas [February 2011]

6097 Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) Discovery for Proxy Mobile IPv6 J. Korhonen, V. Devarapalli [February 2011] 6092 Recommended Simple Security Capabilities in Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) for Providing Residential IPv6 Internet Service J. Woodyatt, Ed. [January 2011] 6089 Flow Bindings in Mobile IPv6 and Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support G. Tsirtsis, H. Soliman, N. Montavont, G. Giaretta, K. Kuladinithi [January 2011] Updates RFC5648 6088 Traffic Selectors for Flow Bindings G. Tsirtsis, G. Giarreta, H. Soliman, N. Montavont [January 2011] 6085 Address Mapping of IPv6 Multicast Packets on Ethernet S. Gundavelli, M. Townsley, O. Troan, W. Dec [January 2011] Updates RFC2464 6081 Teredo Extensions D. Thaler [January 2011] Updates RFC4380 6059 Simple Procedures for Detecting Network Attachment in IPv6 S. Krishnan, G. Daley [November 2010] 6058 Transient Binding for Proxy Mobile IPv6 M. Liebsch, Ed., A. Muhanna, O. Blume [March 2011] 6052 IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators C. Bao, C. Huitema, M. Bagnulo, M. Boucadair, X. Li [October 2010] Updates RFC4291 6036 Emerging Service Provider Scenarios for IPv6 Deployment B. Carpenter, S. Jiang [October 2010] 6018 IPv4 and IPv6 Greynets F. Baker, W. Harrop, G. Armitage [September 2010] 5991 Teredo Security Updates D. Thaler, S. Krishnan, J. Hoagland [September 2010] Updates RFC4380 5970 DHCPv6 Options for Network Boot T. Huth, J. Freimann, V. Zimmer, D. Thaler [September 2010] 5969 IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd) -- Protocol Specification W. Townsley, O. Troan [August 2010] 5963 IPv6 Deployment in Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) R. Gagliano [August 2010] 5954 Essential Correction for IPv6 ABNF and URI Comparison in RFC 3261 V. Gurbani, Ed., B. Carpenter, Ed., B. Tate, Ed. [August 2010] Updates RFC3261 5952 A Recommendation for IPv6 Address Text Representation S. Kawamura, M. Kawashima [August 2010] Updates RFC4291 5942 IPv6 Subnet Model: The Relationship between Links and Subnet Prefixes H. Singh, W. Beebee, E. Nordmark [July 2010] Updates RFC4861 5902 IAB Thoughts on IPv6 Network Address Translation D. Thaler, L. Zhang, G. Lebovitz [July 2010] 5881 Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) for IPv4 and IPv6 (Single Hop) D. Katz, D. Ward [June 2010] 5871 IANA Allocation Guidelines for the IPv6 Routing Header J. Arkko, S. Bradner [May 2010] Updates RFC2460 5855 BCP0155 Nameservers for IPv4 and IPv6 Reverse Zones J. Abley, T. Manderson [May 2010] 5847 Heartbeat Mechanism for Proxy Mobile IPv6 V. Devarapalli, Ed., R. Koodli, Ed., H. Lim, N. Kant, S. Krishnan, J. Laganier [June 2010]

5846 Binding Revocation for IPv6 Mobility A. Muhanna, M. Khalil, S. Gundavelli, K. 5845 5844 5798 5779

5778

5739 5726 5722 5701 5637 5572 5570 5569 5568 5555

Chowdhury, P. Yegani [June 2010] Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) Key Option for Proxy Mobile IPv6 A. Muhanna, M. Khalil, S. Gundavelli, K. Leung [June 2010] IPv4 Support for Proxy Mobile IPv6 R. Wakikawa, S. Gundavelli [May 2010] Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) Version 3 for IPv4 and IPv6 S. Nadas, Ed. [March 2010] Obsoletes RFC3768 Diameter Proxy Mobile IPv6: Mobile Access Gateway and Local Mobility Anchor Interaction with Diameter Server J. Korhonen, Ed., J. Bournelle, K. Chowdhury, A. Muhanna, U. Meyer [February 2010] Diameter Mobile IPv6: Support for Home Agent to Diameter Server Interaction J. Korhonen, Ed., H. Tschofenig, J. Bournelle, G. Giaretta, M. Nakhjiri [February 2010] IPv6 Configuration in Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2) P. Eronen, J. Laganier, C. Madson [February 2010] Mobile IPv6 Location Privacy Solutions Y. Qiu, F. Zhao, Ed., R. Koodli [February 2010] Handling of Overlapping IPv6 Fragments S. Krishnan [December 2009] Updates RFC2460 IPv6 Address Specific BGP Extended Community Attribute Y. Rekhter [November 2009] Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Goals for Mobile IPv6 G. Giaretta, I. Guardini, E. Demaria, J. Bournelle, R. Lopez [September 2009] IPv6 Tunnel Broker with the Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP) M. Blanchet, F. Parent [February 2010] Common Architecture Label IPv6 Security Option (CALIPSO) M. StJohns, R. Atkinson, G. Thomas [July 2009] IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd) R. Despres [January 2010] Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers R. Koodli, Ed. [July 2009] Obsoletes RFC5268 Mobile IPv6 Support for Dual Stack Hosts and Routers H. Soliman, Ed. [June 2009]

Latest IPv6 RFC from IETF

The latest RFC to be released takes a bold step forward by leveraging the pervasiveness of social networks. RFC 5514, entitled IPv6 over Social Networks, has recently been released (April 1, 2009) and promises to catapult IPv6 into common use. Although an experimental RFC (as opposed to a full-fledged standard), this new work offers a breakthrough implementation. The sole author of the RFC is Eric Vyncke of Cisco Systems (Belgium). Not always the source of network innovation, Cisco clearly has taken a lead in driving IPv6 into the public consciousness and the Internet. While as a standard it is available for all vendors to

implement, it is hopeful that Cisco itself will continue to lead with some interesting new products that employ this RFC. Like most standards, this one is a bit of a challenge to read. However, it is well worth perusing to get a sense of what is in store: REFERENCES http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5514.txt ftp://ftp-eng.cisco.com/pfs/seminars/SANOG5-IPv6-Tutorial.pdf IPV6: The Basis for the Next-Generation Networks IPv6 Integration and Coexistence Strategies for Next-Generation Networks Mallik Tatipamula, Patrick Grossetete, Cisco Systems Discovering IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels in the Internet Lorenzo Colitti, Maurizio Patrignani 2003 Preparing network configurations for IPv6 renumbering Damien Leroy, Olivier Bonaventure