Correlations PVT SCAL

Technical Description
Rock compressibility
325
Chapter 7
PVT property correlations
Rock compressibility
Newman
Consolidated limestone
psi [EQ 7.1]
Consolidated sandstone
psi [EQ 7.2]
Unconsolidated sandstone
psi, [EQ 7.3]
where
is the porosity of the rock
Hall
psi [EQ 7.4]
C
r
exp 4.026 23.07| 44.28|
2
+ ( )
6
10 =
C
r
exp 5.118 36.26| 63.98|
2
+ ( )
6
10 =
C
r
exp 34.012 | 0.2 ( ) ( )
6
10 = 0.2 | 0.5 s s ( )
|
C
r
3.63
5
10
2|
-------------------------P
Ra
0.58
=
326
Water correlations
psi, [EQ 7.5]
psi,
where
Knaap
psi [EQ 7.6]
psi [EQ 7.7]
where
Water correlations
Compressibility
Meehan
[EQ 7.8]
C
r
7.89792
4
10
2
----------------------------------P
Ra
0.687
= | 0.17 >
C
r
7.89792
4
10
2
----------------------------------P
Ra
0.687
|
0.17
----------
\ .
| |
0.42818
= | 0.17 <
is the porosity of the roc
is the rock reference pressure
is
|
P
a
P
Ra
depth over burden gradient 14.7 P
a
+ ( ) 2
C
r
0.864
4
10
P
Ra
0.42
P
Ri
0.42
| P
i
P
a
( )
--------------------------------- 0.96
7
10 =
C
r
0.292
2
10
P
Ra
0.30
P
Ri
0.30
P
i
P
a
--------------------------------- 1.86
7
10 =
is the rock initial pressure
is the rock reference pressure
is the porosity of the rock
is
is
P
i
P
a
|
P
Ri
i
+ ( ) 2
P
Ra
a
+ ( ) 2
c
w
S
c
a bT
F
cT
F
2
+ + ( )
6
10 =
Water correlations
327
where
[EQ 7.9]
where
Row and Chou
[EQ 7.10]
[EQ 7.11]
[EQ 7.12]
[EQ 7.13]
[EQ 7.14]
[EQ 7.15]
[EQ 7.16]
[EQ 7.17]
[EQ 7.18]
a 3.8546 0.000134p =
b 0.01052 4.77
7
10 p + =
c 3.9267
5
10 8.8
10
10 p =
S
c
1 NaCl
0.7
0.052 0.00027T
F
1.14
6
10 T
F
2
1.121
9
10 T
F
3
+ + ( ) + =
is the fluid temperature in F
is the pressure of interest, in psi
is the salinity (1% = 10,000 ppm)
T
F
p
NaCl
a 5.916365 10
0
T
F
1.0357940 10
2
T
F
9.270048 + ( )
1
T
F
------ 1.127522 10
3
1
T
F
------ 1.006741 10
5
+
\ .
| |
+
+ =
b 5.204914 10
3
T
F
1.0482101 10
5
T
F
8.328532 10
9
+ ( )
1
T
F
------ 1.170293
1
T
F
------ 1.022783 10
2)
+
\ .
| |
+
+ =
c 1.18547 10
8
T
F
6.599143
11
10 =
d 2.51660 T
F
1.11766
2
10 T
F
1.70552
5
10 ( ) + =
e 2.84851 T
F
1.54305
2
10 T
F
2.23982
5
10 + ( ) + =
f 1.4814
3
10 T
F
8.2969
6
10 T
F
1.2469
8
10 ( ) + =
g 2.7141
3
10 T
F
1.5391
5
10 T
F
2.2655
8
10 + ( ) + =
h 6.2158
7
10 T
F
4.0075
9
10 T
F
6.5972
12
10 + ( ) + =
V
w
a
p
14.22
------------- b
p
14.22
------------- c +
\ .
| |
NaCl 1
6
10
d NaCl 1
6
10 e + ( )
NaCl 1
6
10
p
14.22
------------- f NaCl 1
6
10 g 0.5
p
14.22
------------- h) + +
\ .
| |

