Chapter 4-Periodic Table of Elements Answer Subjective 1(a).

K+ (b) All the elements in Group 1 have one valence electron. Hence they exhibit similar chemical properties. (c)(i) Rubidium (ii) 2Rb + 2H2O 2RbOH + H2 (iii) Rubidium have largest atomic radius than the other elements in Group 1. Hence, rubidium single valence electron is further away from nucleus and its effective nuclear charge exerted on the single valence electron is less compared with the others elements in Group 1. As the result, rubidium single valence electron pulled by the nucleus very weak and its single valence electron is the easiest to be released among the elements in Group 1. (d)(i) Sodium is heated until it begins burning, then, placed it in a gas jar that filled with chlorine gas. (ii) Sodium burns with a bright yellow flame and white colour solid is formed. (iii) 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl 2(b) Iron and nickel (c) 2.8.8.1 (d) 2Mg + O2 2MgO (e) Helium is inert gas, which is light and non-flammable. While hydrogen can ignite easily when mixed with oxygen of the surrounding air. (f) Aluminium, iron (g) Silicon 3(a) Bromine (b) The boiling point will increase, as the force of attraction between halogen molecules become stronger down the group. Therefore, more heat energy is require to overcome the stronger force of attraction during boiling. (c) Black (d)(i) The hot iron glows moderately bright and formed brown colour solid. (ii) The hot iron burn rapidly with a bright flame with the present of chlorine. (iii) 2Fe + 3I2 2FeI3 (e) (i) Cl2, Br2, I2 (ii) Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaOCl +H2O 4. (a) 2.8 (b) The electron arrangement of noble gas is very stable. Hence, noble gas do not accept, release or chare electrons with other atoms. (c) Noble gas consists of single atom that held together by weak van der waals forces of attraction. Only small amount of energy is needed to overcome the weak intermolecular forces during boiling. (d) Act as weather balloons and thermometers (e) No, because noble gas is non-metal, which is can not conduct electricity. 5(a). Period 3, Group 16 (b)(i) The atomic radius is decrease when across the period from left to right. (ii) All the atoms of the elements in Period 3 have 3 shells ocuupied with electrons. When across Period 3 from left to right, the proton number is increase, therefore, the positive charge of the nucleus in increase. The pulling force exerted by the nuclear charge on the electrons for the first three occupied shell is increase, that pulled the electrons closer to the nucleus. Consequently, the atomic radius is decrease across the period from left to right. (c) The electronegativity is increase when across sodium to chlorine. (d) (i) Aluminium (ii) Amphoteric oxide is the oxide that have both acidic and basic properties.

(e) Sodium, Magnesium (f)(i) Sodium (ii) 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 (g)(i) Chlorine (ii) Cl2 + 2NaOH H2O + NaCl + NaOCl Essay 1. (a) (i) NaO, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, SO2 (ii) Basic Oxide: NaO, MgO Amphoteric oxide: Al2O3 Acidic oxide: SiO2, SO2 (iii) Add the oxide into sodium hydroxide and nitric acid separately. For acidic oxide, it only will dissolve in nitric acid and form colourless solution, while for basic oxide, it only will dissolve in sodium hydroxide and form colourless solution. For amphoteric oxide, it will disoolve in both nitric acid and sodium hydroxide and form colourless solution. (b)(i) 1. Form coloured ions and compounds. 2. Exhibit different oxidation numbers in compounds 3. Form complex ions 4. Act as atalysts in certain reaction (ii) Transition Element Alkaline Metal Reactivity Less reactive Very reactive Hardness Hard Soft Density High density Low density Melting Point High melting point Low melting point 2(a) The force of attraction of iodine is strongest, then follow by bromine and chorine. Therefore, iodine more energy is required to overcome the attraction force during melting compare to bromine. Chlorine have least attraction force, hence less energy is needed to overcome the attraction force. (b)(i) Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine (ii) The reactivity of halogen is measured with the tendency of accept one electron to achieve octet electrons arrangement. Chlorine have the smallest atomic radius compare to bromine and iodine. Hence, the ourtermost occupied shell of chlorine is less further away from bromine and iodine. This means that the effective nuclear charge exerted on the ourter velence shell is decreasing from chlorine, bromine and iodine. Hence, the strength of the chlorine nucleus to attract one more electron into valence shell is the strongest, then follow with bromine and iodine. (iii) Procedure: 1. Arrange the apparatus as shown below.

2. The iron wool is heated until it is red-hot. 3. The chlorine gas is passed over the red-hot iron wool until no further change occur. 4. All the changes are recorded. 5. Repeat step 1 to 4 by replaced the chlorine with bromine and iodine. Observation: Halogen Chlorine Bromine

Iodine

Observation The hot iron wool ignites rapidly with a bright flame. A brown colour solid is formed The hot iron wool glows moderately bright, moderately fast and less vigorous. A brown colour solid is formed The hot iron wool glows dimly and slowly. A brown colour solid is formed

Conclusion: The reactivity of halogen is descending with the order of chlorine, bromine and iodine.