Anushka Gandhi

MATRICES INVESTIGATION
Anushka Gandhi Mathematics SL Type 1 Mrs. Shraddha Nayak March 26th, 2012 Introduction This particular Internal Assessment involves dealing with Matrices Binomials that allow me to carry out investigations in order to find expressions of different types of matrices, the patterns of a series of matrices and relationships between them, etc all through my own knowledge about Algebra and Matrices. The only highly useful materials utilized in order to carry out calculations and processes and discover relationships between certain types of matrices are the TI 84 scientific calculator in order to carry out matrices calculations and Equation Editor which allows the insertion of matrix values and it is copied and pasted onto the Word Document. (Note: The instructions on how I used the calculator for this field is provided below. All calculations have been carried out by the GDC throughout the Internal Assessment.) Example: For forming a 2X2 matrix on GDC: Press ALPHA-ZOOM use arrow keys to shift and press MTRX ROW: 2 Press ENTER COL: 2 ENTER OK ENTER Once the Matrix is formed, plug values in. For addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices: Press ALPHA-ZOOM use arrow keys to shift and press MTRX ROW: 2 Press ENTER COL: 2 ENTER OK ENTER plug in values Use -, + or x signs on GDC Follow the same procedure of forming a matrix Press Enter and the result is provided by the GDC

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X=

1 1 and 1 1

Y=

1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8

X2 =

2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4

Y2 =

X3 =

Y3 =

X4 =

8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0

Y4 =

XY =

X+Y =

2 0 0 2

Therefore, X+Y = 2

1 0 1 0 1 0 , 4 , 8 X+Y = 2I, 4I, 8I (I = Identity Matrix) 0 1 0 1 0 1

Identity matrix =

1 0 0 1

As observed, in the case of Xn, all powers are positive, X being 2 because this pattern of matrices represents the powers of 2. However, the expression would be represented differently because in order to get 20 = Let X = 2 2=

1 1 1-1 0 , the power must be represented as n-1 so 2 = 2 = 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

20 =

But in this case, 21 =

So therefore it can be concluded that, 2(n-1).

Anushka Gandhi Xn = X (n-1) * X Xn = 2(n-1) X Equations of sequences and series might serve as useful factors in explaining the investigation of the expression. Un = U1r(n-1) U1 = 1, r = 2 Un = 1 * 2(n-1) Un = 2(n-1) Therefore, X = 2(n-1) X

2( n1) X = ( n 1) 2

2( n1) 2( n1)

Similarly, in the case of finding expressions for the patterns of the Y matrices, Yn is valid because: Yn = Y(n-1) * Y Therefore, Yn = 2(n-1) Y

(X+Y) n = 2In, 4In, 8In, 16In (X+Y) = 2I, 4I, 8I, 16I (X+Y) 1 =

1 0 2 0 = 2 0 1 0 2 1 0 4 0 = 4 0 1 0 4

(X+Y) 2 =

(X+Y)3 =

8 0 1 0 = 8 0 8 0 1 16 0 1 0 = 16 0 16 0 1

(X+Y) 4 =

Anushka Gandhi

So since (X+Y) n = form 2

2 0 n , it can be expressed in the form of 2I because 0 2

2 0 can be expanded to 0 2

1 0 n n which is written as 2I. So the expression for (X+Y) is 2I . 0 1 1 1 1 and so on when it is actually supposed to be written as X = 1 1

X can be taken as 2 because the pattern of matrices (X2, X3, X4) demonstrate powers of 2 (4, 8, 16) however, they are written as X1 =

2 2 1 2 3 4 because 2 = 2 and the same applies for all the other powers (X , X , X ). Therefore, instead of 2 2
Xn, the expression would be written starting with X (n-1) because 2(1-1) which is 20 would be valid because it is equivalent to

1 1 and this applies to all the other integer powers as well. Therefore, the final 1 1

expression for Xn is 2(n-1) X. The same concept applies for Y, the only exception is their negative powers

2 2 . Therefore, the expression for Y would result in 2 2 2 0 2(n-1) Y. Regarding the expression of (X+Y) n, since (X+Y) 1 = , it can be concluded that the rest of 0 2
which results in producing matrices such as