+ =
328
Water correlations
[EQ 7.19]
Formation volume factor
Meehan
[EQ 7.20]
For gas-free water
[EQ 7.21]
For gas-saturated water
[EQ 7.22]
[EQ 7.23]
where
c
w
b 2.0
p
14.22
------------- c NaCl 1
6
10 f NaCl 1
6
10 g
p
14.22
------------- h + +
\ .
| |
+ +
\ .
| |
V
w
14.22
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ =
is the specific volume of Water
is compressibility of Water
T
F
p
NaCl
V
w
cm
3
gram | |
c
w
1 psi | |
B
w
a bp cp
2
+ + ( )S
c
=
a 0.9947 5.8
6
10 T
F
1.02
6
10 T
F
2
+ + =
b 4.228
6
10 1.8376
8
10 T
F
6.77
11
10 T
F
2
+ =
c 1.3
10
10 1.3855
12
10 T
F
4.285
15
10 T
F
2
+ =
a 0.9911 6.35
6
10 T
F
8.5
7
10 T
F
2
+ + =
b 1.093
6
10 3.497
9
10 T
F
4.57
12
10 T
F
2
+ =
c 5
11
10 6.429
13
10 T
F
1.43
15
10 T
F
2
+ =
S
c
1 NaCl 5.1
8
10 p 5.47
6
10 1.96
10
10 p ( ) T
F
60 ( )
3.23
8
10 8.5
13
10 p + ( ) T
F
60 ( )
2
+
+
|
|
+ =
T
F
p
NaCl
Water correlations
329
Viscosity
Meehan
[EQ 7.24]
[EQ 7.25]
Pressure correction:
[EQ 7.26]
where
Van Wingen
[EQ 7.27]
where
Density
[EQ 7.28]
where
Water Gradient:
[EQ 7.29]
w
S
c
S
p
0.02414
446.04 T
r
252 ( )
10 =
S
c
1 0.00187NaCl
0.5
0.000218NaCl
2.5
T
F
0.5
0.0135T
F
( ) 0.00276NaCl 0.000344NaCl
1.5
( )
+
+
=
S
p
1 3.5
12
10 p
2
T
F
40 ( ) + =
T
F
p
NaCl
w
e
1.003 T
F
1.479
2
10 1.982
5
10 T
F
+ ( ) + ( )
=
T
F
w
62.303 0.438603NaCl 1.60074
3
10 NaCl
2
+ +
B
w
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
is the formation volume factor
is the Density of Water
NaCl
B
w
w
lb ft
3
| |
g

w
144.0
------------- [psi/ft] =
330
Gas correlations
Gas correlations
Z-factor
Dranchuk, Purvis et al.
[EQ 7.30]
[EQ 7.31]
[EQ 7.32]
[EQ 7.33]
[EQ 7.34]
[EQ 7.35]
[EQ 7.36]
where
z 1 a
1
a
2
T
R
-
---------
a
3
T
R
3-
--------- + +
\ .
|
|
| |
P
r
a
4
a
5
T
R
-
--------- +
\ .
|
| |
P
r
2
a
5
a
6
P
r
5
T
R
-
-------------------
a
7
P
r
2
T
R
3-
------------ 1 a
8
P
r
2
+ ( )exp a
8
P
r
2
( )
+ + +
+
=
T
R
-
T
R
T
c
-
-------- =
T
c
-
T
c
5E
3
9
---------
\ .
| |
=
E
3
120 Y
H
2
S
Y
CO
2
+ ( )
0.9
Y
H
2
S
Y
CO
2
+ ( )
1.6
\ .
| |
15 Y
H
2
S
0.5
Y
H
2
S
4
\ .
| |
+ =
P
r
0.27P
pr
ZT
R
-
------------------- =
P
pr
P
P
c
-
--------- =
P
c
-
P
c
T
c
-
T
c
Y
H
2
S
1 Y
H
2
S
( )E
3
+
----------------------------------------------------------- =
is the reservoir temperature, K
is the critical temperature, K
is the reduced temperature
is the adjusted pseudo critical temperature
is the mole fraction of Hydrogen Sulphide
T
R
T
c
T
R
-
T
c
-
Y
H
2
S
Gas correlations
331
[EQ 7.37]
Hall Yarborough
[EQ 7.38]
where
Reduced density ( ) is the solution of the following equation:
[EQ 7.41]
This is solved using a Newon-Raphson iterative technique.
is the mole fraction of Carbon Dioxide
is the pressure of interest
is the critical pressure
is the adjusted pseudo critical Pressure
is the critical temperature, K
Y
CO
2
P
P
c
P
c
-
T
c
a
1
0.31506237 =
a
2
1.04670990 =
a
3
0.57832729 =
a
4
0.53530771 =
a
5
0.61232032 =
a
6
0.10488813 =
a
7
0.68157001 =
a
8
0.68446549 =
Z
0.06125P
pr
t
Y
------------------------------
\ .
| |
exp
1.2 1 t ( )
2
( )
=
is the pseudo reduced pressure
is
is the reduced density
(where is the pressure of interest and is the critical pressure)
[EQ 7.39]
(where is the critical temperature and is the
temperature in R) [EQ 7.40]
P
pr
t 1 pseudo reduced temperature
Y
P
pr
P
P
crit
----------- =
P P
crit
t
T
crit
T
R
---------- =
T
crit
T
R
Y
0.06125P
pr
t
e
1.2 1 t ( )
2
Y Y
2
Y
3
Y
4
+ +
1 Y ( )
3
----------------------------------------
14.76t 9.76t
2
4.58t
3
+ ( )Y
2
90.7t 242.2t
2
4.58t
3
+ ( )Y
2.18 2.82t + ( )
+
+ 0 =
332
Gas correlations
Viscosity
Lee, Gonzalez, and Akin
[EQ 7.42]
where
[EQ 7.43]
where
Compressibility
[EQ 7.44]
where
Density
[EQ 7.45]
[EQ 7.46]
g
10
4
K Xp
Y
( ) exp =
1.4935 10
3
( )p
M
g
zT
-------- =
B
g
ZT
R
P
sc
T
sc
P
------------------- =
is the Z-factor at pressure
is the reservoir temperature
is the pressure at standard conditions
is the temperature at standard conditions
Z P
T
R
P
sc
T
sc
P
C
g
1
P
---
1
Z
---
Z c
P c
------
\ .
| |
=
is the Z-factor at pressure
P
Z P
g
35.35
sc
P
ZT
------------------------- =
sc
0.0763
g
=
Oil correlations
333
where
Condensate correction
[EQ 7.47]
where
Oil correlations
Compressibility
Saturated oil
McCain, Rollins and Villena (1988)
[EQ 7.48]
where
is the gas gravity
is the Z-factor
is the temperature in R
g
P
Z
T
gcorr
0.07636
g
350
con
c
gr
( ) +
0.002636
350
con
c
gr

