EE 351 Electromagnetics

Introduction
Omar Siddiqui
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering
Taiba University
Madinah
Email:ofsiddiqui@yahoo.com
What is Electromagnetics?
Brief History of EM
Applications of EM theory
Vector Analysis
Electromagnetics is a branch of Science in which electric and
magnetic fields and their mutual interaction is studied
Example of Electric field
Electric field between two
opposite charges
Examples of Magnetic field
Earths
magnetic field
Magnetic field
of a magnet
Examples of Electromagnetic
Interaction
Magnetic field produced by electric
current
Toroid
An Electromagnetic Wave
Straight Conductor
Historical Moments
271 AD: Magnetic Compass (China)
~1000AD: Foundation of Optics (Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn al-Haitam in his book
Kitab al-Manadhir)
1600 AD: First book on Magnetism De Magnete (William Gilbert)
1603 AD: Inverse Square Law of Optics and laws of reflection in mirrors
(Kepler)
1646 AD: The term Electricity was coined (Thomas Browne)
1664 AD: Wave Theory of Light (Robert Hooke)
1671 AD: Theory of Colors in light (Newton)
1675 AD: Theory on production of electricity (Robert Boyle)
1676 AD: Important Discovery: light travels with finite speed (Ole Christensen
Romer)
1678 AD: Explanation of Wave theory of Light and estimation of speed
(Huygen)
1704 AD: Dual nature of light suggested (wave and particle by Newton)
1747: Positive and negative electric charges discovered (Benjamin Franklin)
1785: Coulombs Law
Historical Moments
1799: Invention of battery cells (Volta)
1819: Magnetic induction by electric current (Oersted)
1820: Extensive experimentation on electromagnetic induction (Amperes Law)
and Biot-Savarts Law
1827: Ohms Law (George simon Ohm) and Mathematical theory of
Electrodynamics (Ampere)
1832: Gausss Law
1838: Faradays Law
1865: Maxwells Equations
1880: Maxwells Equations in vector form (Heavyside)
1887: Electromagnetic radiation in GHz (Hertz)
1888: Alternating current generator (Tesla)
1895: X-Rays (Wilhelm Roentgen)
1905: Photoelectric effect (Einstein)
Applications of EM Theory
Electrical Power
Generators and Motors
Transformers
1
n
2
n
Optical Fiber communications, 3
rd
ed.,G.Keiser,McGrawHill, 2000

= =
= =
m
z t j
m m
m
m m
m
z t j
m m
m
m m
m
m
e r V A t z r H A t z r H
e r U A t z r E A t z r E
) (
) (
) , ( ) , , , ( ) , , , (
) , ( ) , , , ( ) , , , (
|
|
| | |
| | |


Optical Fiber
Wireless Communications
These are all applications of Antenna which is an EM device
Radar
Wireless Internet
GPS
Medical
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan
X-Ray
Household
Water molecules experience a flip-flop motion hence collide with each
other or other molecules to produce heat
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Example of EM Theory in Electrical Engg
If you want to reach the fruit you have to pass through its thorns..
Grade Distribution and Course Outline
Assignments and Class
participation: 10%
Quizzes: 10%
Midterm Exam 1 : 25%
Midterm Exam 2 : 25%
Final Exam: 30%
Course Outline
Final
Wave Propagation 2
Quiz 2 0.5
Maxwell Equations , Transmission Lines 1.5
Midterm 2 0.5
Magnetostatics 3
Electrostatics part2 1.5
Midterm 1 0.5
Electrostatics part 1 2
Quiz 1 0.5
Vector Analysis and Coordinate Systems 1.5
Introduction 0.5
Course Content Weeks
Grading
Vector Analysis
Vector algebra
Coordinate Systems
We will study the following branches of Vector analysis:
Vector Calculus (Gradient, Divergence, Curl. These
will be studied while studying EM Laws)
First two Lectures
Vector Analysis
Q. Why we study Vector Analysis?
A. All the electromagnetic phenomena are governed by
Maxwell Equations which use extensive vector
calculations
Maxwell Equations
Scalars and Vectors
Scalar: A quantity that can be represented by a single positive or
negative real number. No direction needed. Examples are charge,
mass, density, temperature, and volume.
Vector: A quantity that has both a magnitude and direction in space.
Examples are force, velocity, electric field, magnetic field, and
displacement. .
Concept of Field
Field is a function that specifies a particular quantity everywhere in a region. It
can be represented in one, two, three, or more dimensions such as f(x), f(x,y),
f(x,y,z) and f(x,y,z,t)
Examples of Scalar Fields: Temperature distribution in a building T(x,y,z),
sound intensity in a room, electric potential in a region, refractive index of a
medium.
Examples of Vector Fields: The gravitational force on a body in space, electric
field in space.
Examples of Scalar Fields
Earths Temperature
Temperature on a Sports Car
Electric Potential due to positive and Negative Charges
Examples of Vector Field
Scalar Fields
Air Velocity
Earths Gravity
Electric Field between +ve and-ve Charges
Electric Field between two +ive Charges
Laws of Vector Algebra
Cartesian Base vectors
Vector in Cartesian coordinate system
Magnitude of Vector
2 2 2
z y x
A A A A + + =
Cartesian Coordinate System: For the vector shown in figure below:
z y x
A z A y A x A
+ + =