1 0 - however, they are written in the resultants of 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 the powers of 2 such as 2I, 4I, 8I, 16I which represent 2 , 4 , 8 and 16 . 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
the powers would produce Identity matrices - Therefore the expression for (X+Y) n can be written as 2In. Let A = aX and B = bY; a and b are constants. 3 different values of a: 2, 3, 4 3 different values of b: 2, 3, 4 X=

1 1 1 1

Y=

1 1 1 1
b Values

a Values

2 2 1 2 1
2X =

2 2
1 1

2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1
2Y =

Anushka Gandhi

3 3 3 3 4 4 4X = 4 4
3X = A powers (2X) A2 =

3 3 3 3 4 4 4Y = 4 4
3Y = B powers (2Y) B2 =

8 8 8 8

8 8 8 8

Where a=2

Where b=2

1 1 2 = 1 1 2 2 2 8 (aX)2 = = 2 2 8
aX = 2 values and n values)

2 2 8 8 Use Calculator

1 1 2 2 = 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 (bX)2 = 2 = 2 2 8 8 Use
bX = 2 Calculator (Note: This method applies to all the rest of the b values and n values) B3 =

(Note: This method applies to all the rest of the a

32 32 32 32 128 128 A4 = 128 128

A3 = A powers (3X)

32 32 32 32
128 128 128 128

B4 =

B powers (3Y) B2 =

18 18 18 18 108 108 A3 = 108 108 648 648 A4 = 648 648

A2 =

18 18 18 18 108 108 108 108 648 648 648 648

B3 = B4 =

A powers (4X)

B powers (4Y) B2 = B3 =

32 32 32 32 256 256 A3 = 256 256

A2 =

32 32 32 32

256 256 256 256

Anushka Gandhi

A4 =

2048 2048 2048 2048

B4 =

2048 2048 2048 2048

(A+B) =

2 2 2 2 4 0 1 0 = = 4I; given that a=2 and b=2 + = 4 2 2 2 2 0 4 0 1

6 0 1 0 = 6 = 6I; given that a=3 and b=3 0 6 0 1 8 0 1 0 = 8 = 8I; given that a=4 and b=4 0 8 0 1

(A+B) =

(A+B) =

This pattern for (A+B) n demonstrates identity matrices of multiples of 2. The expression for X remains the same as discovered earlier (Xn = 2(n-1) X), therefore aX = a * 2(n-1) X = an 2(n-1). To demonstrate the validity of this expression: Let a = 2 22 = 4 The expression of X remains, i.e. 2(n-1) X X = 2(1-1) = 20 =2 Therefore, 4*2=8 which is why

8 8 2 is the result of A in the case of a=2. The same would apply for 8 8

the other 2 values of a 3, 4. Therefore the expression for An = an * 2(n-1) X = an 2(n-1) X It is considered that from the earlier step that involved investigating expressions for Yn,

2( n1) Y = ( n 1) 2

2( n1) (n-1) and that Y = 2 Y 2( n1)

Using the same concept applied to An, Bn can be found in a similar way. Bn = bn * 2(n-1) Y In order to validate this expression, B4 (where b=4) can be used as an example: B = bn2 (n-1)

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B4 = 44 * 21

1 1 1 1
2048 2048 2048 2048

Therefore, B4 =

Therefore the expression for Bn = bn2 (n-1) Y This same expression would remain valid for the rest of the values of b and Bn as well (b=2, b=3). In the case of expressing (A+B)n, it is given that A = aX and B = bY Therefore, (A+B) n = (aX + bY)n Demonstration of this expressions validity: Given a=3; X=

1 1 1 1 ; b=3; Y= ; n=3 1 1 1 1

(A+B) 3 = (aX + bY) 3 = (3

1 1 1 1 3 + 3 ) 1 1 1 1

= (

3 3 3 3 3 + ) 3 3 3 3

6 0 0 6

(A+B) 3 = 6I This expression remains valid for the rest of the values of b as well (b=2, b=4)