6084
conAPI
5.9 ( )
-------------------------------------------------
\ .
|
| |
+
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ =
is the gas gravity
is the condensate gravity
is the condensate gas ratio in stb/scf
is the condensate API
con
c
gr
conAPI
c
o
7.573 1.450 p ( ) ln 0.383 p
b
( ) ln 1.402 T ( ) ln 0.256
API
( ) ln 0.449 R
sb
( ) ln + + + | | exp =
is isothermal compressibility, psi
-1
is the solution gas-oil ratio at the bubble point pressure, scf/STB
is the weight average of separator gas and stock-tank gas specific
gravities
is the temperature,
o
R
C
o
R
sb
g
T
334
Oil correlations
Undersaturated oil
Vasquez and Beggs
[EQ 7.49]
where
Example
Determine a value for where psia, scf /STB, ,
API, F.
Solution
[EQ 7.50]
/psi [EQ 7.51]
Petrosky and Farshad (1993)
[EQ 7.52]
where
Saturated systems
Three correlations are available for saturated systems:
Standing
c
o
5R
sb
17.2T 1180
g
12.61
API
1433 + + ( )
5
10
p
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ =
is the oil compressibility 1/psi
is the solution GOR, scf/STB
is the gas gravity (air = 1.0)
is the stock tank oil gravity, API
is the temperature in F
is the pressure of interest, psi
c
o
R
sb
API
T
p
c
o
p 3000 = R
sb
500 =
g
0.80 =
API
30 = T 220 =
c
o
5 500 ( ) 17.2 220 ( ) 1180 0.8 ( ) 12.61 30 ( ) 1433 + +
3000
5
10
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
c
o
1.43
5
10 =
C
o
1.705
7
10 R
s
0.69357
( )
g
0.1885
API
0.3272
T
0.6729
p
0.5906
=
is the average gas specific gravity (air = 1)
is the oil API gravity,
o
API
is the temperature,
o
F
is the pressure, psia
R
s
API
T
p
Oil correlations
335
Vasquez and Beggs
GlasO
Petrosky
These are describe below.
Standing
[EQ 7.53]
where
Example
Use Standings equation to estimate the oil FVF for the oil system described by the
data F, scf / STB, , .
Solution
[EQ 7.55]
[EQ 7.56]
bbl / STB [EQ 7.57]
Vasquez and Beggs
[EQ 7.58]
where
B
o
0.972 0.000147F
1.175
+ =
= R
s
(
g
/
o
)
0.5
+ 1.25 T [EQ 7.54]
and
is the oil FVF, bbl/STB
is the oil specific gravity = 141.5/(131.5 +
API
)
F
B
o
R
s
o
T
T 200 = R
s
350 =
g
0.75 =
API
30 =
o
141.5
131.5 30 +
------------------------- 0.876 = =
F 350
0.75
0.876
-------------
\ .
| |
0.5
1.25 200 ( ) + 574 = =
B
o
1.228 =
B
o
1 C
1
R
s
C
2
C
3
R
s
+ ( ) T 60 ( )

