Lab 7: Genetics of Organisms (Fruit Flies) Stephen Whitney AP Biology March 31, 2012 Results:

Hybrid (Cross Vein Wings)

P1 F1 F2 P2 F1 F2 Male + X Female CV 593 Male CV & 624 Female + 310 Male + & 287 Male CV & 310 Female + & 276 Female CV Male CV X Female + 614 Male CV & 614 Female + 289 Male + & 305 Male CV & 323 Female + & 318 Female CV

Dihybrid (Brown Eyes, BW and Ebony Body, E)

P3 F1 F2 P4 F1 F2 Male BW X Female E 597 Male + & 624 Female + 334 Male + & 124 Male E & 122 Male BW & 32 Male BW/E 359 Female + & 106 Female E & 120 Female BW & 41 Female BW/E Male E X Female BW 548 Male + & 611 Female + 342 Male + & 105 Male E & 107 Male BW & 41 Male BW/E 345 Female + & 121 Female E & 113 Female BW & 44 Female BW/E Chi Squared Table
Df 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 0.10 0.05 0.02 5.412 7.824 9.837 0.01 6.635 9.210 0.001 10.827 13.815

0.455 2.706 3.841 1.386 4.605 5.991 2.366 6.251 7.815 3.357 7.779 9.488

11.345 16.268

11.668 13.277 18.465

4.351 9.236 11.070 13.388 15.086 20.517

Null Hypothesi Hybrid: If the trait is inherited according to simple Mendelian genetics than I can expect a ratio of 3:1 (+:CV) Dihybrid: If these traits are inherited according to simple Mendelian genetics than I can expect a ratio of 9:3:3:1 (+:BW:E:BW/E)

Hybrid (Results) CV Sex Linked Recessive P1&2 3:1 (x2 381.3949) (1 Degree of Freedom) = Null Hypothesis REJECTED Sex Linked? P1&2 1:1:1:1 (x2 0.8687) (3 Degrees of Freedom) = New Hypothesis ACCEPTED Dihybrid (Results) Both Recessive Traits P3&4 9:3:3:1 (x2 2.1915) (3 Degrees of Freedom) = Null Hypothesis ACCEPTED

Sweet 16 Drosophila Tournament Second Round White eyes Vestigial Wings Apterous Wings Ebony Body Sepia Eyes Eyeless Yellow Body Dumpy Dumpy Sepia Sepia Apterous Apterous Apterous Semi Finals White Finals Winner

Conclusion: In the hybrid cross it is quite clear the trait is sex linked because all of the F1 females are wild and all of the F1 males are cross veined. Sex linked implies that the allele is located on the X chromosome. Consequently, if a trait is sex linked a male cannot pass the trait on to a male; it must come from the mother. Because all of the F1 females are wild and females receive an X chromosome from both the mother and father, one can say for certain that the P1 male is homozygous dominant for the wild trait. From there one can also determine that the mother must be homozygous recessive because all of the F1 males express the recessive trait. If this trait

were not sex linked, one would expect an F2 ratio of 3:1 (the original null hypothesis). After producing a ludacris chi squared value for this ratio, a revised null hypothesis was made to include a possibility of a sex linked trait. This chi squared value came out to be 0.8687, well within the 3 degrees of freedom. This means that there is a probability well over 50% that this ratio is correct. This hypothesis therefore can be accepted. In the dihybrid cross quite the opposite of the first, just after looking at the results it is easy to tell that these traits are not sex linked, as gender seems to make no difference. By looking at the F1 one can determine the genotypes of the parents. They are both homozygous recessive for their respective mutation. None of their children expressed these traits because there are also both homozygous dominant for their opposite mutations. From here one can already conclude that the F2 generation will follow a 9:3:3:1 ratio according to simple Mendelian genetics, however a chi squared value is the only way to prove this. The obtained chi squared value was 2.1915, well within the 3 degrees of freedom allowed (once gender is ignored). Therefore there is a greater than 50% chance that this null hypothesis holds true and it can be accepted.