Unit Vector
2 2 2

z y x
y x
A A A
A z A y A x
A
A
a
+ +
+ +
= =

Vector Representation
Addition
Vector Addition
z y x
A z A y A x A
+ + =

z y x
B z B y B x B
+ + =

) ( ) ( ) (
z z y y x x
B A z B A y B A x B A C + + + + + = + =

Graphical Addition of Vectors using (a) Parallelogram rule, and (b) Head to Tail Rule
Subtraction
Vector Subtraction
z y x
A z A y A x A
+ + =

z y x
B z B y B x B
+ + =

) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
z z y y x x
B A z B A y B A x B A B A D + + = + = =

Graphical Subtraction of Vectors using (a) Parallelogram rule, and (b) Head to Tail Rule
Vector Laws Associated with Addition
Position Vector
The position vector of a point P in space is the vector directed from origin to
that point
1 1 1 1 1
z z y y x x OP R + + = =

Unit vector of point P

1
2 2 2 2 2
z z y y x x OP R + + = =

Unit vector of point P

2
Displacement vector is the vector pointing from one point to another
) ( ) ( ) (
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 12
z z z y y y x x x R R R + + = =

Vector Multiplication

A

A k

Simple Product (Multiplication of a vector by a scalar)

Dot Product or Scalar Product
Cross Product or Vector Product
Simple Product
A k B

=
)
(
2
A z A y A x k B
y x
+ + =

kA z kA y kA x
y x

+ + =
Vector Multiplication
Scalar Product
u
AB can be positive or
negative as shown in the figure
AB
B A B A u cos

= -
Properties
Commutative Law: =
For orthogonal vectors = =0
Distributive Law:
Dot product of vector by itself:
Base vectors:
Therefore, for two vectors in Cartesian coordinate
system
B A

- A B

-
B A

- A B

-
C A B A C B A

- + - = + - ) (
2
2
A A A A = = -

1 . . . = = = z z y y x x 0 . . . = = = x z z y y x
z z y y x x
B A B A B A B A + + = -

Vector Multiplication
Vector or Cross Product
where u
AB
is the angle measured from tail
of the first vector to the tail of the second
AB
B A n B A u sin

=

Magnitude of the Cross product is the area of the
parallelogram
Direction is normal to the plane containing the two
vectors and is given by the unit vector specified
by right hand rule
n
Definition of Cross Product
The right hand rules
Vector Multiplication
Properties of Cross product
Anticommutative:
Distributive:
Cross product of a vector by itself is zero:
Base vector rules:
Right hand cyclic relations:
A B B A

=
C A B A C B A

+ = + ) (
0 = A A

0 = = = z z y y x x
y x z x z y z y x , , = = =
For two vectors in Cartesian coordinate system:
Can also be calculated by determinant rule:
z y x
A z A y A x A + + =

z y x
B z B y B x B + + =

) ( ) (
z x x z y z z y
B A B A y B A B A x B A + =

) (
x y y x
B A B A z +
z y x
z y x
B B B
A A A
z y x
B A

=

Vector Multiplication (Triple products)
Scalar Triple Product
In determinant form:
) .( ) .( ) .( B A C A C B C B A

= =
z y x
z y x
z y x
C C C
B B B
A A A
C B A = ) .(

Vector Triple Product
) . ( ) . ( ) ( B A C A C B C B A

= =
) ) ( ) ( C B A C B A

=
Coordinate Systems
In this course, we will deal with the following coordinate systems:
Cartesian (which we have always used)
Cylindrical (used for cylindrical symmetry problems such as a
conductor in which current is flowing)
Spherical (used in circular symmetry problems such as electric field
of a point charge)
Cylindrical Symmetry (Line Charge)
Spherical Symmetry (Point Charge)
Coordinate Systems: Cartesian
Origin is defined as the intersection of x=0, y=0, and z=0 planes
A point P(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) is defined by the intersection of x=x
1
, y= y
1
, and z=
z
1
planes
Definition of origin
Definition of a point
Example
Coordinate Systems: Cylindrical
A point P(r
1
, |
1
, z
1
) is defined by the
intersection of three planes:
A cylinder of radius r parallel to z-axis
A plane parallel to xy plane at a
distance z
1
from it (it is z=z
1
plane of
Cartesian)
A plane at an angle |
1
from the x-axis,
cutting the cylinder
Definition of three planes of cylindrical coordinate system
Point P
Coordinate Systems: Cylindrical
Definition of three planes of cylindrical coordinate system
Point P
Unit vectors:
directed perpendicular to the cylinder away from the origin
Pointing tangential to the cylinder, perpendicular to the surface |
1
Along the vertical
r

z
|

Coordinate Systems: Spherical