API
gc
-----------
\ .
|
| |
+ + =
is the stock tank oil gravity, API
is the gas gravity
R
s
T
API
gc
336
Oil correlations
, , are obtained from the following table:
Table 7.1 Values of C
1
, C
2
and C
3
as used in [EQ 7.58]
API s 30 API > 30
C
1
4.677 10 -4 4.670 10-4
C
2
1.751 10 -5 1.100 10-5
C
3
-1.811 10 -8 1.337 10 -9
C
1
C
2
C
3
Oil correlations
337
Example
Use the Vasquez and Beggs equation to determine the oil FVF at bubblepoint
pressure for the oil system described by psia, scf / STB,
, and F.
Solution
bb /STB [EQ 7.59]
GlasO
[EQ 7.60]
[EQ 7.61]
[EQ 7.62]
where
[EQ 7.63]
where
Undersaturated systems
[EQ 7.64]
p
b
2652 = R
sb
500 =
gc
0.80 =
API
30 = T 220 =
B
o
1.285 =
B
o
1.0 10
A
+ =
A 6.58511 2.91329 B
ob
-
log 0.27683 B
ob
-
log ( )
2
+ =
B
ob
-
R
s
o
-----
\ .
|
| |
0.526
0.968T + =
is the oil specific gravity,
is a correlating number
R
s
o

o
141.5 131.5
API
+ ( ) =
T
B
ob
-
B
o
1.0113 7.2046
5
10 R
s
0.3738

g
0.2914
o
0.6265
------------------
\ .
|
| |
0.24626T
0.5371
+
3.0936
+ =
is the oil FVF, bbl/STB
is the temperature,
o
F
B
o
R
s
T
B
o
B
ob
exp c
o
p
b
p ( ) ( ) =
338
Oil correlations
where
Viscosity
Saturated systems
There are 4 correlations available for saturated systems:
Beggs and Robinson
Standing
GlasO
Khan
Ng and Egbogah
These are described below.
Beggs and Robinson
[EQ 7.65]
where
Taking into account any dissolved gas we get
[EQ 7.66]
where
Example
Use the following data to calculate the viscosity of the saturated oil system.
F, , scf / STB.
Solution
is the oil FVF at bubble point, psi.
is the oil isothermal compressibility, 1/psi
is the bubble point pressure, psi
B
ob
p
b
c
o
p
p
b
od
10
x
1 =
is the dead oil viscosity, cp
is the temperature of interest, F
is the stock tank gravity
x T
1.168
exp 6.9824 0.04658
API
( ) =
od
T
API
o
A
od
B
=
A 10.715 R
s
100 + ( )
0.515
=
B 5.44 R
s
150 + ( )
0.338
=
T 137 =
API
22 = R
s
90 =
Oil correlations
339
cp
cp
Standing
[EQ 7.67]
[EQ 7.68]
where
[EQ 7.69]
[EQ 7.70]
[EQ 7.71]
where
Glas|
[EQ 7.72]
[EQ 7.73]
[EQ 7.74]
and
[EQ 7.75]
[EQ 7.76]
x 1.2658 =
od
17.44 =
A 0.719 =
B 0.853 =
o
8.24 =
od
0.32
1.8
7
10
API
4.53
------------------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
360
T 260
------------------
\ .
| |
a
=
a 10
0.43
8.33
API
----------- +
\ .
| |
=
T
API
o
10
a
( )
od
( )
b
=
a R
s
2.2
7
10 R
s
7.4
4
10 ( ) =
b
0.68
10
8.62
5
10 R
s
-----------------------------------
0.25
10
1.1
3
10 R
s
--------------------------------
0.062
10
3.74
3
10 R
s
----------------------------------- + + =
R
s
o
10
a
od
( )
b
=
a R
s
2.2
7
10 R
s
7.4
4
10 ( ) =
b
0.68
10
8.62
5
10 R
s
-----------------------------------
0.25
10
1.1
3
10 R
s
--------------------------------
0.062
10
3.74
3
10 R
s
----------------------------------- + + =
od
3.141
10
10 T 460 ( )
3.444
API
log ( )
a
=
10.313 T 460 ( ) log ( ) 36.44 =
340
Oil correlations
where
Khan
[EQ 7.77]
[EQ 7.78]
where
Ng and Egbogah (1983)
[EQ 7.79]
Solving for , the equation becomes,
[EQ 7.80]
where
uses the same formula as Beggs and Robinson to calculate Viscosity
Undersaturated systems
There are 5 correlations available for undersaturated systems:
Vasquez and Beggs
Standing
T
API
o