M=

a b a b a b a b

M = A+B; M2 = A2 + B2 (A+B) = (aX + bY); a=2, b=2

Anushka Gandhi

= (2

1 1 1 1 + 2 1 1 1 1

= (

2 2 2 2 ) + 2 2 2 2

4 0 0 4
a b a b a b a b

Therefore M =

2 2 2 2 = 2 2 2 2

4 0 = 0 4
The matrix M is also valid for the 2 other values of a and b (a=b=3, a=b=4) (A+B) (a=3, b=3) =

6 0 3 3 3 3 = 0 6 3 3 3 3

(A+B)(a=4, b=4) =

8 0 4 4 4 4 = 0 8 4 4 4 4

In the case of M2 = A2 + B2,

( a b) 2 M = 2 ( a b)
2

( a b) 2 ( a b) 2

As calculated and demonstrated earlier, A2 = (aX) 2 = for the other 2 values of a (a=3, a=4).

8 8 ; In the case of a=2 (Note: This remains valid 8 8

Anushka Gandhi

As calculated and demonstrated earlier, B2 = (bY) 2 = valid for the other 2 values of b (b=3, b=4). A2 + B2 =

8 8 ; in the case of b=2 (Note: This remains 8 8

8 8 8 8 16 0 + = 8 8 8 8 0 16

M2 =

( a b) 2 ( a b)
2

(a b) 2 (2 2)2 = (a b) 2 (2 2)2

(2 2) 2 16 0 = (2 2)2 0 16

Therefore, M2 = A2 + B2 From the demonstration above, it is concluded that Mn = An + Bn Therefore, An = (aX) n and Bn = (bY) n Also, Mn is an Identity Matrix, as investigated earlier in the above example. An = aXn Bn = bYn Therefore, Mn = aXn + bYn The values of a, b and n would be valid if Mn is an Identity Matrix, i.e. if an2 (n-1) X + bn2 (n-1) Y produces an Identity matrix. Let a=2, b=3; n=4 Mn = 2

1 1 4 1 1 4 + 3 1 1 1 1

16 16 24 24 + 16 16 24 24 40 8 8 40 40 8 8 40

Mn =

Anushka Gandhi This expression would not remain valid because a and b do not have the same values, another example is demonstrated below as to test the validity of Mn = aXn + bYn a=4, b=4; n=3

1 1 1 1 M = 4 + 4 1 1 1 1
3

Mn =

16 16 16 16 + 16 16 16 16 1 0 32 0 = 32I = 32 0 1 0 32

Mn =

Now this is valid because Mn has turned out to result in an Identity matrix since as mentioned earlier, this expressions validity proof is the Identity matrix. The identical values of a and b, pertaining to this case and if used and applied in this expression, will always produce an identity matrix. Therefore the usage of different values of a and b might provide results that are not Identity matrices. The validity of this particular expression could also rely on negative powers of matrices, such as n = -2. a=3, b=3; n = -2

1 1 1 1 M = 3* + 3* 1 1 1 1
n

Mn = ERROR GDC The calculator would show an error if these values are plugged in the matrices, for a, b and n because matrices do not have negative powers and the example provided above demonstrates the same.

1 1 Normally, would result in 1 1

2 2 because according to simple matrix calculations: 2 2

1 1 1 1 = 1+1, 1+1; 1+1, 1+1 = 2, 2; 2, 2 1 1 1 1

This is basically written in the form of the matrix

2 2 2 2

This is why matrices do not have negative powers and therefore, values of n are restricted to only positive values and remain major implications concerning the validity of the expression of Mn = aXn + bYn

Anushka Gandhi Mn = aXn + bYn can be found using different algebraic methods. One of them is demonstrated below: An + Bn = aXn + bYn Mn = aXn + bYn

1 1 1 1 M = 5 + 5 1 1 1 1
2

M2 =

10 10 10 10 + 10 10 10 10 20 0 1 0 = 20 = 20I 0 20 0 1
n

M2 =

a b a b n n (n-1) n (n-1) Therefore, M = = (a+b) * I = a *2 X + b *2 Y a b a b

n

So Mn = aXn + bYn (Note: All addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices have been calculated using the GDC)