ob
p
p
b
-----
\ .
| |
0.14
e
2.5
4
10 ( ) p p
b
( )
=
ob
0.09
g
0.5
R
s
1 3
u
r
4.5
1
o
( )
3
--------------------------------------------- =
is the viscosity at the bubble point
is
is the temperature, R
is the specific gravity of oil
is the specific gravity of solution gas
is the bubble point pressure
ob
u
r
T 460
T
g
p
b
p
od
1 + ( ) log | | log 1.8653 0.025086
API
0.5644 T ( ) log =
od
od
10
10
1.8653 0.025086
API
0.5644 T ( ) log ( )
1 =
o
API
is the temperature,
o
F
od
API
T
Oil correlations
341
GlasO
Khan
Ng and Egbogah
These are described below.
Vasquez and Beggs
[EQ 7.81]
where
where
Example
Calculate the viscosity of the oil system described at a pressure of 4750 psia, with
F, , , scf / SRB.
Solution
psia.
cp
cp
Standing
[EQ 7.82]
o

ob
p
p
b
-----
\ .
| |
m
=
= viscosity at
= viscosity at
= pressure of interest, psi
= bubble point pressure, psi
o
p p
b
>
ob
p
b
p
p
b
m C
1
p
C
2
exp C
3
C
4
p + ( ) =
C
1
2.6 =
C
2
1.187 =
C
3
11.513 =
C
4
8.98
5
10 =
T 240 =
API
31 =
g
0.745 = R
sb
532 =
p
b
3093 =
ob
0.53 =
o
0.63 =
o

ob
0.001 p p
b
( ) 0.024
ob
1.6
0.038
ob
0.56
+ ( ) + =
342
Oil correlations
where
GlasO
[EQ 7.83]
where
Khan
[EQ 7.84]
where
Ng and Egbogah (1983)
[EQ 7.85]
Solving for , the equation becomes,
[EQ 7.86]
where
uses the same formula as Beggs and Robinson to calculate Viscosity
is the viscosity at bubble point
ob
p
p
b
o

ob
0.001 p p
b
( ) 0.024
ob
1.6
0.038
ob
0.56
+ ( ) + =
ob
p
p
b
o

ob
e
9.6
5
10 p p
b
( )
=
ob
p
p
b
od
1 + ( ) log | | log 1.8653 0.025086
API
0.5644 T ( ) log =
od
od
10
10
1.8653 0.025086
API
0.5644 T ( ) log ( )
1 =
o
API
is the temperature,
o
F
od
API
T
Oil correlations
343
Bubble point
Standing

[EQ 7.87]
where
Example:
Estimate where scf / STB, F, , API.
Solution
[EQ 7.88]
psia [EQ 7.89]
Lasater
For
[EQ 7.90]
For
[EQ 7.91]
[EQ 7.92]
For
[EQ 7.93]
For
P
b
18
R
sb
g
-------- -
\ .
|
| |
0.83
y
g
10 =
= mole fraction gas =
= bubble point pressure, psia
= solution GOR at , scf / STB
= gas gravity (air = 1.0)
= reservoir temperature,F
= stock-tank oil gravity, API
y
g
0.00091T
R
0.0125
API
P
b
R
sb
P P
b
>
g
T
R
API
p
b
R
sb
350 = T
R
200 =
g
0.75 =
API
30 =
g
0.00091 200 ( ) 0.0125 30 ( ) 0.193 = =
p
b
18
350
0.75
----------
\ .
| |
0.83
0.193
10 1895 = =
API 40 s
M
o
630 10
API
=
API 40 >
M
o
73110
API
1.562
-------------- - =
y
g
1.0
1.0 1.32755
o
M
o
R
sb
( ) +
----------------------------------------------------------------- =
y
g
0.6 s
P
b
0.679exp 2.786y
g
( ) 0.323 ( )T
R
g
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
y
g
0.6 >
344
Oil correlations
[EQ 7.94]
where
Example
Given the following data, use the Lasater method to estimate
.
, scf / STB, , F, . [EQ 7.95]
Solution
[EQ 7.96]
[EQ 7.97]
psia [EQ 7.98]
Vasquez and Beggs
[EQ 7.99]
where
Example
Calculate the bubblepoint pressure using the Vasquez and Beggs correlation and the
following data.
, scf / STB, , F, . [EQ 7.100]
Solution
P
b
8.26y
g
3.56
1.95 + ( )T
R
g
---------------------------------------------------- =
is the effective molecular weight of the stock-tank oil from API
gravity
= oil specific gravity (relative to water)
M
o
o
1
, C
2
and C
3
API < 30 API > 30
C
1
0.0362 0.0178
C
2
1.0937 1.1870
C
3
25.7240 23.9310
p
b
y
g
0.876 = R
sb
500 =
o
0.876 = T
R
200 =
API
30 =
M
o
630 10 30 ( ) 330 = =
y
g
550 379.3
500 379.3 350 0.876 330 ( ) +
------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.587 = =
p
b
3.161 660 ( )
0.876
--------------------------- 2381.58 = =
P
b
R
sb
C
1
g
exp
C
3
API
T
R
460 +
----------------------
\ .
|
| |
--------------------------------------------------
1
C
2
------
=
y
g
0.80 = R
sb
500 =
g
0.876 = T
R
200 =
API
30 =
Oil correlations
345
psia [EQ 7.101]
GlasO
[EQ 7.102]
[EQ 7.103]
where
for volatile oils is used.
Corrections to account for non-hydrocarbon components:
[EQ 7.104]
[EQ 7.105]
[EQ 7.106]
[EQ 7.107]
p
b
500
0.0362 0.80 ( )exp 25.724
30
680
-------- -
\ .
| |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
1.0937
----------------
2562 = =
P
b
( ) log 1.7669 1.7447 P
b
-
( ) log 0.30218 P
b
-
( ) log ( )
2
+ =
P
b
-
R
s
g
-----
\ .
|
| |
0.816
T
p
0.172
API
0.989
---------------
\ .
|
|
| |
=
is the solution GOR, scf / STB
is the gas gravity
is the reservoir temperature,F
is the stock-tank oil gravity, API
R
s
g
T
F
API
T
F
0.130
P
b
c
P
b
c
CorrCO2 CorrH2S CorrN2 =
CorrN2 1 a1
API
a
2
+ T
F
a
3
API
a
4
+ | |Y
N2
a
5
API
a
6
T
F
a
6
API
a
7
a
8
+ Y
N2
2
+
+
=
CorrCO2 1 693.8Y
CO2
T
F
1.553
=
CorrH2S 1 0.9035 0.0015
API
+ ( )Y
H2S
0.019 45
API
( )Y
H2S
+ =
346
Oil correlations
where
Marhoun
[EQ 7.109]
where
[EQ 7.111]
[EQ 7.108]
is the mole fraction of Nitrogen
a
1
2.65
4
10 =
a
2
5.5
3
10 =
a
3
0.0391 =
a
4
0.8295 =
a
5
1.954
11
10 =
a
6
4.699 =
a
7
0.027 =
a
8
2.366 =
T
F
API
Y
N2
Y
CO2
Y
H2S
p
b
a
R
s
b
g
c
o
d
T
R
e
=
is the gas gravity
is the reservoir temperature,R
[EQ 7.110]
R
s
g
T
R
a 5.38088
3
10 =
b 0.715082 =
c 1.87784 =
d 3.1437 =
e 1.32657 =
p
b
112.727
R
s
0.5774
g
0.8439
-------------------
X
10
12.340 =
Oil correlations
347
where
GOR
Standing
[EQ 7.112]
where
Example
Estimate the solution GOR of the following oil system using the correlations of
Standing, Lasater, and Vasquez and Beggs and the data:
psia, F, , . [EQ 7.113]
Solution
scf / STB [EQ 7.114]
Lasater
[EQ 7.115]
For
[EQ 7.116]
For
is the average gas specific gravity (air=1)
is the oil specific gravity (air=1)
is the temperature,
o
F
X 4.561
5
10 T
1.3911
7.916
4
10
API
1.5410
=
R
s
o
T
R
s

g
p
18
y
g
10
--------------------
\ .
|
| |
1.204
=
is the mole fraction gas =
y
g
0.00091T
R
0.0125
AP
R
s
g
T
F
API
p 765 = T 137 =
API
22 =
g
0.65 =
R
s
0.65
765
18
0.15
10
----------------------------
\ .
| |
1.204
90 = =
R
s
132755
o
y
g
M
o
1 y
g
( )
----------------------------- =
API 40 s
M
o
630 10
API
=
API 40 >
348
Oil correlations
[EQ 7.117]
For
[EQ 7.118]
For
[EQ 7.119]
where is in R.
Example
psia, F, , . [EQ 7.120]
Solution
[EQ 7.121]
[EQ 7.122]
Vasquez and Beggs
[EQ 7.124]
where C
1
, C
2
, C
3
are obtained from Table 7.3.
Example
psia, F, , . [EQ 7.125]
1
, C
2
and C
3
API < 30 API > 30
C
1
0.0362 0.0178
C
2
1.0937 1.1870
C
3
25.7240 23.9310
M
o
73110
API
1.562
-------------- - =
p
g
T 3.29 <
y
g
0.359ln
1.473p
g
T
---------------------- 0.476 +
\ .
| |
=
p
g
T 3.29 >
y
g
0.121p
g
T
---------------------- 0.236
\ .
| |
0.281
=
T
p 765 = T 137 =
API
22 =
g
0.65 =
y
g
0.359ln 1.473 0.833 ( ) 0.476 + | | 0.191 = =
M
o
630 10 22 ( ) 410 = =
R
s
132755 0.922 ( ) 0.191 ( )
410 1 0.191 ( )
------------------------------------------------------- 70 = =
R
s
C
1
g
p
C
2
exp
C
3
API
T
R
460 +
----------------------
\ .
|
| |
=
p 765 = T 137 =
API
22 =
g
0.65 =
Oil correlations
349
Solution
GlasO
[EQ 7.127]
[EQ 7.128]
[EQ 7.129]
where
Marhoun
[EQ 7.130]
where
R
s
0.0362 0.65 ( ) 765 ( )
1.0937
exp
25.724 22 ( )
137 460 +
--------------------------- 87 = =
R
s

g
API
0.989
T
F
0.172
---------------
\ .
|
|
| |
P
b
-
1.2255
=
P
b
-
10
2.8869 14.1811 3.3093 P
bc
( ) log ( )
0.5
| |
=
P
bc
P
b
CorrN2 CorrCO2 CorrH2S + +
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
is the mole fraction of Nitrogen
g
T
F
API
Y
N2
Y
CO2
Y
H2S
R
s
a
g
b
o
c
T
d
p
b
( )
e
=
is the temperature, R
is the specific gravity of oil
is the bubble point pressure
[EQ 7.131]
T
g
p
b
a 185.843208 =
b 1.877840 =
c 3.1437 =
d 1.32657 =
e 1.398441 =
350
Oil correlations
[EQ 7.132]
where
Separator gas gravity correction
[EQ 7.134]
where
R
s
p
b
112.727
------------------- 12.340 +
\ .
| |
g
0.8439
X
10
1.73184
=
[EQ 7.133]
is the bubble-point pressure, psia
is the temperature,
o
F
X 7.916
4
10
g
1.5410
4.561
5
10 T
1.3911
=
p
b
T
gcorr

g
1 5.912
5
10
API
T
Fsep
P
sep
114.7
-------------
\ .
| |
log +
\ .
| |
=
is the gas gravity
is the oil API
is the separator temperature in F
is the separator pressure in psia
API
T
Fsep
P
sep
Oil correlations
351
Tuning factors
Bubble point (Standing):
[EQ 7.135]
GOR (Standing):
[EQ 7.136]
Formation volume factor:
[EQ 7.137]
[EQ 7.138]
Compressibility:
[EQ 7.139]
Saturated viscosity (Beggs and Robinson):
[EQ 7.140]
[EQ 7.141]
[EQ 7.142]
Undersaturated viscosity (Standing):
[EQ 7.143]
P
b
18 FO1
R
sb
g
-------- -
\ .
|
| |
0.83
g
10 =
R
s

g
P
18 FO1

g
10
-----------------------------------
\ .
|
| |
1.204
=
B
o
0.972 FO2 0.000147 FO3 F
1.175
+ =
F R
s
o
-----
\ .
|
| |
0.5
1.25T
F
+ =
c
o
FO4 5R
sb
17.2T
F
1180
g
12.61
API
1433 + + ( )
5
10
P
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
o
A
od
B
=
A 10.715 FO5 R
s
100 + ( )
0.515
=
B 5.44 FO6 R
s
150 + ( )
0.338
=
o

ob
P P
b
( ) FO7 0.024
ob
1.6
0.038
ob
0.56
+ ( ) | | + =
352
Oil / water
SCAL correlations
Oil / water
Figure 7.1 Oil/water SCAL correlations
where
Corey functions
Water
(For values between and )
[EQ 7.144]
K
ro
K
rw
0 1
S
wmin
K
ro
(S
wmin
)
Swmin Swcr 1-Sorw
Sorw
Krw(Sorw)
,
Swmax,
Krw(Swmax)
is the minimum water saturation
is the critical water saturation (> )
is the residual oil saturation to water ( )
is the water relative permeability at residual oil saturation
is the water relative permeability at maximum water saturation (that
is 100%)
is the oil relative permeability at minimum water saturation
s
wmin
s
wcr
s
wmin
s
orw
1 s
orw
s
wcr
>
k
rw
s
orw
( )
k
rw
s
wmax
( )
k
ro
s
wmin
( )
S
wcr
1 S
orw
k
rw
k
rw
s
orw
( )
s
w
s
wcr
s
wmax
s
wcr
s
orw
---------------------------------------------------
C
w
=
Gas / water
353
where is the Corey water exponent.
Oil
[EQ 7.145]
where
Gas / water
Figure 7.2 Gas/water SCAL correlations
C
w
s
wmin
1 s
orw
k
ro
k
ro
s
wmin
( )
s
wmax
s
w
s
orw
s
wmax
s
wi
s
orw
-----------------------------------------------
C
o
=
is the initial water saturation and
is the Corey oil exponent.
s
wi
C
o
Krg
Krw
0 1 Swmin Swcr Sgrw
Swmin,
Krg(Swmin)
Sgrw,
Krw(Sgrw)
Swmax,
Krw(Smax)
354
Gas / water
where
Corey functions
Water
[EQ 7.146]
where is the Corey water exponent.
Gas
[EQ 7.147]
where
is the critical water saturation (> )
is the residual gas saturation to water ( )
is the water relative permeability at residual gas saturation
is 100%)
is the gas relative permeability at minimum water saturation
s
wmin
s
wcr
s
wmin
s
grw
1 s
grw
s
wcr
>
k
rw
s
grw
( )
k
rw
s
wmax
( )
k
rg
s
wmin
( )
s
wcr
1 s
grw
k
rw
k
rw
s
grw
( )
s
w
s
wcr
s
wmax
s
wcr
s
grw
---------------------------------------------------
C
w
=
C
w
s
wmin
1 s
grw
k
rg
k
rg
s
wmin
( )
s
wmax
s
w
s
grw
s
wmax
s
wi
s
grw
-----------------------------------------------
C
g
=
is the Corey gas exponent.
s
wi
C
g
Oil / gas
355
Oil / gas
Figure 7.3 Oil/gas SCAL correlations
where
Corey functions
Oil
[EQ 7.148]
0
S
liquid
1-S
gcr
1-S
gmin
S
wmin
S
org
+S
wmin
S
wmin
,
K
rg
(S
wmin
)
S
org
+S
wmin
,
K
rg
(S
org
)
S
wmax
,
K
rw
(S
max
)
is the critical gas saturation (> )
is the residual oil saturation to gas ( )
is the water relative permeability at residual oil saturation
is 100%)
is the oil relative permeability at minimum water saturation
s
wmin
s
gcr
s
gmin
s
org
1 s
org
s
wcr
>
k
rg
s
org
( )
k
rg
s
wmin
( )
k
ro
s
wmin
( )
s
wmin
1 s
org
k
ro
k
ro
s
gmin
( )
s
w
s
wi
s
org
1 s
wi
s
org
------------------------------------
C
o
=
356
Oil / gas
where:
Gas
[EQ 7.149]
where
Note In drawing the curves is assumed to be the connate water saturation.
is the Corey oil exponent.
s
wi
C
o
s
wmin
1 s
org
k
rg
k
rg
s
org
( )
1 s
w
s
gcr
1 s
wi
s
org
s
gcr
--------------------------------------------------
C
g
=
is the Corey gas exponent.
s
wi
C
g
s
wi
Pseudo Variables
357
Pseudo variables
Pseudo pressure transformations
The pseudo pressure is defined as:
[EQ 7.150]
It can be normalized by choosing the variables at the initial reservoir condition.
Normalized pseudo pressure transformations
[EQ 7.151]
The advantage of this normalization is that the pseudo pressures and real pressures
coincide at and have real pressure units.
Pseudo time transformations
The pseudotime transform is
[EQ 7.152]
Normalized pseudo time transformations
Normalizing the equation gives
[EQ 7.153]
Again the advantage of this normalization is that the pseudo times and real times
coincide at and have real time units.
m p ( ) 2
p
p ( )z p ( )
---------------------- p d
p
i
p
)
=
m
n
p ( ) p
i
i
z
i
p
i
---------
p
p ( )z p ( )
--------------------- p d
p
i
p
)
+ =
p
i
m t ( )
1
p ( )c
t
p ( )
------------------------ t d
0
t
)
=
m
n
t ( )
i
c
i
1
p ( )c
t
p ( )
------------------------ t d
0
t
)
=
p
i

Correlations PVT SCAL

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Correlations PVT SCAL

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Technical Description

You might also like